Cordell Hull
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| In office March 4, 1933 – November 30, 1944 |
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| President | Franklin D. Roosevelt |
| Preceded by | Henry L. Stimson |
| Succeeded by | Edward Stettinius, Jr. |
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| In office March 4, 1931 – March 3, 1933 |
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| Preceded by | William Emerson Brock |
| Succeeded by | Nathan L. Bachman |
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| Born | October 2, 1871 Olympus, Tennessee, USA |
| Died | July 23, 1955 (aged 83) Washington, D.C., USA |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Rose Frances Witz |
| Profession | Politician, Lawyer |
| Religion | Episcopalian |
Cordell Hull (October 2, 1871–July 23, 1955) was an American politician from the U.S. state of Tennessee. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1700 - Battle of Narva — A Swedish army of 8500 men under Charles XII defeats Year 1944 ( MCMXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Henry Lewis Stimson ( September 21, 1867 – October 20, 1950) was an American Statesman, who served as Secretary of Edward Reilly Stettinius Jr ( October 22, 1900 – October 31, 1949) was United States Secretary of State under Presidents The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. William Emerson Brock I ( March 14, 1872 &ndash August 5, 1950) was a Democratic United States Senator from Tennessee Nathan Lynn Bachman ( August 8, 1878 &ndash April 23, 1937) was a United States Senator from Tennessee from 1933 until Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Olympus was a community in Pickett County, Tennessee, that was once the site of a Post office and was the birthplace of U The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person A lawyer, according to Black's Law Dictionary, is "a person learned in the law as an attorney, Counsel or Solicitor; a person The Episcopal Church is the official name of the Province of the Anglican Communion in the United States. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 1871 ( MDCCCLXXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar) Politics of the United States takes place in the framework of a presidential, Federal republic where the President of the United States (the Head of A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. He is best-known as the longest-serving Secretary of State, having held the position for 11 years (1933–1944) in the administration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Hull received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 for his role in establishing the United Nations, and was referred to by President Roosevelt as the Father of the United Nations. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security
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Overview
Hull was born in a log cabin in Olympus, which is now part of Pickett County, Tennessee, but was then part of Overton County. A log cabin is a small house built from logs It is a fairly simple type of Log house. Olympus was a community in Pickett County, Tennessee, that was once the site of a Post office and was the birthplace of U Pickett County is a County located in the US state of Tennessee. Overton County is a County located in the US state of Tennessee. Hull became the elected chairman of the Clay County Democratic Party at the age of 19. Clay County is a County located in the US state of Tennessee. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party.
In 1891, he graduated from Cumberland School of Law at Cumberland University and was admitted to the bar as a teenager. Cumberland Law School is unrelated to the University of the Cumberlands in Williamsburg Kentucky. This institution is unrelated other than by similarity of name to University of the Cumberlands in Williamsburg Kentucky or Cumberland School of Law This article is about requirements for admission to practice law not just terminology He served in the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1893 to 1897. The Tennessee House of Representatives, is the Lower house of the Tennessee General Assembly, the state Legislature of the U During the Spanish-American War, Hull served in Cuba as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Tennessee Volunteer Infantry. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la
Hull served 11 terms in the United States House of Representatives (1907–1921 and 1923–1931) and authored the federal income tax laws of 1913 and 1916 and the inheritance tax of 1916. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. The Estate tax and Death duty redirect here Inheritance tax, estate tax and death duty are the names given to various taxes which After an electoral defeat in 1920, Hull served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee. The Democratic National Committee (DNC is the principal organization governing the United States Democratic Party on a day to day basis He was elected to the Senate in 1930, but resigned upon being named Secretary of State in 1933. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives
In 1933 Hull was appointed Secretary of State by Franklin D. Roosevelt; he served 11 years until he retired from public office. Hull became the underlying force and architect in the creation of the United Nations, drafting, along with his staff, the United Nations Charter in mid-1943. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The United Nations Charter is the Treaty that forms and establishes the International organization called the United Nations. He resigned as Secretary of State in November 1944 because of failing health.
In 1945 Cordell Hull was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for "co-initiating the United Nations".
Hull died after suffering several strokes and heart attacks in 1955 in Washington, D.C., and is buried in the vault of the Chapel of St. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Joseph of Arimathea in the Washington National Cathedral, which is an Episcopal church. Washington National Cathedral, whose official name is the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul is a Cathedral of The Episcopal Church. The Episcopal Church is the official name of the Province of the Anglican Communion in the United States.
There is now a Cordell Hull Museum located near his birthplace in Byrdstown, Tennessee, which houses his papers and other memorabilia. Byrdstown is a town in Pickett County, Tennessee, United States.
