| Cook Islands Maori Māori Kūki 'Āirani |
||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Cook Islands | |
| Region: | throughout Cook Islands . The Cook Islands ( Cook Islands Māori: Kūki 'Āirani) are a self-governing parliamentary democracy in free association with New Zealand. . . , New Zealand | |
| Total speakers: | 42,669 (16,800 in Cook Islands (1979 government report)) | |
| Language family: | Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian(MP) Central-Eastern MP Eastern MP Oceanic Central-Eastern Oceanic Remote Oceanic Central Pacific East Fijian-Polynesian Polynesian Nuclear Polynesian Eastern Polynesian Central E. Polynesian Tahitic Cook Islands Maori |
|
| Official status | ||
| Official language in: | Cook Islands | |
| Regulated by: | Kopapa Reo | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | – | |
| ISO 639-3: | rar | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island List of language familiesA language family is a group of Languages related by descent from a common ancestor called the Proto-language of that family The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, with approximately 351 million speakers The family of Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages is a branch of the Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages. The family of Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (EMP languages is a subgroup of the Central Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages. The Oceanic languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages, containing approximately 450 languages The over 200 Central-Eastern Oceanic languages form a branch of the Oceanic Language family within the Austronesian languages. The family of Remote Oceanic languages is a subgroup of the Central-Eastern Oceanic languages. The family of Central Pacific or Fijian-Polynesian languages is a branch of the Central-Eastern Oceanic languages. The family of East Fijian-Polynesian languages is a subgroup of the Central Pacific languages. The Polynesian languages are a Language family spoken in the region known as Polynesia. Nuclear Polynesian refers to those languages comprising the Samoic and the Eastern Polynesian branches of the Polynesian group of Austronesian Eastern Polynesian is a language subgroup of the Polynesian languages consisting of 13 languages all spoken on islands in the Pacific Ocean. Central Eastern Polynesian is a subgroup of the Eastern Polynesian languages consisting of 12 languages all spoken on islands in the Pacific Ocean from Hawaii The Tahitic languages are a group of Eastern Polynesian languages in the Central Eastern branch The Cook Islands ( Cook Islands Māori: Kūki 'Āirani) are a self-governing parliamentary democracy in free association with New Zealand. This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language ISO 639-1 is the first part of the ISO 639 international-standard language-code family ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages ISO 639 -3 (ISO 639-32007 is an international standard for Language codes The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's | ||
The Cook Islands Maori language, also called Māori Kūki 'Āirani or Rarotongan, is the official language of the Cook Islands. An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory The Cook Islands ( Cook Islands Māori: Kūki 'Āirani) are a self-governing parliamentary democracy in free association with New Zealand. Most Cook Islanders also call it Te reo Ipukarea, literally "the language of the Ancestral Homeland".
Cook Islands Maori became an official language of the Cook Islands in 2003 [1]. According to Te Reo Maori Act, Maori:
- (a) means the Maori language (including its various dialects) as spoken or written in any island of the Cook Islands; and
- (b) Is deemed to include Pukapukan as spoken or written in Pukapuka; and
- (c) Includes Maori that conforms to the national standard for Maori approved by Kopapa Reo; (see external link).
These dialects[2] of the Cook Islands Maori are :
- Rakahanga-Manihiki dialect;
- Tongareva dialect (Penrhyn)[3];
- the Ngaputoru dialects of Atiu, Mitiaro and Mauke;
- Aitutaki dialect;
- Rarotonga dialect; and
- Mangaia dialect. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of Rakahanga, part of the Cook Islands in the central-southern Pacific Ocean, is one of the most unspoiled places on earth Manihiki is an island in the Cook Islands known as the Island of Pearls Penrhyn Island (also called Tongareva, Mangarongaro, Hararanga, and Te Pitaka)is the most remote and largest Atoll of the 15 Atiu, also known as Enuamanu (meaning land of the birds) is an island lying at 187 km to the northeast of Rarotonga, in the Southern Islands group of the Mitiaro, the fourth island in the Cook Islands group is of volcanic origin Mauke (from ma uke, "Uke's Land" also known as Akatokamanava) is one of the Cook Islands. Aitutaki, also traditionally known as Araura Ararau and Utataki, is one of the Cook Islands, north of Rarotonga. Rarotonga is the most populous island in a group of islands known as the Cook Islands, with a population of 14153 ( Census 2006 Mangaia (traditionally known as Auau Enua which means terraced) is the most southerly of the Cook Islands and the second largest after Rarotonga.
