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Coraciiformes
European RollerCoracias garrulus
European Roller
Coracias garrulus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Coraciiformes
Forbes, 1884
Families

Alcedinidae
Brachypteraciidae
Bucerotidae (disputed)
Cerylidae
Coraciidae
Halcyonidae
Meropidae
Momotidae
Phoeniculidae
Todidae
Upupidae
For prehistoric taxa, see text. The European Roller, Coracias garrulus, is the only member of the Roller family of Birds to breed in Europe. Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. William Alexander Forbes ( June 25, 1855 &ndash January 14, 1883) was an English Zoologist. Year 1884 ( MDCCCLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The river kingfishers or Alcedinidae, are one of the three families of Bird in the Kingfisher group The ground-rollers are a small family of non-migratory Near-passerine Birds restricted to Madagascar. Hornbills ( family Bucerotidae) are a group of Birds characterized by a long down-curved bill sometimes with a casque on the upper mandible The water kingfishers or Cerylidae are one of the three families of Kingfishers and are also known as the cerylid kingfishers. The rollers are an Old World family of Near passerine Birds related to the Kingfishers and Bee-eaters The group gets its name The tree kingfishers or wood kingfishers, family Halcyonidae, are the most numerous of the three families of Birds in the Kingfisher The bee-eaters are a group of Near passerine Birds in the family Meropidae The motmots or Momotidae are a family of tropical Birds in the Near passerine order Coraciiformes, which also includes the The Woodhoopoes are a small African family of Near passerine Birds These tropical Species are not migratory. The todies are a family, Todidae, of Caribbean Birds in the order Coraciiformes, which also includes the Kingfishers The Hoopoe (ˈhuːpuː Upupa epops is a colourful bird that is found across Afro-Eurasia, notable for its distinctive 'crown' of feathers

The Coraciiformes are a group of usually colourful near passerine birds including the kingfishers, the Hoopoe, the bee-eaters, the rollers, and the hornbills. Near passerine or higher land-bird assemblage are terms often given to Arboreal Birds or those most often believed to be related to the true Passerines Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Kingfishers are small bright colored Birds of the three families Alcedinidae ( River kingfishers, Halcyonidae ( Tree kingfishers, and Cerylidae ( Water The Hoopoe (ˈhuːpuː Upupa epops is a colourful bird that is found across Afro-Eurasia, notable for its distinctive 'crown' of feathers The bee-eaters are a group of Near passerine Birds in the family Meropidae The rollers are an Old World family of Near passerine Birds related to the Kingfishers and Bee-eaters The group gets its name Hornbills ( family Bucerotidae) are a group of Birds characterized by a long down-curved bill sometimes with a casque on the upper mandible They generally have syndactyly, with three forward-pointing toes (and toes 3 & 4 fused at their base), though in many kingfishers one of these is missing. Syndactyly (from Greek συν- = "together" plus δακτυλος = "finger" is a condition where two or more digits are fused together

This is largely an Old World order, with the representation in the New World limited to the dozen or so species of todies and motmots, and a mere handful of the more than 80 species of kingfishers. The Old World consists of those parts of Earth known to Europeans Asians and Africans in the 15th century This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. The todies are a family, Todidae, of Caribbean Birds in the order Coraciiformes, which also includes the Kingfishers The motmots or Momotidae are a family of tropical Birds in the Near passerine order Coraciiformes, which also includes the This is the most diverse bird order in body weight, ranging from the 5. 5 gram Puerto Rican Tody (Todus mexicanus) to the 4 kg Southern Ground Hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri). The Puerto Rican Tody is a Tody endemic to the Archipelago of Puerto Rico. The Southern Ground-hornbill, Bucorvus leadbeateri or cafer, is one of two species of Ground-hornbill and is the largest species of Hornbill

The name Coraciiformes means "Raven-like", which is a misnomer. (Ravens are songbirds) Specifically, it comes from the Latin language "Corax", meaning "Raven" and Latin "Forma", meaning "form", which is a common ending for taxon names. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. [Terres p 104]

