In fiction, continuity (also called time-scheme) is consistency of the characteristics of persons, plot, objects, places and events seen by the reader or viewer. Fiction is the telling of stories which are not real More specifically fiction is an imaginative form of Narrative, one of the four basic Rhetorical modes. Mythos (Aristotle In literature the plot comprises all the events in a story particularly rendered towards the achievement of some particular Artistic or Emotional It is of relevance to several media. "Popular press" redirects here note that the University of Wisconsin Press publishes under the imprint "The Popular Press"
Continuity is particularly a concern in the production of film and television due to the difficulty of rectifying an error in continuity after shooting has completed, although it also applies to other art forms, including novels, comics, anime, videogames and animation, though usually on a much broader scale. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Comics (via Latin from the Greek "" kōmikos, of or pertaining to "comedy" from kōmos "revel" (anime in Japanese, A video game is a Game that involves interaction with a User interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. The bouncing ball animation (below consists of these 6 frames
Most productions have a script supervisor on hand whose job is to pay attention to and attempt to maintain continuity across the chaotic and typically non-linear production shoot. A script supervisor or continuity is a member of a Film crew responsible for maintaining the film's internal continuity and for marking the production This takes the form of a large amount of paperwork, photographs, and attention to and memory of large quantities of detail, some of which is sometimes assembled into the story bible for the production. A bible for Writers is a reference document used for information on a story's characters settings and other elements It usually regards factors both within the scene and often even technical details including meticulous records of camera positioning and equipment settings. The use of a Polaroid camera was standard but has since been replaced by the advent of digital cameras. Types of Polaroid instant cameras See also List of Polaroid instant cameras Polaroid cameras can be classified by the type of film they use Many compact digital still cameras can record Sound and moving Video as well as still Photograph. All of this is done so that ideally all related shots can match, despite perhaps parts being shot thousands of miles and several months apart. It is a less conspicuous job, though, because if done perfectly, no one will ever notice.
In comic books, continuity has also come to mean a set of contiguous events, sometimes said to be "set in the same universe" (see fictional crossover) or "separate universes" (see intercompany crossover). A comic book (often shortened to simply comic and sometimes called a comic paper or comic magazine) is a Magazine or Book of narrative A fictional crossover is the placement of two or more otherwise discrete Fictional characters, settings or universes into the context of a single In Comic books, an intercompany crossover (also called cross-company or company crossover) is a comic or series of comics where characters published by
Today, maintaining strong plot and character continuity is also a high priority for many writers of long-running television series.
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Continuity errors
While most continuity errors are subtle, such as changes in the level of drink in a character's glass or the length of a cigarette, others can be more noticeable, such as sudden drastic changes in appearance of a character, or the unexplained appearance of a character believed to be dead. Such errors in continuity can ruin the illusion of realism, and affect suspension of disbelief. Suspension of disbelief or "willing suspension of disbelief" is an aesthetic theory intended to characterize people's relationships to art In cinema special attention must be paid to continuity because films are rarely shot in the order in which they are presented: that is, a crew may film a scene from the end of a movie first, followed by one from the middle, and so on. The shooting schedule is often dictated by location permit issues. A character may return to Times Square in New York City several times throughout a movie, but as it is extraordinarily expensive to close off Times Square, those scenes will likely be filmed all at once in order to reduce permit costs. Times Square is a major intersection in Manhattan, New York City at the junction of Broadway and Seventh Avenue and stretching from West The City of New York Weather, the ambience of natural light, cast and crew availability, or any number of other circumstances can also influence a shooting schedule. There are three main types of continuity errors.
Editing errors
Editing errors can occur when a character in a scene references a scene or incident that has not occurred yet, or that they should not yet be aware of.
An example of an editing error can be seen in the film It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), where a scene of people climbing a slope at the start is seen from below and then replayed from above. It's a Mad Mad Mad Mad World is a 1963 American Comedy film directed by Stanley Kramer about the madcap pursuit of $350000
Visual errors
Visual errors are instant discontinuities occurring in visual media such as film and television. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic Items of clothing change colors, shadows get longer or shorter, items within a scene change place or disappear.
