Corona Schröter drawing a bust of Johann Wolfgang Goethe

Corona Schröter, Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, and Johann Wolfgang Goethe, in the park at Weimar

Corona Elisabeth Wilhelmine Schröter (14 January 1751–23 August 1802) was a German musician best known as a singer. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Karl August Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach ( 3 September 1757 - 14 June 1828) was a duke of Saxe-Weimar and of Saxe-Eisenach ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Weimar (ˈvaɪmaʁ is a City in Germany. It is located in the Bundesland of Thuringia (Thüringen north of the Thüringer Wald, Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 1751 ( MDCCLI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Events 79 - Mount Vesuvius begins stirring on the feast day of Vulcan the Roman god of fire Year 1802 ( MDCCCII) was a Common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar or a Common year starting on Wednesday of the The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as A musician is a person who plays or writes Music. Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music An instrumentalist plays a She also composed songs, setting works by Friedrich Schiller to music. Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller krɪstɔf friːtʁɪç fɔn ʃɪləʁ/ʃɪlɐ (10 November 1759 9 May 1805 was a German Poet, Philosopher ^[1]

Early life

Corona Schröter was born in Guben. Guben is a Town on the Lusatian Neisse river in the state of Brandenburg, Germany. In her early years she studied many instruments, which included the keyboard and guitar. A keyboard instrument is any musical instrument played using a Musical keyboard. The guitar is a Musical instrument with ancient roots that is used in a wide variety of musical styles ^[2] Her father, Johann Friedrich Schröter, an oboist, was her first teacher, who also taught his three other children music. "Hautbois" redirects here for the strawberry variety see Hautbois strawberry. Corona's brothers, Johann Samuel and Johann Heinrich, were a pianist and a violinist respectively, and her sister, Marie Henriette, was also a singer. The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers The violin is a bowed String instrument with four strings usually tuned in Perfect fifths It is the smallest and highest-pitched member

When she was thirteen, Schröter and her family moved to Leipzig. This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong It was there that she caught the attention of composer Johann Adam Hiller (it is thought that Hiller's wife was Corona's godmother). Johann Adam Hiller ( December 25, 1728 &ndash June 16, 1804) was a German Composer, conductor and writer on Hiller, an operatic and singspiel composer, had become seriously frustrated with the inadequate education offered to women. Opera is an art form in which Singers and Musicians perform a Dramatic work (called an opera which combines a text (called a Libretto For the racehorse see Singspiel (horse. Singspiel ("song-play" (plural Singspiele is a form of German-language To remedy this, in 1771 Hiller opened his own school. In this coeducational setting, students learned a wide variety of musical subjects, including solfège, diction, technique, Italian, and the keyboard. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Schröter flourished as a singer, but when compared to her fellow student and rival, Gertrud Schmeling (Madame Mara) in Hiller's Grosse Konzerte series, Schröter's voice was not as powerful as Schmeling's, possibly due to poor training which may have damaged her voice. Gertrud Elisabeth Mara Schmeling ( 23 February 1749 - 20 January 1833 Reval) was a German singer born in Kassel However, she had an intensity which her admirers considered to be unrivalled. ^[3]

Weimar

During her time at Hiller's school, Schröter became good friends with Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and when he moved to Weimar in 1775 he brought her along as a court singer for Duchess Anna Amalia. ˈjoːhan ˈvɔlfgaŋ fɔn ˈgøːtə (in English generally ˈgɝːtə 28 August 1749 22 March 1832 was a German writer Weimar (ˈvaɪmaʁ is a City in Germany. It is located in the Bundesland of Thuringia (Thüringen north of the Thüringer Wald, Anna Amalia of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (b Wolfenbüttel, 24 October, 1739 - d She first performed in the court on 23 November 1776. Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of Year 1776 ( MDCCLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a However, while she was employed as a singer, Corona became involved with the amateur court theatre, performing in at least eighteen productions, many of which were written by Goethe himself; on a few occasions, he starred opposite her, as in the performance of his play Iphigenie auf Tauris in 1779. ^[4] Goethe's singspiel Die Fischerin was especially important to Schröter. She not only starred in the leading role of Dortchen, but composed incidental music for the play, including the famous opening song Der Erlkönig, which is quite different from the version composed by Franz Schubert over 30 years later - unsurprisingly, Schröter's version is closer to the early Classical era lied tradition in the style of Zelter than to the Romantic version of Schubert.