It is closely related to Tahitian and New Zealand Māori, and there is a degree of mutual intelligibility with these two languages. Tahitian, a Tahitic language, is one of the two official languages of French Polynesia (along with French) New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island In Linguistics, mutual intelligibility is recognized as a relationship between Languages in which speakers of different but related languages can readily understand
The language is regulated by the kopapa reo created in 2003.
The Pukapukan language is considered by scholars as a distinct language closely related with Samoan and the language spoken on the three atolls of Tokelau. Pukapukan is the Samoic Polynesian language spoken in the Danger Islands ( Pukapuka) of the northwest Cook Islands. Tokelauan is an Austronesian language. Speakers It is spoken by about 1700 people on the atolls of Tokelau, and by the few inhabitants of Tokelau (ˈtoʊkəlaʊ is a territory of New Zealand that consists of three tropical coral Atolls in the South Pacific Ocean.
Contents |
Writing system and pronunciation
There is a debate about the standardization of the writing system. A writing system is a type of Symbolic system used to represent elements or statements expressible in Language. Although the usage of the macron (־) te makaroni, and the glottal (') (/ʔ/) is recommended, most speakers do not use these two diacritics in everyday writing.
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |
| Plosive | p | t | k | ʔ |
| Tap | ɾ | |||
| Fricative | f1 v | s2 | h3 |
- Present only in Manihiki
- Present only in Penrhyn
- Present only in Manihiki and Penrhyn
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | u uː | |
| Close-mid | e eː | o oː | |
| Open | a aː |
Grammar
As with most South Pacific languages, classical descriptions are generally based on the system used for Indo-European languages, especially concerning grammatical classes. Labials are consonants articulated either with both lips ( bilabial articulation or with the lower lip and the upper teeth ( labiodental articulation Alveolar consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior Alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets Glottal consonants are Consonants articulated with the Glottis. A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. In Phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of Consonantal sound which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together A front vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a front vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far forward A central vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a central vowel is that the tongue is positioned halfway between A back vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a back vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far back as A close vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in many spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a close vowel is that the tongue is positioned as close as A close-mid vowel is a type of Vowel sound used in some spoken Languages The defining characteristic of a close-mid vowel is that the tongue is positioned two-thirds An open vowel is a Vowel sound of a type used in most spoken Languages The defining characteristic of an open vowel is that the tongue is positioned as far as Today linguists try to avoid it, considering it a form of Eurocentrism, even if any such description is adequate. Eurocentrism is the practice of viewing the world from a European perspective with an implied belief either consciously or subconsciously in the preeminence of European (and Most of these examples are taken from Cook Islands Maori Dictionary, by Jasper Buse with Raututi Taringa edited by Bruce Biggs and Rangi Moeka'a, Auckland, 1995.
Personal pronouns
Singular
- Au : I, me
| Cook islands maori | English | Word-to-word and gloss |
|---|---|---|
| Ka 'aere au ki te 'āpi'i āpōpō | I'm going to school tomorrow | (unaccomplished asp. )/ go / I / (prep. goal/destination) / the / learn / tomorrow |
| Ka 'ārote au inana'i, nō te ua rā, kua 'akakore au | I was going to do the ploughing yesterday, but gave it up because of the rain. | (unaccomplished asp. ) / plough / I / yesterday / because (origin) / the / rain / day /(perfect asp. ) / give up (litt. "do nothing") /I |
