Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino
11th President of the Philippines 2nd President of the 4th Republic 1st President of the 5th Republic
In office February 25, 1986 – June 30, 1992
Prime Minister	Salvador Laurel[1]
Vice President	Salvador Laurel
Preceded by	Ferdinand Marcos
Succeeded by	Fidel V. Ramos
Born	January 25, 1933 (1933-01-25) (age 75) Paniqui, Tarlac, Philippines
Political party	United Nationalists Democratic Organizations (UNIDO)/Lakas ng Bayan (LABAN)/Liberal
Spouse	Benigno Aquino, Jr.†
Occupation	Housewife, Politician
Religion	Roman Catholic
Signature

María Corazón Sumulong Cojuangco-Aquino (born January 25, 1933), widely known as Cory Aquino, was the 11th President of the Philippines, serving from 1986 to 1992. The President of the Philippines is the head of state and government of the Republic of the Philippines. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralín Marcos ( September 11, 1917 &ndash September 28, 1989) was President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986 Fidel Valdez Ramos (born March 18, 1928) was the 12th President of the Philippines. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Paniqui is a first class municipality in the province of Tarlac, Philippines. For the city see Tarlac City. For the river see Tarlac River. The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP United Nationalists Democratic Organizations (UNIDO was the main umbrella of the political opposition during the turbulent last years of Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos The Liberal Party of the Philippines ( Filipino: Partido Liberal ng Pilipinas) is a liberal party in the Philippines, founded on November Benigno Servillano Aquino Jr ( November 27, 1932 – August 21 Homemaker is a mainly American term which may refer either to the person within a family who is primarily concerned with the management of the household whether A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The President of the Philippines is the head of state and government of the Republic of the Philippines. She was the first female President of the Philippines and was Asia's first female President (not including Soong Ching-ling, Honorary President and acting Chairman of China). This is a list of women who have been elected or appointed Head of state of their respective countries The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP Soong Ch'ing-ling ( (27 January 1893 &ndash 29 May 1981 also known as Madame Sun Yat-sen, was one of the three Soong sisters &mdashwho along with their husbands The President of the People's Republic of China ( literally Chairman of the Chinese People's Republic or abbreviated Guójiā Zhǔxí 国家主席 literally State Chairman The President of the People's Republic of China ( literally Chairman of the Chinese People's Republic or abbreviated Guójiā Zhǔxí 国家主席 literally State Chairman She is a world-renowned advocate of democracy, peace, women's empowerment, and religious piety. Empowerment refers to increasing the spiritual, political, Social or economic strength of individuals and communities In spiritual terminology piety is a Virtue. While different people may understand its meaning differently it is generally used to refer either to religious devotion

A self-proclaimed "plain housewife",^[2] Aquino is the widow of Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr., a leading figure in the political opposition against the autocratic rule of President Ferdinand Marcos. The Senate of the Philippines ( Filipino: Senádo ng Pilipínas) is the upper chamber of the bicameral Legislature of the Philippines, the Benigno Servillano Aquino Jr ( November 27, 1932 – August 21 An autocracy is a Form of government in which the Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralín Marcos ( September 11, 1917 &ndash September 28, 1989) was President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986 After her husband was assassinated upon his return from exile on August 21, 1983, Aquino, who had no prior political experience, became a focal point and unifying force of the opposition against Marcos. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) She was drafted to run against Marcos in the 1986 snap presidential elections. The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Snap elections were held on February 7, 1986 in the Philippines. After Marcos was proclaimed the winner despite widespread reports of electoral fraud, Aquino was installed as President by the peaceful 1986 People Power Revolution. Electoral fraud is illegal interference with the process of an Election. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar)

Early life and education

Corazon Cojuangco was born in Tarlac^[3], a member of one of the richest Chinese-mestizo families in the Philippines. ^[4] She was born to Jose Cojuangco of Tarlac province and Demetria Sumulong of Antipolo, Rizal. Her ancestry was one-eighth Tagalog in maternal side, one-eighth Kapampangan and one-fourth Spanish in her paternal side, and half-Chinese in both maternal and paternal sides. The Tagalog people ( Tgl: Tagalog) is the second largest Filipino ethnolinguistic group. The Kapampangans or Capampañgans ( Spanish: Pampangos or Pampangueños) are the Han Chinese ( are an Ethnic group native to China and by most modern definitions the largest single Ethnic group in the world.

