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Copper(II) chloride
copper(II) chloride dihydrate
Crystal structure of anhydrous copper(II) chloride
Crystal structure of anhydrous copper(II) chloride
IUPAC name Copper(II) chloride
Copper dichloride
Other names Cupric chloride
Identifiers
CAS number [7447-39-4] (ahydrous)
10125-13-0] (dihydrate)
RTECS number GL7000000
Properties
Molecular formula CuCl2
Molar mass 134. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances ( RTECS) is a Database of Toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature without reference A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 45 g/mol (anhydrous)
170. 48 g/mol (dihydrate)
Appearance blue-green solid (dihydrate)
yellow-brown solid (anhydrous)
Density 3. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 386 g/cm³, solid
Melting point

100 °C (dehydration
of dihydrate)
Boiling point

decomposes at 993°C
(anhydrous)
Solubility in water 70. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. 6 g/100 mL (0 °C)
75. 7 g/100 mL (25 °C)
Solubility in ethanol 53 g/100 mL (15 °C)
Structure
Crystal structure distorted CdI2 structure
Coordination
geometry		 Octahedral
Hazards
MSDS ScienceLab.com
EU classification not listed
Flash point nonflammable
Related compounds
Other anions Copper(II) fluoride
Copper(II) bromide
Copper(I) iodide
Other cations Copper(I) chloride
Silver chloride
Gold(III) chloride
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
Infobox disclaimer and references

Copper(II) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula CuCl2. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. Cadmium iodide, CdI2 is a chemical compound of Cadmium and Iodine. The term coordination geometry is used in a number of related fields of chemistry and solid state chemistry/physics An octahedron (plural octahedra is a Polyhedron with eight faces A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance Council Directive 67/548/EEC of 27 June 1967 on the approximation of laws regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification packaging and labelling The flash point of a flammable liquid is the lowest Temperature at which it can form an ignitable mixture in air An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Copper(II fluoride is an Inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuF2 Copper(II bromide ( Cu[[Bromine Br2]] is a Chemical compound. Copper(I iodide is the Chemical compound with the formula CuI it is also known as cuprous iodide. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Copper(I chloride, commonly called cuprous chloride is the lower Chloride of Copper, with the formula CuCl Silver chloride is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula Ag[[Chlorine Cl]] Gold(III chloride, traditionally called auric chloride, is the chemical compound with the formula Au[[Chloride Cl]]3 In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes This a yellow-brown solid which slowly absorbs moisture to form a blue-green dihydrate. Hydrate is a term used in Inorganic chemistry and Organic chemistry to indicate that a substance contains Water. It occurs naturally as the very rare mineral eriochalcite.

Contents

Structure

Anhydrous CuCl2 adopts a distorted cadmium iodide structure. Cadmium iodide, CdI2 is a chemical compound of Cadmium and Iodine. Most copper(II) compounds exhibit distortions from idealized octahedral geometry due to the Jahn-Teller effect, which in this case describes the localisation of one d-electron into a molecular orbital that is strongly antibonding with respect to a pair of ligands. In Chemistry, a molecular orbital (or MO) is a region in which an Electron may be found in a Molecule. In CuCl2(H2O)2 the copper can be described as a highly distorted octahedral complex, the Cu(II) center being surrounded by two water ligands and four chloride ligands, which bridge asymmetrically to other Cu centers. A bridging Ligand is an Atom or a polyatomic entity that connects two or more Metal centres in a complex. [1]

Properties

Copper(II) chloride dissociates in aqueous solution to give the blue color of [Cu(H2O)6]2+ and yellow or red color of the halide complexes of the formula [CuCl2+x]x-. Concentrated solutions of CuCl2 appear green because of the combination of these various chromophores. The color of the dilute solution depends on temperature, being green around 100 °C and blue at room temperature. [2] When Copper(II) Chloride burns, it emitts a green-blue colour.

It is a weak Lewis acid, and a mild oxidizing agent. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state It has a crystal structure consisting of polymeric chains of flat CuCl4 units with opposite edges shared. It decomposes to CuCl and Cl2 at 1000 °C:

2 CuCl2(s) → 2 CuCl(s) + Cl2(g)

In its reaction with HCl (or other chloride sources) to form the complex ions CuCl3- and CuCl42-. Copper(I chloride, commonly called cuprous chloride is the lower Chloride of Copper, with the formula CuCl Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. Copper(I chloride, commonly called cuprous chloride is the lower Chloride of Copper, with the formula CuCl A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus [3]

Equilibria of CuCl2 with chloride ion

Some of these complexes can be crystallized from aqueous solution, and they adopt a wide variety structural types (Fig. 1). Structure of some chloride complexes of CuCl2

Copper(II) chloride also forms a rich variety of other coordination complexes with ligands such as pyridine or triphenylphosphine oxide:

CuCl2 + 2 C5H5N → [CuCl2(C5H5N)2] (tetragonal)
CuCl2 + 2 (C6H5)3P=O → [CuCl2((C6H5)3P=O)2] (tetrahedral)

However "soft" ligands such as phosphines (e. The term complex in Chemistry is usually used to describe molecules or ensembles formed by the combination of Ligands and metal Ions. In Chemistry, a ligand is either an Atom, Ion, or Molecule (see also Functional group) that bonds to a central metal generally Pyridine is a Chemical compound with the formula C5[[Hydrogen H5]] N. Triphenylphosphine oxide is the Chemical compound with the formula OP(C6H53 Pyridine is a Chemical compound with the formula C5[[Hydrogen H5]] N. Triphenylphosphine oxide is the Chemical compound with the formula OP(C6H53 Phosphine is the common name for phosphorus hydride (PH3 also known by the IUPAC name phosphane and occasionally phosphamine. g. , triphenylphosphine), iodide, and cyanide as well as some tertiary amines cause reduction to give copper(I) complexes. Triphenylphosphine (in Europe triphenylphosphane is a common Organophosphorus compound with the formula P(C6H53 - often abbreviated to Amines are Organic compounds and Functional groups that contain a basic Nitrogen Atom with a Lone pair. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state To convert copper(II) chloride to copper(I) derivatives it is generally more convenient to reduce an aqueous solution with the reducing agent sulfur dioxide:

2 CuCl2(aq) + SO2 → 2 CuCl(s) + 2 HCl(aq) + H2SO4(aq)

CuCl2 can simply react as a source of Cu2+ in precipitation reactions for making insoluble copper(II) salts, for example copper(II) hydroxide, which can then decompose above 30 °C to give copper(II) oxide:

CuCl2(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) → Cu(OH)2(s) + 2 NaCl(aq)

Followed by

Cu(OH)2(s) → CuO(s) + H2O(l)

Preparation

Copper(II) chloride is prepared by the action of hydrochloric acid on copper(II) oxide, copper(II) hydroxide or copper(II) carbonate, for example:

CuO(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l) Anhydrous CuCl2 may be prepared directly by union of the elements, copper and chlorine. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Copper(II oxide or cupric oxide (CuO is the higher Oxide of Copper. Sodium hydroxide ( Na[[hydroxide OH]]) also known as Lye, caustic soda and (incorrectly according to IUPAC nomenclature A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. For sodium chloride in the diet see Salt. Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or Halite, is a A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. Copper(II oxide or cupric oxide (CuO is the higher Oxide of Copper. A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Copper(II oxide or cupric oxide (CuO is the higher Oxide of Copper. Copper(II carbonate (often called copper carbonate or cupric carbonate) is a blue-green compound (chemical formula CuCO3 forming part of the Copper(II oxide or cupric oxide (CuO is the higher Oxide of Copper. A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and

CuCl2 may be purified by crystallisation from hot dilute hydrochloric acid, by cooling in a CaCl2-ice bath[7]. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Calcium chloride (CaCl2 is an ionic compound of Calcium and Chlorine.

Uses

A major industrial application for copper(II) chloride is as a co-catalyst (along with palladium(II) chloride) in the Wacker process. Submit WARNING template loop detected to get this template --> Palladium(II chloride, also known as palladium dichloride, are the Chemical compounds The Wacker process or the Hoechst-Wacker process (named after the chemical companies of the same name originally referred to the oxidation of Ethylene to Acetaldehyde In this process, ethene (ethylene) is converted to ethanal (acetaldehyde) using water and air. Structure This Hydrocarbon has four Hydrogen Atoms bound to a pair of Carbon atoms that are connected by a Double bond. Acetaldehyde, sometimes known as ethanal, is an organic chemical compound with the formula C[[Hydrogen H]]3CH O or MeCHO In the process PdCl2 is reduced to Pd, and the CuCl2 serves to re-oxidise this back to PdCl2. Submit WARNING template loop detected to get this template --> Palladium(II chloride, also known as palladium dichloride, are the Chemical compounds Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Palladium (pronounced \pəˈleɪdiəm\ is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal that was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston, who named it palladium after the Air can then oxidise the resultant CuCl back to CuCl2, completing the cycle. Copper(I chloride, commonly called cuprous chloride is the lower Chloride of Copper, with the formula CuCl

(1) C2H4(g) + PdCl2(aq) + H2O (l) → CH3CHO (aq) + Pd(s) + 2 HCl(aq)

(2) Pd(s) + 2 CuCl2(aq) → 2 CuCl(s) + PdCl2(aq)

(3) 2 CuCl(s) + 2 HCl(aq) +1/2O2(g) → 2 CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