Early life and family
Hull was born in Olympus, Pickett County, Tennessee, third of the five sons of William Paschal Hull (1840–1923) and Elizabeth (Riley) Hull (1841–1903). Pickett County is a County located in the US state of Tennessee. His brothers were named Orestes (1868), Sanadius (1870), Wyoming (1875), and Roy (1881). He attended college from 1889 until 1890. At the age of 19, Hull became the elected chairman of the Clay County Democratic Party. Clay County is a County located in the US state of Tennessee. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. In 1891, he graduated from Cumberland School of Law at Cumberland University and was admitted to the bar. Cumberland Law School is unrelated to the University of the Cumberlands in Williamsburg Kentucky. This institution is unrelated other than by similarity of name to University of the Cumberlands in Williamsburg Kentucky or Cumberland School of Law A bar association is a Professional body of Lawyers Some bar associations are responsible for the regulation of the legal profession in their Jurisdiction He served in the Tennessee House of Representatives from 1893 to 1897. The Tennessee House of Representatives, is the Lower house of the Tennessee General Assembly, the state Legislature of the U
During the Spanish-American War, Hull served in Cuba as a captain in the Fourth Regiment of the Tennessee Volunteer Infantry. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la
Hull married Rose Frances (Witz) Whitney (1875–1954) in 1917; the couple had no children.
Early national career
From 1903 to 1907, Hull served as a local judge; later he was elected to the United States House of Representatives where he served 11 terms (1907–1921 and 1923–1931) totaling 22 years. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. After his defeat in 1920, he served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee. The Democratic National Committee (DNC is the principal organization governing the United States Democratic Party on a day to day basis As a member of the powerful Ways and Means committee, he fought for low tariffs and claimed authorship of the federal income tax laws of 1913 and 1916 and the inheritance tax of 1916. Committee of Ways and Means is the chief Tax -writing committee of the United States House of Representatives. Estate tax and Death duty redirect here Inheritance tax, estate tax and death duty are the names given to various taxes which Hull was influential in advising Albert Gore, Sr., then a state legislator, to run for the U. Albert Arnold "Al" Gore Sr ( December 26 1907 – December 5 1998) was an American Politician, serving S. Congress in 1938.
U. S. Senate, Secretary of State
He was elected to the Senate in 1930. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives In 1933, Roosevelt named him Secretary of State and appointed him to lead the American delegation to the London Economic Conference. The London Economic Conference was a meeting that took place between representatives of 66 nations in the summer of 1933. Hull strove to enlarge foreign trade and lower tariffs. In 1939, Hull advised President Roosevelt to reject the SS St. Louis carrying 936 Jews seeking asylum. Voyage of the Damned Hitler's propaganda ministry and the Nazi party conceived a Propaganda exercise which would demonstrate that Germany was not alone Hull's decision sent these people back to Europe on the heels of the Nazi Holocaust. In 1943, Hull served as United States delegate to the Moscow Conference.
Hull was the Secretary of State responsible for foreign relations before and during the attack on Pearl Harbor. The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by He sent the Hull note to Japan prior to the attack, which was formally titled "Outline of proposed Basis for Agreement Between The United States and Japan" but had been part of the United States' attempt to open Chinese markets to U. The Hull note, delivered on November 26, 1941, was the final proposal delivered to Japan by the United States before the start of war between S. goods against Japanese interests there.
On the day of the attack, not long after it had begun, Hull received the news that it was taking place. The Japanese ambassador and Japan's special envoy were waiting to see Hull at that moment. Admiral Edwin T. Layton, at the time chief intelligence officer to the commander of the Pacific Fleet, tells the rest of the story:
"Roosevelt advised him not to tell them about the raid but 'to receive them formally and coolly bow them out. Early Edwin T Layton was born in Nauvoo, Illinois, on April 7 1903 son of George E
"After he had glanced at their copy of the fourteen-part message [Japan's declaration that negotiations were at an end], Hull's anger burst forth. 'In all my fifty years of public service,' he told the astonished diplomats, 'I have never seen such a document that was more crowded with infamous falsehood and distortion. ' Nomura and Kurusu, who had not been told of the attack, bowed themselves out in an embarrassed fluster. A department official overheard Hull muttering under his breath as the door closed, 'Scoundrels and piss-ants. ' "[1]
Hull chaired the Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policy, created in February 1942. The Advisory Committee on Postwar Foreign Policy was a secretive committee created on February 12 1942, to prepare recommendations for President Franklin D
When the Free French Forces of Charles de Gaulle liberated the islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon south of Newfoundland in December 1941, Hull lodged a very strong protest and even went as far as referring to the Gaullist naval forces as "the so called Free French. The Free French Forces (Forces Françaises Libres FFL) were French fighters in World War II who decided to continue fighting against Axis forces Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French The Territorial Collectivity of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (Collectivité territoriale de Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon is a group of small islands in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of " His request to have the Vichy governor reinstated was met with strong criticism in the American press. The islands remained under the Free French movement until the end of World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
There is some controversy over Hull's role in the 1939 SS St. Louis affair, where Jewish refugees were denied entry into the US. Voyage of the Damned Hitler's propaganda ministry and the Nazi party conceived a Propaganda exercise which would demonstrate that Germany was not alone These Jews fled Europe to escape from the Nazis and after being denied entry into Cuba and the U. S. were granted refuge in England and in continental European nations. Many of the latter group became victims of the Holocaust after the Nazis invaded Western Europe in the following years.