She is the fourth among six (6) siblings: Pedro, Josephine Reyes, Teresita Lopa (+), Jose Jr. and Maria Paz Teopaco. She was sent to St. Scholastica's College and finished grade school as class valedictorian in 1943. Valedictorian is an academic title typically conferred upon the highest ranked student among those being graduated from an educational institution In 1946, she studied high school for one year in Assumption Convent Manila, later she was sent overseas to study in Ravenhill Academy in Philadelphia where Princess Grace Kelly of Monaco once studied, the Notre Dame Convent School in New York, and the College of Mount Saint Vincent, also in New York. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə Grace Patricia Kelly (later Grace Princess of Monaco; November 12 1929 &ndash September 14 1982 was an Academy Award -winning American film and New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The College of Mount Saint Vincent is a Catholic Liberal arts college located in the Riverdale section of The Bronx, New York Aquino worked as a volunteer in the 1948 United States presidential campaign of Republican Thomas Dewey against President Harry Truman. Thomas Edmund Dewey ( March 24, 1902 – March 16, 1971) was the Governor of New York (1943-1955 and the unsuccessful Republican ^[3] She studied liberal arts and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree major in French Language and minor in Mathematics in 1953. She had intended to become a math teacher and language interpreter.

Married life

Cory Aquino was married to Sen. Benigno Aquino, Jr. from 1954 until his assassination in 1983. Benigno Servillano Aquino Jr ( November 27, 1932 – August 21

Aquino returned to the Philippines to study law at the Far Eastern University, owned by the family of the late Nicanor Reyes, Sr., who had been the father-in-law of her older sister Josephine. Far Eastern University (FEU ( in the City of Manila, West Sampaloc University Belt area is a nonsectarian Private university in the Philippines Nicanor I Reyes Sr Founder 1st President of the Far Eastern University in the City of Manila She gave up her law studies^[5] when in 1954, she married Benigno Servillano "Ninoy" Aquino, Jr. , the son of a former Speaker of the National Assembly. The Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the lower house of Congress, the House of Representatives. They had five children together: a son, Benigno Simeon Aquino III, who was elected to the Philippine Senate in 2007, and four daughters, Maria Elena A. Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III (born February 8, 1960) popularly known as Noynoy Aquino or Benigno S The Senate of the Philippines ( Filipino: Senádo ng Pilipínas) is the upper chamber of the bicameral Legislature of the Philippines, the Cruz, Aurora Corazon A. Abellada, Victoria Eliza A. Dee, and actress-television host Kristina Bernadette A. Yap. Kristina Bernadette Aquino-Yap (born Kristina Bernadette Cojuangco Aquino on February 14, 1971 in Quezon City) better known simply as Aquino had initial difficulty adjusting to provincial life when she and her husband moved to Concepcion, Tarlac in 1955, after her husband had been elected the town's mayor at the age of 22. Concepcion is a 1st class municipality in the province of Tarlac, Philippines. The American-educated Aquino found herself bored in Concepcion, welcoming opportunities when she and her husband would have dinner inside the American military facility at nearby Clark Field. Clark Air Base is a former United States Air Force base on Luzon Island in the Philippines, located 3 miles west of Angeles City, about 40 miles ^[6]

A member of the Liberal Party, Aquino's husband rose to be governor of Tarlac, and was elected to the Philippine Senate in 1967. The Liberal Party of the Philippines ( Filipino: Partido Liberal ng Pilipinas) is a liberal party in the Philippines, founded on November For the city see Tarlac City. For the river see Tarlac River. The Senate of the Philippines ( Filipino: Senádo ng Pilipínas) is the upper chamber of the bicameral Legislature of the Philippines, the During her husband's political career, Aquino remained a housewife who helped raise the children and played hostess to her spouse's political allies who would frequent their Quezon City home. ^[4]She would decline to join her husband on stage during campaign rallies, preferring instead to stand at the back of the audience in order to listen to him. ^[6] Nonetheless, she was consulted upon on political matters by her husband, who valued her judgments enormously. ^[4]

Benigno Aquino soon emerged as a leading critic of the government of President Ferdinand Marcos of the Nacionalista Party, and there was wide speculation that he would run in the 1973 presidential elections, Marcos then being term limited. The President of the Philippines is the head of state and government of the Republic of the Philippines. Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralín Marcos ( September 11, 1917 &ndash September 28, 1989) was President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986 For National Parties in other countries see National Party. The Nacionalista Party ( Filipino: Partido Nacionalista) is See also Rotation in office A term limit is a legal restriction that limits the number of terms a person may serve in a particular elected office However, Marcos declared martial law on September 21, 1972, and later abolished the 1935 Constitution, allowing him to remain in office. Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect when the military takes control of the normal administration of justice Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Constitution of the Philippines ( Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas in Filipino) is the supreme Law of the Philippines Aquino's husband was among those arrested at the onset of martial law, later being sentenced to death. During his incarceration, Aquino drew strength from prayer, attending daily mass and saying three rosaries a day. The Mass is the Eucharistic celebration in the Latin liturgical rites of the Roman Catholic Church. The Rosary (from Latin rosarium, meaning "rose garden" or "garland of roses" is a popular traditional Roman Catholic devotion. ^[6] As a measure of sacrifice, she enjoined her children from attending parties, and herself stopped from going to the beauty salon or buying new clothes, until a priest advised her and her children to instead live as normal lives as possible. ^[6]