One example of a visual error occurs in the 1998 film Waking Ned Devine, when two of the film's characters, Jackie and Michael, are walking through a storm towards Ned's house. The year 1998 in film involved some significant events Events February 14 - Sharon Stone marries Phil Bronstein Waking Ned, titled Waking Ned Devine in North America is a 1998 comedy film starring Ian Bannen, David Kelly and Fionnula The umbrella they are under is black during their conversation as they walk towards the house (filmed from slightly above and to the front); yet after cutting to a lower shot (filmed from behind Jackie), Michael walks onscreen from the right holding an umbrella that is not black but beige, with a brown band at the rim.
Though visual continuity errors are logically confined to visual media, parallel mistakes can occur in text. In "The Miller's Tale" in Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales a door is ripped off its hinges only to be slowly closed again in the next scene. The Miller's Tale is the second of Geoffrey Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales (1380s-1390s told by a drunken miller to "quite" (requite The Knight's Geoffrey Chaucer (c 1343 – 25 October 1400? was an English author poet Philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and Diplomat. The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories written by Geoffrey Chaucer in the 14th century (two of them in Prose, the rest in verse)
Plot errors
Plot errors reflect a failure in the consistency of the created fictional world. For example, a character might state he was an only child, yet later mention having a sister (or vice versa, in the case of sitcom Dan and Becs). In the TV show Cheers, the character Frasier Crane's wife Lilith mentions Frasier's parents are both dead, but when the character was spun off and given his own show (Frasier), his father became a central character (albeit with the explanation that Frasier was embarrassed about his father's lowbrow attitudes, and claimed his death as a result — see Retroactive continuity). Cheers is an American Situation comedy television series that ran eleven seasons from 1982 to 1993 Frasier is an American sitcom, a Spin-off of Cheers starring Kelsey Grammer as Retroactive continuity is the deliberate changing of previously established facts in a work of serial fiction
Dealing with errors
When continuity mistakes have been made, explanations are often proposed by either writers or fans to smooth over discrepancies. Fans sometimes make up explanations for such errors that may or may not be integrated into canon; this has come to be colloquially known as fanwanking. This article is not about Literary canons of influential works of fiction but about the concept of a canon which defines the world of a particular fictional series Often when a fan does not agree with one of the events in a story (such as the death of a favorite character) they will choose to ignore the event in question so that their enjoyment of the franchise is not diminished. When the holder of the intellectual property discards all existing continuity and starts from scratch it is known as rebooting. Reboot, in serial Fiction, means a discarding of much or even all previous continuity in the series to start anew Fans call a less extreme literary technique that erases one episode the reset button. The reset button technique (based on the idea of Status quo ante) is a Plot device that interrupts continuity in works of fiction
Discrepancies in past continuity are sometimes made deliberately; this is known as retconning. Retroactive continuity is the deliberate changing of previously established facts in a work of serial fiction Retcons are also sometimes used to either correct or cover up a perceived error. These changes may be made either by the same writer who made it, or more commonly by an author that has taken over the creative lead of a corporate owned show or publication. .
Real time programs vs traditional films
Television programs like 24, in which actors have to appear as if it is the same day for 24 consecutive episodes, have raised public recognition of continuity. A television program (US television programme (UK or television show (U 24 is an Emmy and Golden Globe award-winning American action Drama Television series. However, traditional films have frequently had much of the same sort of the issues to deal with; film shoots may last several months and as scenes are frequently shot out of story sequence, footage shot weeks apart may be edited together as part of the same day's action in the completed film. In some ways, 24 presents a simpler situation, as costumes and hairstyles generally should not change very frequently; in many feature films a range of different hairstyles and costumes must be created, changed, and then recreated exactly, as various scenes are shot.
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