Overall process: C2H4 +1/2O2 → CH3CHO

Copper(II) chloride has a variety of applications in organic synthesis[7]. Structure This Hydrocarbon has four Hydrogen Atoms bound to a pair of Carbon atoms that are connected by a Double bond. This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Organic synthesis is a special branch of Chemical synthesis and is concerned with the construction of Organic compounds via Organic reactions Organic It can effect chlorination of aromatic hydrocarbons- this is often performed in the presence of aluminium oxide. Chlorination is the process of adding the element Chlorine to Water as a method of Water purification to make it fit for human consumption as It is able to chlorinate the alpha position of carbonyl compounds[8]:

Alpha chlorination of an aldehyde using CuCl2

This reaction is performed in a polar solvent such as DMF, often in the presence of lithium chloride, which speeds up the reaction rate. In Organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a Functional group composed of a Carbon Atom double-bonded to an Oxygen Dimethylformamide is the Organic compound with the formula ( CH3)2NC(OH Lithium chloride is a Chemical compound with the formula Li[[Chlorine Cl]]

CuCl2, in the presence of oxygen, can also oxidise phenols. Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the In Organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of Chemical compounds consisting of a Hydroxyl group (- The major product can be directed to give either a quinone or a coupled product from oxidative dimerisation. "DDQ" redirects here DDQ is also the former callsign of a TV station in Toowoomba Queensland Australia The latter process provides a high-yield synthesis of 1,1-binaphthol (also called BINOL) and its derivatives, these can even be made as a single enantiomer in high enantiomeric excess[9]:

Coupling of beta-naphthol using CuCl2

Such compounds are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of BINAP and its derivatives, popular as chiral ligands for asymmetric hydrogenation catalysts. In Chemistry, an enantiomer ( from the Greek ἐνάντιος opposite and μέρος part or portion is one of two Stereoisomers that are nonsuperimposable Enantiomeric excess exists where one Enantiomer is present more than the other in a Chemical substance, and is defined as the absolute difference between the mole BINAP is an Acronym for the Organophosphorus compound 22'-bis(diphenylphosphino-11'-binaphthyl The term chiral (pronounced /ˈkaɪɹ(əl̩/ is used to describe an object that is non- superimposable on its mirror image In Chemistry, a ligand is either an Atom, Ion, or Molecule (see also Functional group) that bonds to a central metal generally Hydrogenation is the Chemical reaction that results in addition of Hydrogen (H2

CuCl2 also catalyses the free radical addition of sulfonyl chlorides to alkenes; the alpha-chlorosulfone may then undergo elimination with base to give a vinyl sulfone product. In Chemistry, radicals (often referred to as free radicals) are atoms molecules or ions with Unpaired electrons on an otherwise Open shell In Organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated Chemical compound containing at least one Carbon A sulfone is a Chemical compound containing a Sulfonyl Functional group attached to two carbon atoms

Copper(II) chloride is also used in pyrotechnics as a blue/green coloring agent. The term "pyrotechnics" can also be used for Fireworks events

Precautions

Although copper is an essential element, all metal salts are potentially toxic if mishandled. See MSDS. A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance

References

  1. ^ Wells, A. F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-855370-6.
  2. ^ Alfred Swaine Taylor; Robert Eglesfeld Griffith. On Poisons, in Relation to Medical Jurisprudence and Medicine. Lea & Blanchard, 1848, p. 378.
  3. ^ Gill, N. S. ; Taylor, F. B. , "Tetrahalo Complexes of Dipositive Metals in the First Transition Series", Inorganic Syntheses, 1967, volume 9, pages 136-142.
  1. Greenwood, N. N. ; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd Edition, Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.  
  2. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st edition, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1990.
  3. The Merck Index, 7th edition, Merck & Co, Rahway, New Jersey, USA, 1960.
  4. D. Nicholls, Complexes and First-Row Transition Elements, Macmillan Press, London, 1973.
  5. A. F. Wells, 'Structural Inorganic Chemistry, 5th ed. , Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1984.
  6. J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4th ed. , p. 723, Wiley, New York, 1992.
  7. S. H. Bertz, E. H. Fairchild, in Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volume 1: Reagents, Auxiliaries and Catalysts for C-C Bond Formation, (R. M. Coates, S. E. Denmark, eds. ), pp. 220-3, Wiley, New York, 1999.
  8. C. E. Castro, E. J. Gaughan, D. C. Owsley, Journal of Organic Chemistry, 30, 587 (1965).
  9. J. Brussee, J. L. G. Groenendijk, J. M. Koppele, A. C. A. Jansen, Tetrahedron, 41, 3313 (1985).
  10. Fieser & Fieser Reagents for Organic Synthesis Volume 5, p158, Wiley, New York, 1975.
  11. D. W. Smith (1976). "Chlorocuprates(II)". Coordination Chemistry Reviews 21 (2-3): 93-158. doi:10.1016/S0010-8545(00)80445-2. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  

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