| Copper(I) chloride | |
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-chloride-sample.jpg/200px-Copper(I)-chloride-sample.jpg) |
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| IUPAC name | Copper(I) chloride |
| Other names | Cuprous chloride |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | [7758-89-6] |
| RTECS number | GL6990000 |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | CuCl |
| Molar mass | 98. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances ( RTECS) is a Database of Toxicity information compiled from the open scientific literature without reference A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 99 g/mol |
| Appearance | white powder, slightly green from oxidized impurities |
| Density | 4. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 140 g/cm3, solid |
| Melting point |
430 °C (703 K) |
| Boiling point |
1490 °C (1760 K), |
| Solubility in water | 0. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. 0062 g/100 mL (20 °C) |
| Structure | |
| Crystal structure | Tetrahedral close packed (Zinc blende structure) |
| Hazards | |
| MSDS | ScienceLab.com |
| Main hazards | Irritant |
| NFPA 704 |
 0
3
0
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| R/S statement | R: 22, 50, 53 S: 22, 60/61 |
| Related compounds | |
| Other anions | Copper(I) bromide Copper(I) iodide |
| Other cations | Copper(II) chloride Silver(I) chloride |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references |
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Copper(I) chloride, commonly called cuprous chloride, is the lower chloride of copper, with the formula CuCl. In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. A tetrahedron (plural tetrahedra) is a Polyhedron composed of four triangular faces three of which meet at each vertex. Sphalerite (( Zn, Fe) S) is a Mineral that is the chief Ore of Zinc. A material safety data sheet ( MSDS) is a form containing data regarding the properties of a particular substance Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the Safety, Health and welfare of people engaged in Symbolism The four divisions are typically color-coded with blue indicating level of Health Hazard, red indicating Risk and Safety Statements, also known as R/S statements, R/S numbers, R/S phrases, and R/S sentences, is a system of Hazard codes An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Copper(I bromide is the Chemical compound with the formula CuBr Copper(I iodide is the Chemical compound with the formula CuI it is also known as cuprous iodide. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Copper(II chloride is the Chemical compound with the formula CuCl2 Silver chloride is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula Ag[[Chlorine Cl]] In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 This colorless solid is a versatile precursor to other copper compounds, including some of commercial significance. It occurs naturally as the rare mineral nantokite. Unlike other first-row transition metal halides, it forms stable complexes with carbon monoxide. The term complex in Chemistry is usually used to describe molecules or ensembles formed by the combination of Ligands and metal Ions. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. It crystallizes in a diamondoid motif, reflecting the tendency of copper(I) to form tetrahedral complexes. A diamondoid, in the context of building materials for Nanotechnology components most generally refers to structures that resemble Diamond in a broad sense namely
Contents |
Chemical properties
CuCl is more affordable and less toxic than other soft Lewis acids. In addition, copper can exist in multiple redox states, including I, II, and III. This combination of properties define some of the useful features of copper(I) chloride. It is a soft Lewis acid, classified as soft according to the Hard-Soft Acid-Base concept. The HSAB concept is an Acronym for 'hard and soft Acids and bases. Thus, it tends to form stable complexes with soft Lewis bases such as triphenylphosphine:
- CuCl + P(C6H5)3 → [CuCl(P(C6H5)3)]4
Although CuCl is insoluble in water, it dissolves in aqueous solutions containing suitable donor molecules. The term complex in Chemistry is usually used to describe molecules or ensembles formed by the combination of Ligands and metal Ions. Triphenylphosphine (in Europe triphenylphosphane is a common Organophosphorus compound with the formula P(C6H53 - often abbreviated to Triphenylphosphine (in Europe triphenylphosphane is a common Organophosphorus compound with the formula P(C6H53 - often abbreviated to It forms complexes with halide ions, for example forming H3O+ CuCl2- with concentrated hydrochloric acid. A halide is a Binary compound, of which one part is a Halogen Atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less In Chemistry, hydronium is the obsolete name for the Cation H 3 O + derived from Protonation of Water Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water It also dissolves in solutions containing CN-, S2O32-, and NH3 to give complexes. A cyanide is any Chemical compound that contains the cyano group (C≡N which consists of a Carbon Atom triple-bonded to a Thiosulfate (S2O32&minus is an Oxyanion of Sulfur produced by the reaction of Sulfite ions with elemental sulfur Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor
Solutions of CuCl in HCl or NH3 absorb carbon monoxide to form colourless complexes such as the chloride-bridged dimer [CuCl(CO)]2. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. The same hydrochloric acid solutions also react with acetylene gas to form [CuCl(C2H2)]. Acetylene ( IUPAC name ethyne), C2H2 is a Hydrocarbon belonging to the group of Alkynes It is the simplest of all alkynes ammoniacal solutions of CuCl react with acetylenes to form the explosive copper(I) acetylide. Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Copper(I acetylide, or cuprous acetylide, is an inorganic chemical compound with the formula Cu 2 C 2 Complexes of CuCl with alkenes can be prepared by reduction of CuCl2 by sulfur dioxide in the presence of the alkene in alcohol solution. In Organic chemistry, an alkene, olefin, or olefine is an unsaturated Chemical compound containing at least one Carbon Copper(II chloride is the Chemical compound with the formula CuCl2 Complexes with dienes such as 1,5-cyclooctadiene are particularly stable:[1]
Although only poorly soluble in water, its aqueous solution are unstable with respect to disproportionation into Cu and CuCl2. Dienes or diolefins are Hydrocarbons which contain two double bonds. Disproportionation or dismutation is used to describe two particular types of chemical reaction A chemical reaction of the type 2A → A' + A" where Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Copper(II chloride is the Chemical compound with the formula CuCl2 [2] In part for this reason samples assume a green coloration (see photograph in upper right).