- Koe : you
| Kua kino iā koe tō mātou mōtokā | you damaged our car | (perfect asp. ) / bad / by / you /(possession)/we (exclusive) /car |
| Ko koe 'oki, te tangata tā te 'akavā e kimi nei | you are the person the police are looking for | (subject marker) / you / also / the / man / (possession) / the / police / (progressive asp. with "nei") /look for/here and now. |
- 'Aia : he, she
| 'Ea'a 'aia i 'aere mai ei | why did he/she come? | why ('ea'a. . . ei) / he or she / (accomplished asp) / go / towards me / |
| Kāre 'aia i konei | he/she is not here | (negation asp. ) / he or she / (marking position) / here |
Dual
- Tāua : we two, us two (you and I)
| 'aere tāua ! | Let us go ! | go / we two (inclusive) |
| Ko tō tāua taeake tērā ake | Here come our friends | (sujject marker) / (possession) / we two (inclusive) / friend or relative of the same generation (brother, sister, cousin either sex speaking, but not in laws. / that (deictic)/ a little time (or distance)away |
- Māua : we two, us two (he/she and I)
| Ka 'oki māua ma Taria ki te kāinga | Taria and I are going back home | (unaccomplished asp. )/ return / we two (exclusive) / with / Taria/ (prep. goal)/ the / home |
| To tāua taeake tērā ake | Here come our friends | (subject marker) / possession / we two (exclusive) / friend / that (deictic)/ a little time (or distance away) |
- Kōrua : you two
| 'āe ! kua rongo kōrua i te nūti! | Hey ! have you heard the news | hey (interj) / (perfect asp. ) / hear / you two / (object marker) / the / news / |
| Na kōrua teia puka | this book belongs to you two | (Possession) / you two / this (deictic) / book |
- Rāua : they, them (the two of them)
| Tuatua muna tēia, ka akakite 'ua atu au kia rāua | This is a confidential matter, I shall only tell it to those two | speak, speech / secret / this / (unacomplished asp. ) / reveal (make known) / only / away (from the speaker)/ I / (prep. ki+a)towards (someone)/ they two |
| No 'ea mai rāua ? | where have the two of them been?/ What have they been doing ? | from / (time and space interr. ) / (indicating progression of time towards present) / they two |
Plural
- Tātou : We, us (you -2 or more- and I)
| Ko'ai tā tātou e tiaki nei | Who are we waiting for ? | Who (subject marker+identity interr. ) / (possession) / we, all of us (inclusive) / (progressive asp. ) / wait for / here and now |
| Kāre ā tātou kai toe : we have no more food | we have no more food | (Negation asp. ) / (possession) / we, all of us (inclusive) / eat, food / remain, remaining, the rest |
- Mātou : we, us (they and I)
| Ko mātou ma Tere mā i 'aere mai ei | We came with Tere and the others | (subject marker)/ we (exclusive) / with, and / Tere / (part used only after persons meaning those in company with / (accomplisshed asp. ) / go / (movement towards speaker) / (emphasis marks) |
| Kua kite mai koe ia mātou | You saw us | (perfect asp. ) / see(towards speaker) / you / at someone (i+a) / we (exclusive) |
- Kōtou : (all of you)
| E 'aere atu kōtou, ka āru atu au | you go on, and I 'll follow | (imperative asp. )/ go / (away from the speaker) / you all / (unaccomplished asp. ) / follow / go / (away from the speaker) / I |
| Ko kōtou ko'ai mā i aere ei ki te tautai ? | Who did you go fishing with ? | (Subject marker) / you all / who (identity interr. ) / in company with / (accomplished asp. ) / go / (emphasis) / (goal/destination) / the / fishing |
- Rātou : they, them (more than two)
| Kua pekapeka rātou ko Tere | they and Tere have quarrelled | (perfect asp. )/ trouble / they all / (subject marker)/ Tere |
| Nō rātou te pupu māro'iro'i | they have the strongest team | (Possession) / they all / the / team (litt. group of people) / strong |
Aspect markers
- Tē… nei : present continuous
Tē manako nei au i te 'oki ki te 'are : I am thinking of going back to the house; Tē kata nei rātou : They are laughing; Kāre au e tanu nei i te pia : I'm not planting any arrowroot;
- Kia : Mildly imperative or exhortatory, expressing a desire, a wish rather than a strong command.
Kia vave mai !: be quick ! (don't be long!); Kia viviki mai! : be quick (don't dawdle!); Kia manuia ! : good luck! ; Kia rave ana koe i tēnā 'anga'anga : would you do that job; Kia tae mai ki te anga'anga ā te pōpongi Mōnitē : come to work on Monday morning; Teia te tātāpaka, kia kai koe : Here's the breadfruit pudding, eat up.