In 1978, despite her initial opposition, Aquino's imprisoned husband decided to run the 1978 Batasang Pambansa elections. A general election was held in the Philippines on April 7, 1978 for the election of the 166 (of the 208 regional representatives to the Interim Batasang Aquino campaigned in behalf of her imprisoned husband and for the first time in her life, delivered a political speech,^[2][6] though she willingly relinquished having to speak in public when it emerged that her six-year old daughter Kris was more than willing to take speak on stage. ^[6]

In 1980, upon the intervention of United States President Jimmy Carter,^[2] Marcos allowed Senator Aquino and his family leave for exile in the United States. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 The family settled in Boston, and Aquino would later call the next three years as the happiest days of her married life. ^[2] He returned without his family to the Philippines on August 21, 1983, only to be assassinated at the tarmac of the Manila International Airport, which was later renamed in his honor. Events 1192 - Minamoto Yoritomo becomes Seii Tai Shōgun and the De facto ruler of Japan. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) The Ninoy Aquino International Airport ( Filipino: Paliparang Pandaigdig ng Ninoy Aquino) or NAIA (ˈnæijɑ is the Airport serving the Aquino returned to the Philippines a few days later and led her husband's funeral rites, where around two million people were estimated to have participated. ^[2]

1986 Presidential Campaign

Main article: Philippine presidential election, 1986

Aquino participated in many of the mass actions that were staged in the two years following the assassination of her husband. The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Snap elections were held on February 7, 1986 in the Philippines. On the last week of November 1985, Marcos unexpectedly announced a snap presidential election to be held in February 1986. ^[7] Initially, Senator Salvador Laurel of Batangas, the son of a former president, was seen as the favorite presidential candidate of the opposition, under the United Nationalists Democratic Organizations. This article is about the province For the city see Batangas City. José Paciano Laurel y García ( March 9, 1891 &ndash November 6, 1959) was the president of the Japanese-Sponsored Republic of the Philippines United Nationalists Democratic Organizations (UNIDO was the main umbrella of the political opposition during the turbulent last years of Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos However, business tycoon Don Joaquin "Chino" Roces was not convinced that Laurel could defeat Marcos in the polls. Roces initiated the Cory Aquino for President Movement to gather one million signatures in one week for Cory to run as president.

Aquino was reluctant at first to run for presidency, despite pleas that she was the one candidate who could unite the opposition against Marcos. ^[4] She eventually was convinced following a ten-hour meditation session at a Catholic convent. ^[3] Laurel did not immediately accede to calls for him to give way to Aquino, and offered her the vice-presidential slot under his UNIDO party. The Vice President of the Philippines is the second highest executive official of the Philippine government Aquino instead offered to give up her affiliation with her husband's political party, the Lakas ng Bayan (LABAN), which had just merged with Partido Demokratiko Pilipino, and run under the UNIDO banner with Laurel sliding down to the vice-presidential slot. Lakas ng Bayan ( English: People's Power) was a Political party in the Philippines formed by Senator Benigno "Ninoy" The Partido Demokratiko Pilipino-Lakas ng Bayan ( Philippine Democratic Party-People's Power) or PDP-LABAN is a Political party in the Philippines ^[4] Laurel gave way to Aquino to run as President and ran as her running-mate under UNIDO as the main political umbrella of the opposition.