To wit, there were two conversations on the subject between (Secretary of the Treasury) Morgenthau and Secretary of State Cordell Hull. Henry Morgenthau Jr (ˈmɔrgənθɔː May 11, 1891 &ndash February 6, 1967) was Secretary of the Treasury of the United States In the first, 3:17 PM on 5 June 1939, Hull made it clear to Morgenthau that the passengers could not legally be issued U. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem S. tourist visas as they had no return addresses. Furthermore, Hull made it clear to Morgenthau that the issue at hand was between the Cuban government and the passengers. The U. S. , in effect, had no role. In the second conversation at 3:54 PM on 6 June 1939, Morgenthau said they did not know where the ship was and he inquired whether it was “proper to have the Coast Guard look for it. Events 1508 - Maximilian I Holy Roman Emperor, is defeated in Friulia by Venetian forces; he is forced to sign a three-year A coast guard is a national organization responsible for various services at sea ” Hull responded by saying that he didn’t see any reason why it could not. Hull then informed him that he did not think that Morgenthau would want the search for the ship to get into the newspapers. Morgenthau said. “Oh no. No, no. They would just—oh, they might send a plane to do patrol work. There would be nothing in the papers. ” Hull responded, “Oh, that would be all right. ”[2]
In September 1940, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt maneuvered with another State Department official to bypass Hull's refusal to allow Jewish refugees aboard a Portuguese ship, the Quanza, to receive visas to enter the U. Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (ˈɛlɪnɔr ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 11 1884 &ndash November 7 1962 S. Through Mrs. Roosevelt's efforts, the Jewish refugees disembarked on September 11, 1940, in Virginia. [3]
Hull was the underlying force and architect in the creation of the United Nations, as recognized by the 1945 Nobel Prize for Peace, an honor for which Franklin D. The United Nations Conference on International Organization (UNCIO was a convention of delegates from 50 Allied nations that took place from 25 April The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Roosevelt nominated him. During World War II Hull and Roosevelt spent tireless hours working toward the development of a world organization to prevent a third World War. Hull and his staff drafted the "Charter of the United Nations" in mid-1943. The United Nations Charter is the Treaty that forms and establishes the International organization called the United Nations.
Never one to sit idly by if American interests were (in his view) threatened, Hull would think nothing of dressing down close allies, such as what happened to New Zealand Prime Minister Peter Fraser in early 1944, over U. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. Peter Fraser (1884 - 1950 served as Prime Minister of New Zealand from 27 March 1940 until 13 December 1949. S. objections to the Canberra Pact (a military treaty of alliance between Australia and New Zealand made in February 1944 without U. S. consultation).
Later years
Hull resigned as Secretary of State in November 1944 because of failing health. Roosevelt described Hull, upon his departure as "the one person in all the world who has done his most to make this great plan for peace (the United Nations) an effective fact". The Norwegian Nobel Committee honored Hull with the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 in recognition of his efforts for peace and understanding in the Western Hemisphere, his trade agreements, and his work to establish the United Nations. The Norwegian Nobel Committee ( Den norske Nobelkomité) awards the Nobel Peace Prize each year The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor The Western Hemisphere, also Western hemisphere or western hemisphere, is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that lies West Hull was the longest-serving Secretary of State: 11 years, nine months.
Hull died in Washington, D.C., and is buried in the vault of the Chapel of St. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Joseph of Arimathea in the Washington Cathedral. Washington National Cathedral, whose official name is the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul is a Cathedral of The Episcopal Church.
Legacy
His memory is preserved by Cordell Hull Dam on the Cumberland River near Carthage, Tennessee. Cumberland Law School is unrelated to the University of the Cumberlands in Williamsburg Kentucky. The Cumberland River is an important waterway in the Southern United States. Carthage is a town in Smith County, Tennessee, United States.
