| Copper(II) sulfate | |
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| IUPAC name | Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate |
| Other names | Copper(II) sulfate Copper(II)sulfate Cupric sulfate Blue vitriol Bluestone Chalcanthite |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | [7758-98-7] |
| EINECS number | |
| RTECS number | GL8800000 |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | CuSO4·5H2O (pentahydrate) CuSO4 (anhydrous) |
| Molar mass | 249. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general Chalcanthite, whose name derives from the Greek chalkos and anthos, meaning copper flower is a richly-colored blue/green water-soluble Sulfate CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to The EINECS number (for European Inventory of Existing Chemical Substances) is a registry number given to each Chemical substance commercially available in the Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances ( RTECS) is a Database of Toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature without reference A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 684 g/mol (pentahydrate) 159. 608 g/mol (anhydrous) |
| Appearance | blue crystalline solid (pentahydrate) gray-white powder (anhydrous) |
| Melting point |
110 °C (− 4H2O) |
| Solubility in water | 31. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. 6 g/100 ml (0 °C) |
| Structure | |
| Crystal structure | Triclinic |
| Coordination geometry |
Octahedral |
| Thermochemistry | |
| Standard molar entropy S |
109. In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. In Crystallography, the triclinic Crystal system is one of the 7 lattice Point groups A crystal system is described by three basis vectors The term coordination geometry is used in a number of related fields of chemistry and solid state chemistry/physics In Chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the Entropy content of one mole of substance under standard conditions (not standard temperature and pressure 05 J. K−1. mol−1 |
| Hazards | |
| EU classification | Harmful (Xn) Dangerous for the environment (N) |
| NFPA 704 |
 0
2
0
|
| Flash point | non flammable |
| Related compounds | |
| Other cations | Nickel(II) sulfate Zinc sulfate |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references |
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Copper(II) sulfate is the chemical compound with the formula CuSO4. Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification packaging and labelling Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest Temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Nickel(II sulfate, or just nickel sulfate, usually refers to the Chemical compound with the formula NiSO4·6H2O Zinc sulfate ( Zn[[Sulfate SO4]] is a colorless crystalline water-soluble Chemical compound. In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the This salt exists as a series of compounds that differ in their degree of hydration. Water of crystallization (alt BrE water of crystallisation is Water that occurs in Crystals but is not covalently bonded to a host Molecule The anhydrous form is a pale green or gray-white powder, whereas the pentahydrate, the most commonly encountered salt, is bright blue. As a general term a substance is said to be anhydrous if it contains no Water. This hydrated copper sulfate occurs in nature as the mineral called chalcanthite. A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific Chalcanthite, whose name derives from the Greek chalkos and anthos, meaning copper flower is a richly-colored blue/green water-soluble Sulfate Archaic names for copper(II) sulfate are "blue vitriol" and "bluestone". [1]
Contents |
Preparation
Since it is available commercially, a copper sulfate is usually purchased, not prepared in the laboratory. It can be made by the action of sulfuric acid on a variety of copper(II) compounds, for example copper(II) oxide. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Copper(II oxide or cupric oxide (CuO is the higher Oxide of Copper. Copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate decomposes before melting, losing four water molecules at 110 °C and all five at 150 °C. Chemical decomposition or analysis is the separation of a Chemical compound into elements or smaller compounds At 650 °C, copper(II) sulfate decomposes into copper(II) oxide (CuO) and sulfur trioxide (SO3). Sulfur trioxide (also spelled sulphur trioxide) is the chemical compound with the formula SO3 When heated in an open flame the crystals are dehydrated and turn grayish-white. [2]
Uses
As an herbicide, fungicide, pesticide
Copper sulfate pentahydrate is a fungicide. Fungicides are Chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill or inhibit fungi or fungal spores Mixed with lime it is called Bordeaux mixture to control fungus on grapes, melons, and other berries[3]. Lime is a general term for various naturally occurring Minerals and materials derived from them in which Carbonates Oxides and Hydroxides of Bordeaux mixture is a combination of Copper sulfate and Hydrated lime, invented in the vineyards of the Bordeaux region of France and known locally as Bouillie Another application is Cheshunt compound, a mixture of copper sulfate and ammonium carbonate used in horticulture to prevent damping off in seedlings. Its use as an herbicide is not agricultural, but instead for control of invasive exotic aquatic plants and the roots of other invasive plants near various pipes that contain water. A herbicide is used to kill unwanted Plants Selective herbicides kill specific targets while leaving the desired Crop relatively unharmed A dilute solution of copper sulfate is used to treat aquarium fish of various parasitic infections,[4] and is also used to remove snails from aquariums. However, as the copper ions are also highly toxic to the fish, care must be taken with the dosage. Most species of algae can be controlled with very low concentrations of copper sulfate. Copper sulfate inhibits growth of bacteria such as E. coli.