In the succeeding political campaign, Marcos charged that Aquino was being supported by communists and agreed to share power with them, to which she responded that she would not appoint one to her cabinet. ^[8] Marcos also accused Aquino of playing "political football" with the United States with respect to the continued United States military presence in the Philippines at Clark Air Base and Subic Naval Base. Clark Air Base is a former United States Air Force base on Luzon Island in the Philippines, located 3 miles west of Angeles City, about 40 miles US Naval Base Subic Bay was a major ship-repair supply and rest and recreation facility of the United States Navy located in Zambales, Philippines ^[9] Marcos also derided Aquino as "just a woman" whose place was in the bedroom. ^[2]

The elections held on February 7, 1986 were marred by the intimidation and mass disenfranchisement of voters. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) ^[4] Election day itself and the days immediately after were marred by violence, including the murder of one of Aquino's top allies, Antique governor Evelio Javier. Antique is a province of the Philippines located in the Western Visayas region. Evelio Bellaflor Javier ( October 14, 1942 - February 11, 1986) was a Filipino lawyer civil servant politician and an oppositionist While the official tally of the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) consistently showed Marcos in the lead, the unofficial tally of the National Movement for Free Elections indicated that Aquino was leading. Functions of the Commission Under the Constitution the Commission on Elections is independent of the Executive, Legislative and Judicial branches of the Philippine Despite the job walkout of 30 COMELEC computer technicians alleging election-rigging in favor of Marcos,^[4] the Batasang Pambansa, controlled by Marcos allies, ratified the official count and proclaimed Marcos the winner on February 15, 1986. The Batasang Pambansa ( English: National Legislature) also known by its nickname the Batasan, was the former Parliament of the Philippines ^[10] The country's Catholic bishops and the United States Senate condemned the election^[4], and Aquino called for a general strike and a boycott of business enterprises controlled by Marcos allies. ^[11] She also rejected a power-sharing agreement proposed by the American diplomat Philip Habib, who had been sent as an emissary by U. Philip Charles Habib ( February 25, 1920 &ndash May 25, 1992) was a United States career diplomat known for work in Vietnam S. President Ronald Reagan to help defuse the tension. ^[11]

Installation as President

Main article: People Power Revolution

On February 22, 1986, the People Power Revolution was triggered after two key Marcos allies, Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and Armed Forces Vice-Chief of Staff Fidel Ramos called on Marcos to resign and holed up in two military camps in Quezon City. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) History The Department of National Defense was formally organized on November 1, 1939 pursuant to Executive Order No Juan Ponce Enrile (born February 14, 1924) is a political figure in the Philippines The Armed Forces of the Philippines ( AFP) ( Filipino: Sandatahang Lakas ng Pilipinas) is composed of the Philippine Army, Philippine Fidel Valdez Ramos (born March 18, 1928) was the 12th President of the Philippines. Quezon City ( Filipino: Lungsod Quezon) is the former capital ( 1948 - 1976) and the most populous ^[11] Aquino, who was in Cebu City when the revolt broke out, returned to Manila and insisted on joining the swelling crowd that had gathered outside the camps as a human barricade to protect the defectors. The City of Cebu ( Cebuano: Dakbayan sa Sugbo, Filipino: Lungsod ng Cebu) is the capital of ^[12] On the morning February 25, 1986, at the Club Filipino in San Juan, Aquino took the presidential oath of office administered by Supreme Court Associate Justice Claudio Teehankee. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) For the capital city of Puerto Rico see San Juan Puerto Rico. The Supreme Court of the Philippines ( Filipino: Kataas-taasang Hukuman ng Pilipinas or Korte Suprema) is the country's highest judicial court as well An Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines is one of 15 members of the Philippine Supreme Court, the highest court in the Philippines. Claudio Teehankee Sr ( April 18, 1918 - November 27, 1989) was the 16th Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Marcos himself was sworn into office at Malacañang Palace on that same day, but fled into exile later that night. Malacañan Palace, colloquially the Malacañang Palace, is the Official residence of the President of the Philippines.

Presidency

President Aquino was named by Time Magazine as the 1986 Woman of the Year. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Person of the Year (formerly Man of the Year) is an annual issue of the United States Newsmagazine Time that features and profiles

The relatively peaceful manner by which Aquino assumed the presidency through the EDSA Revolution won her widespread international acclaim as an icon of democracy. She was selected as Time Magazine's Woman of the Year in 1986. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and She was also nominated to receive the Nobel Peace Prize but lost to Elie Wiesel also in 1986. The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Elie Wiesel (born Eliezer Wiesel on September 30 1928 in Sighetu Marmaţiei, Romania) is a Jewish writer professor political activist In September of 1986, Aquino delivered a speech before a joint session of the United States Congress which was interrupted by applause several times, and which then U.S. House Speaker Tip O'Neill hailed as "the finest speech I've ever heard in my 34 years in Congress. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses The Speaker of the United States House of Representatives is the presiding officer&mdashor speaker &mdashof the United States House of Representatives. Thomas Phillip "Tip" O'Neill Jr ( December 9, 1912 &ndash January 5, 1994) was an American politician. "^[13]

The six-year administration of President Aquino saw the enactment of a new Philippine Constitution and several significant legal reforms, including a new agrarian reform law. The Constitution of the Philippines ( Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas in Filipino) is the supreme Law of the Philippines While her allies maintained a majority in both houses of Congress, she faced considerable opposition from communist insurgency and right-wing soldiers who instituted several coup attempts against her government. The Congress of the Philippines ( Filipino: Kongréso ng Pilipínas) is the national Legislature of the Philippines. Her government also dealt with several major natural disasters that struck the Philippines, as well as a severe power crisis that hampered the Philippine economy. It was also during her administration that the presence of United States military bases in the Philippines came to an end.