- 'ē : Imperative, order
'ē 'eke koe ki raro : you get down; 'ē tū ki kō : stand over there
- 'Auraka : interdiction, don't
'Auraka rava koe e 'āmiri i teia niuniu ora, ka 'uti'uti 'ia koe : Don't on any account touch this live wire, you'll get a shock
- kāre : indicate the negation, not, nothing, nowhere
Kāre nō te ua : It 'll not rain; Kāre a Tī tuatua : Tī doesn't have anything to say
- e… ana : habitual action or state
E 'aere ana koe ki te 'ura : Do you go to the dance?: E no'o ana 'aia ki Nikao i tē reira tuātau : he used to live in Nikao at that time
- Ka : Refers prospectively to the commencement of an action or state. Often translatable by and English future tense or "going to" construction
Ka 'īmene 'a Mere ākonei ite pō : Mary is going to sing later on tonight; Kua kite au ē ka riri a Tere : I know (or knew) that Tere will (or would) be angry
- Kua : translatable by an English simple past or a present tense (with adjectives)
Kua kite mai koe ia mātou : You saw us; Kua meitaki koe ? : Are you better now? Kua oti te tārekareka : the match is over now
Possessives
Like most Polynesian languages (Tahitian, New Zealand Māori, Hawaiian, Samoan, …), Cook Islands Maori has two categories of possessives, the ā and ō. The Polynesian languages are a Language family spoken in the region known as Polynesia.
Generally the ā category is used when the possessor has, or had, control of the relationship, is superior or dominant to what is owned or when the possession is considered as alienable. The ō category is used when the possessor has, or had, no control over the relationship, is subordinate or inferior to what is owned or when the possession is considered as inalienable.
The following list indicates the types of things in the different categories
- ā is used in speaking of
- Movable property, instruments,
- Food and drink,
- Husband, wife, children, girlfriend, boyfriend,
- Animals and pets,
- People in an inferior position
Te puaka ā tērā vaine : the pig belonging to that woman; ā Tere tamariki : Tere's children; Kāre ā Tupe mā ika i napō : Tupe and the rest didn't get any fish last night
Tāku ; Tā'au ; Tāna ; Tā tāua ; Tā māua…. : my, mine ; your, yours ; his, her, hers, our ours…
Ko tāku vaine teia : This is my wife; Ko tāna tāne tera : That's her husband; Tā kotou 'apinga : your possession(s); Tā Tare 'apinga : Tera possession(s);
- ō is used in speaking of
- Parts of anything
- Feelings
- Buildings and transport
- Clothes
- Parents or other relatives (not husband, wife, children…)
- Superiors
Te 'are ō Tere : The house belonging to Tere; ō Tere pare : Tere's hat; Kāre ō Tina no'o anga e no'o ei : Tina hasn't got anywhere to sit;
Tōku ; Tō'ou ; Tōna ; Tō tāua ; Tō māua…: my, mine ; your, yours ; his, her, hers ; our, ours …
Ko tōku 'are teia : This is my house; I tōku manako, kā tika tāna : In my opinion, he'll be right; Teia tōku, tērā tō'ou : This is mine here, that's yours over there
Vocabulary
Pia : Polynesian arrowroot
Kata : laugh at; laughter; kata 'āviri : ridicule, jeer, mock
Tanu : to plant, cultivate land
'anga'anga : work, job
Pōpongi : morning
Tātāpaka : a kind of breadfruit pudding
'ura : dance, to dance
Tuātau : time, period, season ; ē tuātau 'ua atu : forever
'īmene : to sing, song
Riri : be angry with (ki)
Tārekareka : entertain, amuse, match, game, play game
Dialectology
Although most words of the various dialects of Cook Islands Maori are identical, there are some variations [to be completed]
| Rarotonga | Aitutaki | Mangaia | Ngāputoru | Manihiki | Tongareva | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| tuatua | 'autara | taratara | speak, speech | |||
| kūmara | kū'ara | kū'ara | sweet potatoes | |||
| kāre/kore | kā'ore | ‘āore | kare | no, not | ||
| tātā | kiriti | tātā | write | |||
| 'ura | koni | 'ura | 'ingo | dance | ||
| 'akaipoipo | 'akaipoipo | 'ā'āipoipo | 'akaipoipo | fakaipoipo | wedding | |
| 'īkoke | koroio | rakiki | thin | |||
| 'are | 'are | 'are | 'are | fare | hare | house |
| ma'ata | 'atupaka | ngao | big |
Notes
- ^ Since 1915, English had been the only official language of the Cook Islands
- ^ In a sense of mutual intelligibility
- ^ Tongarevan is sometimes also considered as a distinct language. The sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas) is a Dicotyledonous plant which belongs to the family Convolvulaceae
See also
External links
- Te Reo Maori Act 2003
- SBS Cook Islands Maori Radio Program. Updated each week
- http://cookislands.bishopmuseum.org/dictionaries.asp
- http://www.cookislandsmaori.com/ Online version of Jasper Buse and Raututi Taringa Dictionary
- Cook Islands Ministry of Cultural Development
- Te Reo Māori Kūki 'Āirani i roto i te Kurakarāma o Aotearoa (Cook Islands Maori in the New Zealand Curriculum)
- Ethnologue on the languages of the Cook Islands
- Collected songs and legends from the southern Cook Islands (c. 1883-1912) at the New Zealand Electronic Text Centre
Dictionaries, learning methods and books in Cook Islands Maori
- Cook Islands Maori Dictionary, by Jasper Buse with Raututi Taringa, edited by Bruce Biggs and Rangi Moeka'a, Auckland, 1995.