His law school, Cumberland School of Law, continues to honor Cordell Hull with a Cordell Hull Speaker's Forum and the pictured Moot Court Room. Cumberland Law School is unrelated to the University of the Cumberlands in Williamsburg Kentucky. Moot court is an Extracurricular activity at many Law schools in which participants take part in simulated court proceedings usually to include drafting briefs
Cordell Hull Birthplace State Park, near Byrdstown, Tennessee, was established in 1997 to preserve Hull's birthplace and various personal effects Hull had donated to the citizens of Pickett County, including his Nobel Peace Prize. Cordell Hull Birthplace State Park is a State park in Pickett County Tennessee, in the southeastern United States Byrdstown is a town in Pickett County, Tennessee, United States. Pickett County is a County located in the US state of Tennessee.
A segment of Kentucky highway routes 90, 63, and 163, from Interstate 65 at Mammoth Cave National Park south to the Tennessee State Line, is named "Cordell Hull Highway". The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. Interstate 65 (I-65 is a major Interstate Highway in the United States. Mammoth Cave National Park is a US National Park in central Kentucky, encompassing portions of Mammoth Cave the longest Cave system known in the
The Shoreline School District in Shoreline, Washington, had a Cordell Hull Middle School, which was renamed in the mid-1990s to Meridian Park Elementary, after a renovation. Shoreline is a city in King County, Washington, 15 miles (24 km north of Downtown Seattle.
There is a Cordell Hull Lake, covering approximately 12,000 acres (49 km²), in the vicinity of Nashville. Cordell Hull Lake is a Lake in north-central Tennessee, about thirty miles east of Nashville, in the vicinity of Carthage.
Fictional appearance
In the Worldwar series of alternate history novels by Harry Turtledove, Hull becomes president at some point in 1944, following the deaths of first Vice-President Wallace and then President Roosevelt. Worldwar is a series of four Alternate history Science fiction novels by Harry Turtledove. Alternate history or alternative history is a subgenre of Speculative fiction (or Science fiction) and Historical fiction Harry Norman Turtledove (born June 14 1949) is an American historian and novelist who has written Historical fiction, Fantasy, and
Hull was portrayed by veteran actor George Macready in the 1970 film Tora! Tora! Tora!
Actor Charles Trowbridge played Hull in the 1941 film Sergeant York. George Macready ( August 29, 1899 – July 2, 1973) was an American stage film and television actor who was noted for playing WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Charles Trowbridge ( 10 January, 1882 &ndash 30 October, 1967) was an American film actor For the unsuccessful US weapon system see M247 Sergeant York.
Hull is one of the Presidential Cabinet members who are characters in the musical Annie. Musical theatre is a form of Theatre combining Music, Songs spoken Dialogue and Dance. Annie is a musical based upon the popular Harold Gray Comic strip Little Orphan Annie, with music by Charles [4]
References
Primary
- Cordell Hull. Memoirs (1948).
- The Papers of Cordell Hull
Secondary
- Julius W. Pratt, Cordell Hull, 1933–44, 2 vol. (1964)
- Biography from U.S. Congress biography page
- Hull, Cordell by EB
- Michael A. Butler, Cautious Visionary: Cordell Hull and Trade Reform, 1933-1937 (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1998).
Notes
- ^ Layton, "And I Was There: Pearl Harbor and Midway -- Breaking the Secrets. " p. 314.
- ^ The Voyage of the Damned: What was the Coast Guard’s Role in the S.S. St. Louis Affair?
- ^ Fleeing Hitler and Meeting a Reluctant Miss Liberty, New York Times 2007-07-08
- ^ Annie Casting Information, Music Theatre International website
External links
- Cordell Hull at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- The Cordell Hull Foundation, a non-profit NGO, based around furthering international peace and co-operation.
- The Cordell Hull Institute, a US think-tank focusing on furthering debate in international economic development and trade.
- The Cordell Hull Museum, located in Byrdstown, Tennessee, focusing on Hull's life and work.
- Video of Cordell Hull speaking in favour of the United Nations in 1943
| United States House of Representatives | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Mounce Gore Butler |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's 4th congressional district March 4, 1907 – March 3, 1921 |
Succeeded by Wynne F. Clouse |
| Party political offices | ||
| Preceded by George White |
Chairman of the Democratic National Committee 1921 – 1924 |
Succeeded by Clem L. Shaver |
| United States House of Representatives | ||
| Preceded by Wynne F. Clouse |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee's 4th congressional district March 4, 1923 – March 3, 1931 |
Succeeded by John R. Mitchell |
| United States Senate | ||
| Preceded by William Emerson Brock |
United States Senator (Class 2) from Tennessee March 4, 1931 – March 3, 1933 Served alongside: Kenneth D. McKellar |
Succeeded by Nathan L. Bachman |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Henry L. Stimson |
United States Secretary of State March 4, 1933 – November 30, 1944 |
Succeeded by Edward Stettinius, Jr. |
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