Constitutional and law reform

One month after assuming the presidency, Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3, which proclaimed her government as a revolutionary government. She suspended the 1973 Constitution installed during martial law, and promulgated a provisional “Freedom Constitution” pending the enactment of a new Constitution. ^[14] She likewise closed the Batasang Pambansa and reorganized the membership of the Supreme Court. The Batasang Pambansa ( English: National Legislature) also known by its nickname the Batasan, was the former Parliament of the Philippines In May of 1986, the reorganized Supreme Court declared the Aquino government as “not merely a de facto government but in fact and law a de jure government”, whose legitimacy had been affirmed by the community of nations. ^[15]

Aquino appointed 48 members of a Constitutional Commission tasked with drafting a new Constitution. The commission, which was chaired by retired Supreme Court Associate Justice Cecilia Muñoz-Palma completed its final draft in October of 1986^[16] The 1987 Constitution was approved in a national plebiscite in February of 1987. Cecilia Muñoz-Palma ( November 22, 1913 — January 2, 2006) was a Filipino Jurist and the first Woman The Constitution of the Philippines ( Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas in Filipino) is the supreme Law of the Philippines The constitutional Plebiscite was held in the Philippines on 2 February 1987. Both the “Freedom Constitution” and the 1987 Constitution authorized President Aquino to exercise legislative power until such time a new Congress was organized. The Congress of the Philippines ( Filipino: Kongréso ng Pilipínas) is the national Legislature of the Philippines. ^[17] She continued to exercise such powers until the new Congress organized under the 1987 Constitution convened in July of 1987. Within that period, Aquino promulgated two legal codes that set forth significant legal reforms -- the Family Code of 1987, which reformed the civil law on family relations, and the Administrative Code of 1987, which reorganized the structure of the executive branch of government. Codification of Laws is a common practice in the Philippines. The Civil Code of the Philippines is the product of the Codification of Private law in the Philippines. Codification of Laws is a common practice in the Philippines. The Executive Departments of the Philippines (also known as the "Cabinet" are the largest component of the national Executive branch of the government of the

In 1991, Aquino signed into law the Local Government Code, which further devolved national government powers to local government units. Codification of Laws is a common practice in the Philippines. The new Code enhanced the power of local government units to enact local taxation measures, and assured them of a share of the national internal revenue.

Agrarian reform

On July 22, 1987, Aquino issued Presidential Proclamation 131 and Executive Order 229, which outlined the President’s land reform program, and expanded land reform to sugar lands. Her agrarian reform policy was enacted into law by the 8th Congress of the Philippines, which in 1988 passed Republic Act No. Agrarian reform can refer either narrowly to government-initiated or government-backed redistribution of Agricultural land (see Land reform) or can refer more broadly The Eighth Congress of the Philippines is the meeting of the national legislature of the Republic of the Philippines, composed of the Philippine Senate This article contains a partial list of Philippine laws. Philippine laws have had various nomenclature designations at different periods in the History of the Philippines 6657, also known as “The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law”. The law authorized the redistribution of agricultural lands to tenant-farmers from landowners, who were paid in exchange by the government just compensation and allowed to retain not more than five hectares of land. Just Compensation is required to be paid by the Fifth Amendment to the U ^[18] Corporate landowners were also allowed under the law to “voluntarily divest a proportion of their capital stock, equity or participation in favor of their workers or other qualified beneficiaries”, in lieu of turning over their land to the government for redistribution. Software for Fixed assets management and Stock control developed in 2004. ^[19] The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the law in 1989, characterizing the agrarian reform policy as “a revolutionary kind of expropriation. ”^[20]