Systematics

This order has been seen to be something of a mixed assortment, and the Coraciiformes may be considered as including only the rollers. All the other families would then be considered to represent lineages of birds distantly related to Coraciiformes. This seems to be oversplitting, as most Coraciiformes indeed form a reasonably robust clade. Lumping and splitting refers to a well known problem in any discipline which has to place individual examples into rigorously defined categories A clade is a taxonomic group comprising a single Common ancestor and all the descendants of that ancestor

Analysis of nDNA c-myc and RAG-1 exon as well as mtDNA myoglobin intron 2 sequence data demonstrates that the Coraciiformes can be divided into a basal group that is not too distantly related to the Piciformes, and a derived suborder containing mainly kingfishers (Johansson & Ericson, 2003). Nuclear DNA, nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (nDNA is DNA contained within a nucleus of eukaryotic organisms. Myc (cMyc is a gene that regulates other genes It codes for a protein that binds to the DNA of other genes The recombination activating genes encode Enzymes that play an important role in the rearrangement and recombination of the genes of Immunoglobulin and T cell An exon is a Nucleic acid sequence that is represented in the mature form of an RNA molecule after a portions of a precursor RNA Introns have been Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) is the DNA located in Organelles called mitochondria. Myoglobin is a single-chain globular Protein of 153 Amino acids containing a Heme ( Iron -containing Porphyrin) Prosthetic Introns, derived from the term "intragenic regions" and also called intervening sequence (IVS are DNA regions in a Gene that are not translated into A DNA sequence or genetic sequence is a succession of letters representing the Primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA Molecule In Phylogenetics, a basal Clade is the earliest clade to branch in a larger clade it appears at the base of a cladogram Six families of largely arboreal Birds make up the order Piciformes, the best-known of them being the Picidae which includes the Woodpeckers This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used The Cuckoo-roller's true affinities appear to lie elsewhere. The Cuckoo-roller, Leptosomus discolor, is the only Bird in the family Leptosomatidae, which is usually considered to be within the order Coraciiformes The trogons and hornbills are either very basal lineages, or might be considered distinct own orders; the latter are apparently slightly closer to the rollers than the former. These entire group (possibly excluding the Cuckoo-roller) and the Piciformes are closely related to the Passeriformes (Johansson & Ericson 2003; see also Near passerine). Near passerine or higher land-bird assemblage are terms often given to Arboreal Birds or those most often believed to be related to the true Passerines

Several extinct coraciiform families are only known from Paleogene fossils. The Paleogene (alternatively Palaeogene) is a geologic period and system that began 65 FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. They probably belong to the basal group and are sometimes difficult to assign because they were even closer still to the Piciformes (see also Neanis). Neanis is an Extinct Genus of Bird probably related to Woodpeckers and Toucans It contains at least one species In addition, there are some prehistoric genera which are likewise difficult to place into a family. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic At least the Eocoraciidae are very basal, but the Late Eocene (some 35 mya) Geranopteridae form a superfamily Coracioidea with the extant rollers and ground-rollers already (Mayr & Mourer-Chauviré 2000). The Eocene epoch (558 ± 02 - 339 ± 01 Ma) is a major division of the Geologic timescale and the second epoch of the Palaeogene period in In Astronomy, Geology, and Paleontology, mya or " mya " is an abbreviation for "million years ago". Taxonomic rank ( rank, category, taxonomic category is an abstract term used in the Scientific classification, or Taxonomy, of organisms A few prehistoric taxa of the present-day families have been described; see the family articles for details. A taxon (plural taxa) or taxonomic unit, is a name designating an organism or a group of Organisms In Biological nomenclature according to

Taxonomic sequence

Unresolved

The Leptosomatidae (Cuckoo-roller) probably do not belong here. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. Hornbills ( family Bucerotidae) are a group of Birds characterized by a long down-curved bill sometimes with a casque on the upper mandible The Cuckoo-roller, Leptosomus discolor, is the only Bird in the family Leptosomatidae, which is usually considered to be within the order Coraciiformes The trogons are sometimes placed here as a family Trogonidae. The trogons and quetzals are Birds in the order Trogoniformes which contains only one family the Trogonidae. The Late Eocene Palaeospizidae are sometimes also placed in the Coraciiformes, as are the Early to Middle Eocene Primobucconidae and the Middle Eocene to Early Oligocene Sylphornithidae. The Primobucconidae at least indeed seem to belong here.

Basal group

Suborder Alcedini

References

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