When the amateur court theatre was replaced by professional actors in 1783, she continued to sing and act in informal settings. She also began to teach singing and took up writing and art. She formally withdrew from all court performing in 1788. ^[5] She became friends with Friedrich Schiller during those years, whose poems she later set to music. Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller krɪstɔf friːtʁɪç fɔn ʃɪləʁ/ʃɪlɐ (10 November 1759 9 May 1805 was a German Poet, Philosopher Unfortunately, these lieder are lost, as are her two dramas, hundreds of arias and duets, and an autobiography given to Goethe in 1778. de Lied (plural de Lieder) (liːt plural) is a German word meaning literally " Song " among English speakers however the word This article is about the musical term "aria" For other meanings or uses of the word see Aria (disambiguation. However, two collections of lieder were published by her, the first in 1786, followed by another in 1794, thus surviving into the present time. The first collection, which contains her rendition of Der Erlkönig from Goethe's play, was more popular than the second, probably due to its more simple nature: the second contained many songs in French and Italian. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people ^[6] These two collections are some of the first and largest publications of lieder by a woman. When the first collection was released, Schröter had this to say about her work:

I have had to overcome much hesitation before I seriously made the decision to publish a collection of short poems that I have provided with melodies. A certain feeling towards propriety and morality is stamped upon our sex, which does not allow us to appear alone in public, and without an escort: Thus, how can I otherwise present this, my musical work to the public, than with timidity? For the complimentary opinions and the encouragement of a few persons… can easily be biased out of pity. The work of any lady, moreover, will indeed arouse similar pity to some extent in the eyes of other experts.

A review of this first collection said that Schröter's abilities for composing were not equal to her potential. The reviewer felt that the songs had much spirit in them, but were not written in a way that brought this out. He did say that the performances of these pieces were helpful to understanding the depth of them. Ultimately, he blamed this deficiency on her lack of education, a real problem for women in this period of time.

Corona Schröter was also immortalized in other ways. In 1782, during a eulogy for a deceased theatre director, Goethe praised her for her help in shaping theatre in Weimar, and himself. A eulogy is a speech or writing in Praise of a person or thing Seven years earlier, a work about theatre history was dedicated to her due to her well-known abilities.

Corona Schröter's grave at Ilmenau

She spent the last eight years of her life teaching acting and singing. Ilmenau is a town located in the district of Ilm-Kreis, Thuringia, Germany. However, lung and respiratory problems forced her to move from Leipzig to Ilmenau with her long-time friend Wilhemine Probst in 1801. Ilmenau is a town located in the district of Ilm-Kreis, Thuringia, Germany. Her condition was so serious that she never recovered and died there a year later.

Notes

References

• Citron, Marcia J. "Women and the Lied, 1775-1850" in Women Making Music, Jane Bowers and Judith Tick (eds). Chicago: University of Illinois, 1986. The University of Illinois at Chicago, or UIC, is a state-funded public research university located in Chicago. pp. 227-234
• Goertzen, Valerie Woodring. The 18th Century, in From Convent to Concert Hall, Sylvia Glickman and Martha Furman (eds). Westport: Greenwood, 2003. pp. 104-105
• Jackson, Barbara Garvey. "Musical Women of the 17th and 18th Centuries" in Women and Music: A History, Karin Pendle (ed. ). Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001. pp. 129-130.
• Kidd, Ronald R, "Schröter [Schroeter, Schroeder]. (2) Corona Elisabeth Wilhemine Schröter. " Grove Music Online, L. The Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians is an Encyclopedic dictionary of music and musicians Macy (ed. ) (accessed January 29, 2007), grovemusic.com, subscription access. Events 904 - Sergius III comes out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed Antipope Christopher. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
• Women in Music, Carol Neuls-Bates (ed. ). Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1996.