Controversies eventually centered on the landholdings of Aquino, who inherited from her parents the 6,453 hectare large Hacienda Luisita in Tarlac which was owned through the Tarlac Development Company. ^[21] Opting for the stock distribution option under the agrarian reform law, Tarlac Development Company established Hacienda Luisita, Incorporated (HLI) in order to effect the distribution of stocks to the farmer-tenants of the hacienda. Ownership of the agricultural portions of the hacienda were transferred to the new corporation, which in turn distributed its shares of stocks to the farmers. ^[21] The arrangement withstood until 2006, when the Department of Agrarian Reform revoked the stock distribution scheme implemented in Hacienda Luisita, and ordered instead the redistribution of a large portion of the property to the tenant-farmers. The Philippines ' Department of Agrarian Reform ( Filipino: Kagawaran ng Repormang Pansakahan) abbreviated as the DAR, is the executive department ^[22] The Department had stepped into the controversy when in 2004, violence erupted over the retrenchment of workers in the Hacienda, eventually leaving seven people dead. ^[21]

Military insurrections

Main articles: 1986-1987 Philippine coup attempts and 1989 Philippine coup attempt

From 1986 to 1989, Aquino was confronted with a series of attempts^[23] at military interventions by some members of the Armed Forces of the Philippines, aimed at the overthrow of the Aquino government. From 1986 to 1987 there were six plots to overthrow the government of Philippine President Corazon Aquino involving The most serious Coup d'etat against the government of Philippine President Corazon Aquino was staged The Armed Forces of the Philippines ( AFP) ( Filipino: Sandatahang Lakas ng Pilipinas) is composed of the Philippine Army, Philippine Most of these attempt were instigated by the Reform the Armed Forces Movement (RAM), a group of middle-ranking officers closely linked with Defense Secretary Juan Ponce Enrile. ^[24] Soldiers loyal to former President Marcos were likewise involved in some of these attempts. The first five of the attempts were either quashed before they were put in operation, or repelled with minimal or no violence. The sixth attempt, staged on August 28, 1987, left 53 people dead and over 200 wounded, including Aquino's son, Noynoy. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III (born February 8, 1960) popularly known as Noynoy Aquino or Benigno S ^[25] The seventh and final attempt, which occurred throughout the first week of January, 1989, ended with 99 dead (including 50 civilians) and 570 wounded. ^[26]

The coup attempts would collectively impair the Aquino government, even though it survived, as it indicated political instability, an unruly military, and diminished the confidence of foreign investors in the Philippine economy. ^[27] The 1989 coup alone resulted in combined financial losses of between 800 million to 1 billion pesos. The peso ( Filipino: piso) ( sign: ₱; code: PHP) is the currency of the Philippines. ^[28]

The November 1986 and August 1987 coup plots would also lead to significant reorganizations within the Aquino government. Given the apparent involvement of Defense Secretary Enrile in the November 1986 plot, a fact which was reaffirmed by the Davide Commission Report,^[29] Aquino fired him on November 22, 1986, and likewise announced an overall Cabinet revamp, "to give the government a chance to start all over again. "^[30] The revamp would lead to the dismissal of Labor Secretary Augusto Sanchez, a perceived leftist, which was believed to be a compromise measure in light of a key rebel demand to cleanse the Cabinet of left-leaning members. ^[31] Following the August 1987 coup attempt, the Aquino government was seen to have veered to the right, dismissing perceived left-leaning officials such as Executive Secretary Joker Arroyo and tacitly authorizing the establishment of armed quasi-military groups to combat the communist insurgency. The Executive Secretary of the Philippines is the head and highest ranking official serving in Cabinet of the Philippines. Joker Paz Arroyo is a Filipino lawyer politician and Senator of the Republic of the Philippines. ^[32] It was also believed that General Ramos, who remained loyal to Aquino, emerged as the second most powerful person in government following the failed coup. ^[33] Across-the-board wage increases for soldiers were also granted. ^[34]

Aquino herself would sue Philippine Star columnist Louie Beltran for libel after he wrote that the President had hid under her bed during the August 1987 coup as the siege of Malacañang began. The Philippine Star is a daily broadsheet circulated nationwide in the Philippines.

Natural disasters

The Aquino administration faced a series of natural disasters during its last two years in office. A natural disaster is the consequence of a Natural hazard (eg The 1990 Luzon earthquake left around 1,600 dead, with around a thousand of the fatalities in Baguio City. The 1990 Luzon earthquake occurred on Monday July 16, 1990, at 426 PM local time in the Philippines. Geography The three main access roads leading to Baguio from the lowlands are Kennon Road, Marcos Highway The 1991 eruption of the long-dormant Mount Pinatubo was the second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century,^[35] killing around 300 people and causing widespread long-term devastation of agricultural lands in Central Luzon. Mount Pinatubo is an active Stratovolcano located on the island of Luzon Central Luzon (or " Gitnang Luzon " in Filipino), also known as Region III (or Region 3) is an administrative division The worst loss of life occurred when Tropical Storm Thelma (also known as Typhoon Uring) caused massive flooding in Ormoc City in November of 1991, leaving around 6,000 dead in what was the deadliest typhoon in Philippine history. Tropical Storm Thelma (international designation 9125, JTWC designation 27W, Philippine name Uring) was the The City of Ormoc is a 1st class city in the province of Leyte, Philippines.