Uses
The main use of copper(i) chloride is as a precursor to the fungicide copper oxychloride. Fungicides are Chemical compounds or biological organisms used to kill or inhibit fungi or fungal spores For this purpose aqueous copper(I) chloride is generated by comproportionation and then air-oxidized:
- Cu + CuCl2 → 2 CuCl
- 6 CuCl + 3/2 O2 + 3 H2O → 2 Cu3Cl2(OH)4 + CuCl2
Copper(I) chloride catalyzes a variety of organic reactions, as discussed above. Synproportionation or comproportionation is a concept in Chemistry and is a Redox reaction where two Reactants that share an atom but differ in Its affinity for carbon monoxide in the presence of aluminium chloride is exploited in the COPureSM process. Aluminium chloride (AlCl3 is a compound of Aluminium and Chlorine.
In organic synthesis
In the Sandmeyer reaction. The Sandmeyer reaction is a Chemical reaction used to synthesize Aryl Halides from aryl Diazonium salts It is named after the Swiss chemist [3] Treatment of an arenediazonium salt with CuCl leads to an aryl chloride, for example:
The reaction has wide scope and usually gives good yields.
Early investigators observed that copper(I) halides catalyse 1,4-addition of Grignard reagents to alpha,beta-unsaturated ketones[4] led to the development of organocuprate reagents that are widely used today in organic synthesis:[2]
This finding led to the development of organocopper chemistry. The Grignard reaction, named for the French chemist François Auguste Victor Grignard, is an organometallic Chemical reaction in which Alkyl - A Gilman reagent is a Lithium and Copper ( diorganocopper) Reagent compound R2CuLi where R is an Organic radical. Organic synthesis is a special branch of Chemical synthesis and is concerned with the construction of Organic compounds via Organic reactions Organic Organocopper compounds in Organometallic chemistry contain Carbon to Copper Chemical bonds Organocopper chemistry is the science of For example, CuCl reacts with methyllithium (CH3Li) to form "Gilman reagents" such as (CH3)2CuLi, which find extensive use in organic synthesis. Methyllithium is an Organolithium reagent with the empirical formula CH3Li A Gilman reagent is a Lithium and Copper ( diorganocopper) Reagent compound R2CuLi where R is an Organic radical. Organic synthesis is a special branch of Chemical synthesis and is concerned with the construction of Organic compounds via Organic reactions Organic Grignard reagents react similarly. The Grignard reaction, named for the French chemist François Auguste Victor Grignard, is an organometallic Chemical reaction in which Alkyl - Although other copper(I) compounds such as copper(I) iodide are now more often used for these types of reactions, copper(I) chloride is still recommended in some case:[2]
Here, Bu indicates an n-butyl group. Copper(I iodide is the Chemical compound with the formula CuI it is also known as cuprous iodide. In Organic chemistry, butyl is a four- Carbon Alkyl substituent with Chemical formula -C4H9. Without CuCl, the Grignard reagent alone gives a mixture of 1,2- and 1,4-addition products (i. The Grignard reaction, named for the French chemist François Auguste Victor Grignard, is an organometallic Chemical reaction in which Alkyl - e. , the butyl adds at the closer to the C=O).
In polymer chemistry
Copper(I) chloride is also an intermediate formed from copper(II) chloride in the Wacker process. Copper(II chloride is the Chemical compound with the formula CuCl2 The Wacker process or the Hoechst-Wacker process (named after the chemical companies of the same name originally referred to the oxidation of Ethylene to Acetaldehyde CuCl is used as a catalyst in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP). ATRP or Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization is a Polymerization reaction involving free radicals.
References
- ^ Nicholls, D. Compleses and First-Row Transition Elements, Macmillan Press, London, 1973.
- ^ a b c Greenwood, N. N. ; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd ed. , Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 1997.
- ^ (a) Wade, L. G. Organic Chemistry, 5th ed. , p. 871, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle RIver, New Jersey, 2003. (b) March, J. Advanced Organic Chemistry, 4th ed. , p. 723, Wiley, New York, 1992.
- ^ Kharasch, M. S. ; Tawney, P. O. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 63, 2308 (1941).
External links
- National Pollutant Inventory - Copper and compounds fact sheet
- The COPureSM Process for purifying CO utilizing a copper chloride complex
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