Analytical reagent
Several chemical tests utilize copper sulfate. It is used in Fehling's solution and Benedict's solution to test for reducing sugars, which reduce the soluble blue copper(II) sulfate to insoluble red copper(I) oxide. Fehling's solution is a Solution used to differentiate between water soluble Aldehyde and Ketone Functional groups although Ketose Benedict's reagent (also called Benedict's solution or Benedict's test) is a chemical Reagent named after an American chemist Stanley Rossiter Benedict A reducing sugar is any sugar that in basic solution forms some Aldehyde or Ketone. Copper(I oxide or cuprous oxide (Cu2O is an Oxide of Copper. It is Insoluble in water and organic Solvents. Copper(II) sulfate is also used in the Biuret reagent to test for proteins. The Biuret reagent is made of Potassium hydroxide (KOH and Copper (II sulfate (CuSO4 together with Potassium sodium tartrate (KNaC4H4O6·4H2O
Copper sulfate is also used to test blood for anemia. Anemia ( AmE) or anæmia/anaemia ( BrE) (from the Ancient Greek grc-Latn anaîmia, meaning “without blood” is defined as a qualitative The blood is tested by dropping it into a solution of copper sulfate of known specific gravity — blood which contains sufficient hemoglobin sinks rapidly due to its density, whereas blood which does not, floats or sinks slowly. Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the Density of a given solid or liquid substance to the density of water at a specific temperature and pressure typically Hemoglobin ( also spelled haemoglobin and abbreviated Hb or Hgb) is the Iron -containing Oxygen -transport Metalloprotein [5]
In a flame test, its copper ions emit a deep blue-green light, much more blue than the flame test for barium. A flame test is a procedure used in Chemistry to detect the presence of certain Metal ions based on each element's characteristic Emission spectrum An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Barium (ˈbɛəriəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol Ba, and Atomic number 56
Organic synthesis
Copper sulfate is employed in organic synthesis. Organic synthesis is a special branch of Chemical synthesis and is concerned with the construction of Organic compounds via Organic reactions Organic [6] The anhydrous salt catalyses the transacetalization in organic synthesis. An acetal is a Molecule with two single bonded oxygens attached to the same carbon atom [7] The hydrated salt reacts with potassium permanganate to give an oxidant for the conversion of primary alcohols. Potassium permanganate is the Chemical compound K[[manganese Mn]] O 4 [8]
Chemistry education
Copper sulfate is a commonly included chemical in children's chemistry sets and is often used to grow crystals in schools and in copper plating experiments. A chemistry set is an Educational toy allowing the user (typically a Teenager) to perform simple Chemistry Experiments. A school (from Greek σχολεῖον - scholeion) is an Institution designed to allow and encourage Students (or "pupils" Copper plating is the process in which a layer of Copper is deposited on the item to be plated by using an electric current Due to its toxicity, it is not recommended for small children. Copper sulfate is often used to demonstrate an exothermic reaction, in which steel wool or magnesium ribbon is placed in an aqueous solution of CuSO4. An exothermic reaction is a Chemical reaction that releases Heat. Steel wool or 'wire wool' is a bundle of strands of very fine soft Steel filaments used in finishing and repairing work to polish wood or metal objects as well as for Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 It is used in school chemistry courses to demonstrate the principle of mineral hydration. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Mineral hydration is an inorganic chemical reaction where water is added to the Crystal structure of a Mineral, usually creating a new mineral usually called a The pentahydrate form, which is blue, is heated, turning the copper sulfate into the anhydrous form which is white, while the water that was present in the pentahydrate form evaporates. Hydrate is a term used in Inorganic chemistry and Organic chemistry to indicate that a substance contains Water. When water is then added to the anhydrous compound, it turns back into the pentahydrate form, regaining its blue color, and is known as blue copperas. [9]
In an illustration of a "single metal replacement reaction," iron is submerged in a solution of copper sulfate. Upon standing, iron dissolves and copper precipitates.
- Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu
The copper can also be electroplated to the iron.
Other uses
Other applications include hair dyes, coloring glass, processing of leather and textiles and in pyrotechnics as a green colorant. A dye can generally be described as a Colored substance that has an affinity to the substrate to which it is being applied Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. [10]
References
- ^ Copper(II) sulfate MSDS. Oxford University. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the Retrieved on 2007-12-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.
- ^ Holleman, A. F. ; Wiberg, E. Inorganic Chemistry Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
- ^ Uses of Copper Compounds: Copper Sulfate's Role in Agriculture. Copper. org. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.
- ^ All About Copper Sulfate. National Fish Pharmaceuticals. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.
- ^ Barbara H. Estridge, Anna P. Reynolds, Norma J. Walters (2000). Basic Medical Laboratory Techniques. Thomson Delmar Learning, 166. ISBN 0766812065.
- ^ Hoffman, R. V. "Copper(II) Sulfate" Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, 2001 John Wiley & Sons. DOI: 10. 1002/047084289X. rc247
- ^ Hulce, M. Mallomo, J. P. ; Frye, L. L. ; Kogan, T. P. ; Posner, G. H. (1990). "(S)-( + )-2-(p-Toluenesulfinyl)-2-Cyclopentanone: Precursor for Enantioselective Synthesis of 3-Substituted Cyclopentanones". Org. Synth.; Coll. Organic Syntheses is a Scientific journal that since 1921 has provided the Chemistry community with annual collections of detailed and checked procedures Vol. 7: 495.
- ^ Jefford, C. W. ; Li, Y. ; Wang, Y. . "A Selective, Heterogeneous Oxidation using a Mixture of Potassium Permanganate and Cupric Sulfate: (3aS,7aR)-Hexahydro-(3S,6R)-Dimethyl-2(3H)-Benzofuranone". Org. Synth.; Coll. Organic Syntheses is a Scientific journal that since 1921 has provided the Chemistry community with annual collections of detailed and checked procedures Vol. 9: 462.
- ^ http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:Jj02FqBkPCAJ:www.freepatentsonline.com/4315915.html+Blue+copperas&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=3&gl=uk
- ^ Uses of Copper Compounds: Table A - Uses of Copper Sulfate. Copper. org. Retrieved on 2007-12-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia.
External links
- International Chemical Safety Card 0751 (anhydrous)
- International Chemical Safety Card 1416 (pentahydrate)
- National Pollutant Inventory - Copper and compounds fact sheet
- UNCP Copper
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