President Corazon Aquino addresses base workers at a rally at Remy Field concerning jobs for Filipino workers after the Americans withdraw from the U. S. facilities.

1992 presidential campaign

In the 1992 Philippine elections, though eligible to run for a second term, Aquino backed her then Defense Secretary Fidel V. Ramos (after initially naming Ramon Mitra, Jr., her former Agriculture Secretary and then Speaker of the House of Representatives, as her candidate), Marcos' armed forces vice-chief of staff whose defection to the Aquino party proved crucial to the popular revolution. Presidential elections, legislative elections and local elections were held in the Philippines on May 11, 1992. Fidel Valdez Ramos (born March 18, 1928) was the 12th President of the Philippines. Early life and career Mitra was born in Puerto Princesa to Ramon P This decision was unpopular among many of her core supporters, including the Roman Catholic Church (Ramos is a Protestant). Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Ramos narrowly won with just 23. 58 percent of the vote, and succeeded Aquino as president on June 30, 1992. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar)

Post-presidency

Following the end of her term, Aquino retired to private life. When she rode away from the inauguration of her successor, she chose to go in a simple white Toyota Crown she had purchased (rather than the government-issue Mercedes), to make the point that she was once again an ordinary citizen. The Toyota Crown is a line of full-size luxury sedans by Toyota. Mercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of luxury Automobiles Buses coaches and Trucks It is currently a division of the ^[36]

Aquino has continued to speak out on political issues. In the 1998 presidential elections, she supported the candidacy of Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim, who placed fifth. Presidential elections, legislative elections and local elections were held in the Philippines on May 11, 1998. The City of Manila Early life Alfredo Lim was born in Manila, and is of mixed Chinese and Filipino descent ^[37] In January of 2001, Aquino played an active role in the second EDSA Revolution which ousted President Joseph Estrada and installed Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo to the presidency. The EDSA Revolution of 2001, also called by the local media as EDSA II (pronounced as EDSA Dos or EDSA 2 or the Second People Power Revolution, is the The President of the Philippines is the head of state and government of the Republic of the Philippines. Jose Marcelo Ejercito (born on April 19, 1937) better known as Joseph Ejercito Estrada, or Erap, is a Film actor in the Philippines Maria Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (born Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal on April 5 1947 is a Filipina Politician. ^[38] In 2005, Aquino condemned President Macapagal-Arroyo for allegedly rigging the 2004 presidential elections. The Hello Garci scandal (2005—present (or just Hello Garci) is a Political scandal and electoral crisis in the Philippines. Presidential elections, legislative elections and local elections were held in the Philippines on May 10, 2004. ^[39] She has since been a visible participant in mass demonstrations against the Arroyo government and has called for the President's resignation. ^[40]

In the 2007 senatorial elections, Aquino actively campaigned for her only son, Benigno III, in his successful bid for a Senate seat. Legislative and local elections were held in the Philippines on May 14, 2007. Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III (born February 8, 1960) popularly known as Noynoy Aquino or Benigno S The Senate of the Philippines ( Filipino: Senádo ng Pilipínas) is the upper chamber of the bicameral Legislature of the Philippines, the

An illustration of President Corazon C. Aquino by Steven Baldesco, Filipino.

In her post-presidency, Aquino has received several awards and citations. In 1994, Aquino was cited as one of 100 Women Who Shaped World History in a reference book written by Gail Meyer Rolka and published by Bluewood Books in San Francisco, California. ^[41] In 1996, she received the J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding from the Fulbright Association, joining past recipients such as Jimmy Carter and Nelson Mandela. The Fulbright Program, including the Fulbright-Hays Program, is a program of grants for international educational exchange for scholars educators graduate James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela (xolíɬaɬa mandéːla born 18 July 1918 is a former President of South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative ^[42] In August 1999, Aquino was chosen by Time Magazine as one of the 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Century. For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of ^[43] The same magazine cited her in November 2006 as one of 65 great Asian Heroes, along with Mahatma Gandhi, Aung San Suu Kyi, Lee Kuan Yew, and King Bhumibol Adulyadej. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January Aung San Suu Kyi ( àunsʰánsṵtʃì born 19 June 1945 in Rangoon, is a pro- Democracy activist and leader of the National League for Lee Kuan Yew, GCMG, CH ( born September 16 1923 also spelled Lee Kwan-Yew) is a Singaporean of Chinese immigrant background Bhumibol Adulyadej (ภูมิพลอดุลยเดช pʰuːmipʰon adunjadeːt Royal Institute: Phumiphon Adunyadet;) (born Monday 5 December 1927 ^[44] In January 2008, the Europe-based A Different View selected Aquino as one of the 15 Champions of World Democracy, alongside Abraham Lincoln, Martin Luther King Jr., Lech Walesa, and Vaclav Havel. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal Martin Luther King Jr ( January 15, 1929 April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, Activist and prominent leader Václav Havel, GCB, CC, ( (born October 5, 1936) is a Czech Playwright Writer and Politician