- A dictionary of the Maori Language of Rarotonga, Manuscript by Stephen Savage, Suva : IPS, USP in association with the Ministry of Education of the Cook Islands, 1983.
- Kai Korero : Cook Islands Maori Language Coursebook, Tai Carpentier and Clive Beaumont, Pasifika Press, 1995. (A useful learning Method with oral skills cassette)
- Cook Islands Cook Book by Taiora Matenga-Smith. Published by the Institute of Pacific Studies.
- Maori Lessons for the Cook Islands, by Taira Rere. Wellington, Islands Educational Division, Department of Education, 1960.
- Conversational Maori, Rarotongan Language, by Taira Rere. Rarotonga, Government Printer. 1961.
- Some Maori Lessons, by Taira Rere. Rarotonga. Curriculum Production Unit, Department of Education. 1976.
- More Maori Lessons, by Taira Rere. Suva, University of the South Pacific. The University of the South Pacific ( USP) is a Public university with a number of locations spread throughout a dozen countries in Oceania. 1976
- Maori Spelling: Notes for Teachers, by Taira Rere. Rarotonga: Curriculum Production Unit, Education Department. 1977.
- Traditions and Some Words of the Language of Danger or Pukapuka Island. Journal of the Polynesian Society 13:173-176. Polynesian Society is a non-profit organization based at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, dedicated to the scholarly study of the history ethnography and 1904.
- Collection of Articles on Rarotonga Language, by Jasper Buse. London: University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies. The University of London is a university based primarily in London, England, UK. The School of Oriental and African Studies (commonly abbreviated to " SOAS " pronounced (so as or (so az is a constituent college of the University of 1963.
- Manihikian Traditional Narratives: In English and Manihikian: Stories of the Cook Islands (Na fakahiti o Manihiki). Papatoetoe, New Zealand: Te Ropu Kahurangi. 1988
- Te korero o Aitutaki, na te Are Korero o Aitutaki, Ministry of Culutral Development, Rarotonga, Cook Islands. 1992
- Atiu nui Maruarua : E au tua ta'ito, Vainerere Tangatapoto et al. University of South Pacific, Suva 1984. (in Maori and English)
- Learning Rarotonga Maori, by Tongi Maki'uti, Ministry of Cultural Development, Rarotonga 1999. Sociocultural evolution(ism is an umbrella term for theories of cultural evolution and Social evolution, describing how Cultures and societies
- Te uri Reo Maori (translating in Maori), by Tongi Maki'uti Punanga o te reo. 1996.
- Atiu, e enua e tona iti tangata, te au tata tuatua Ngatupuna Kautai. . . (et al. ), Suva, University of the South Pacific. 1993. (Maori translation of Atiu : an island Community)
- A vocabulary of the Mangaian language by Christian, F. W. 1924. Bernice P. Bishop Bulletin 2. Honolulu, Bernice P. Bishop Museum. The Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, designated the Hawaii State Museum of Natural and Cultural History, is a Museum of History and Science in the
- E au tuatua ta'ito no Manihiki, Kauraka Kauraka, IPS, USP, Suva. Kauraka Kauraka (1951-1997 was a Cook Islands Writer. He was born in Rarotonga, the main island of the Cooks 1987.
Dictionary
Cook Islands Maori
-proper noun
- The official language of the Cook Islands also known as Rarotongan.
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