In 2002, Aquino became the first woman named to the Board of Governors of the Board of the Asian Institute of Management, a leading graduate business school and think tank in the Asia Pacific region. The Asian Institute of Management, or simply AIM, is a graduate school of business and a center of business and management research ^[45] She served on the Board until 2006. ^[46]

Aquino leads the PinoyME Foundation, a non-profit organization that assists microfinance institutions through the provision of loans. ^[47] She also oversees social welfare and scholarship assistance projects through the Benigno S. Aquino Foundation, and good governance advocacy through the EDSA People Power Commission, and the People Power People Movement.

Aquino is skilled in painting. She is fond of giving her own paintings, as gifts, to her close friends and acquaintances, including world leaders, diplomats, and corporate executives. ^[48]

Health

On March 24, 2008, the Aquino family announced that the former President had been diagnosed with colon cancer. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Colorectal cancer, also called colon cancer or large bowel cancer, includes Cancerous growths in the colon, Rectum and ^[49] Aquino underwent chemotherapy, and in public remarks made on May 13, 2008, she announced that blood tests indicate she is responding positively to the medical treatment. ^[50]

Awards and Achievements

• 1986 Time Magazine Woman of the Year
• 1986 Eleanor Roosevelt Human Rights Award
• 1986 United Nations Silver Medal
• 1986 Canadian International Prize for Freedom
• 1986 Nobel Peace Prize nominee
• 1986 International Democracy Award from the International Association of Political Consultants
• 1987 Prize For Freedom Award from Liberal International
• 1993 Special Peace Award from the Aurora Aragon Quezon Peace Awards Foundation and Concerned Women of the Philippines
• 1994 One of 100 Women Who Shaped World History (by G. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Person of the Year (formerly Man of the Year) is an annual issue of the United States Newsmagazine Time that features and profiles Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (ˈɛlɪnɔr ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 11 1884 &ndash November 7 1962 The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The Nobel Peace Prize ( Swedish, Danish and Nobels fredspris is one of five Nobel Prizes Bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor The Prize For Freedom is an an annual prize presented by the Liberal International since 1985. Liberal International is a Political international for liberal parties. M. Rolka, Bluewood Books, San Francisco, CA)
• 1995 Path to Peace Award
• 1996 J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding from the U. The Fulbright Program, including the Fulbright-Hays Program, is a program of grants for international educational exchange for scholars educators graduate S. Department of State
• 1998 Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding
• 1998 Pearl S. The Ramon Magsaysay Award was established in April 1957 by the trustees of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund (RBF based in New York City. Buck Award
• 1999 One of Time Magazine's 20 Most Influential Asians of the 20th Century
• 2001 World Citizenship Award
• 2005 David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership Awards
• 2005 One of the World's Elite Women Who Make a Difference by the International Women's Forum Hall of Fame
• 2006 One of Time Magazine's 65 Asian Heroes
• 2008 One of A Different View's 15 Champions of World Democracy
• EWC Asia Pacific Community Building Award
• Women's International Center International Leadership Living Legacy Award
• Martin Luther King Jr. Nonviolent Peace Prize
• United Nations Development Fund for Women Noel Award for Political Leadership

Honorary doctorates

• Doctor of International Relations, honoris causa, from:
  • Boston University
  • Eastern University
  • Fordham University
  • Waseda University in Tokyo
• Doctor of Laws, honoris causa, from:
  • University of the Philippines
  • University of Santo Tomas in Manila
• Doctor of Humane Letters, honoris causa, from:
  • Ateneo de Manila University
  • College of Mount Saint Vincent in New York
  • Xavier University (Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines)
• Doctor of Humanities, honoris causa, from:
  • San Beda College in Manila, 2000
  • Seattle University, 2002
  • Stonehill College in Massachusetts
  • University of Oregon, 1995

References

External links

• Malacañang Museum Official Biography