Contiguity

Contiguity is a series of things in continuous connection, a grouping of parts in contiguous physical contact. ^[1] The concept was first set out in the Law of Contiguity, one of Aristotle's Laws of Association, which states that things which occur in proximity to each other in time or space are readily associated. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of Space is the extent within which Matter is physically extended and objects and Events have positions relative to one another

1 Biology
2 Computer science
3 Geography
4 Philosophy
5 Physics
6 Probability theory
7 Psychology
8 References

Biology

A cluster of genes that are located close to one another at a chromosome locus. Contiguous gene disorders result from deletions or duplications of a chromosome segment, thus causing a contiguous gene imbalance.

Computer science

Elements of memory are contiguous if they appear to be or are, adjacent, or connected to, one another.

Geography

Lands which are in physical contact with one another. In the United States, for example, the "48 contiguous states" exclude the states of Hawaii and Alaska, which are not of one piece with the mainland. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent The term continental United States refers to the 48 contiguous states located on the North American continent south of the border with Canada plus the District ^[2]

Two or more contiguous municipalities can be consolidated into one, or one municipality can consist of many noncontiguous elements. A municipality is an administrative entity composed of a clearly defined territory and its population and commonly denotes a City, Town, or Village, or For example, the Financially Distressed Municipalities Act allows the state of Pennsylvania to merge contiguous municipalities to reduce financial distress. The Financially Distressed Municipalities Act (Act of 1987 PL The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern Financial distress is a term in Corporate Finance used to indicate a condition when promises to Creditors of a company are broken or honored with difficulty

Geographic contiguity is important in biology, especially animal ranges. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Population distribution redirects here For the probability distribution of a statistical population see Probability distribution and Statistical population For a particular species, its habitat may be a 'contiguous range', or it might be broken, requiring periodic, typically seasonal migrations; (see: Disjunct distribution). In biology a Taxon with a disjunct distribution is one that has two or more groups that are related but widely separated from each other geographically The same concept of contiguous range is true for human transportation studies in an attempt to understand census geography. ^[3] It also comes into play with electoral geography and politics. ^[4]

Philosophy

Philosophers speak of contiguity when they assume two events or objects lying directly side by side in space and time without being connected by causality or any other principle. ^[5]

Physics

Contiguity is a metallurgical property used to characterize microstructure of materials. It is computed by finding the ratio of solid-solid length to the sum of solid-solid and solid-liquid length of the microstructure.

Probability theory

Contiguity of sequences probability measures is a property that may be used to derive asymptotic normality under the alternative of a statistical hypotheis. It is defined for a sequence of measurable spaces $(\Omega_n, \mathcal F_n )_{n=1}^\infty$ with two probability measure sequences, $(P_n )_{n=1}^\infty$ and $(Q_n )_{n=1}^\infty$ . $(Q_n )_{n=1}^\infty$ is contiguous to $(P_n )_{n=1}^\infty$ if

$\forall F_n \in \mathcal F_n : \big( P_n(F_n) \to 0 \big) \Rightarrow \big( Q_n(F_n) \to 0 \big)$

as $n \to \infty$ ^[6], and $(Q_n )_{n=1}^\infty$ is bi-contiguous to $(P_n )_{n=1}^\infty$ if

$\forall F_n \in \mathcal F_n : \big( P_n(F_n) \to 0 \big) \Leftrightarrow \big( Q_n(F_n) \to 0 \big)$

as $n \to \infty$ .

The concept was originally introduced by Lucien Le Cam in the 1960s as part of his contribution to the development of abstract general asymptotic theory in mathematical statistics. Lucien Marie Le Cam ( November 18, 1924 – April 25, 2000) was a Mathematician and statistician born in Croze Creuse The 1960s decade refers to the years from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1969

Psychology

Association by contiguity is the principle that ideas, memories, and experiences are linked when one is frequently experienced with the other. For example, if you constantly see a knife and a fork together they become linked (associated). The more these two items (stimuli) are perceived together the stronger the link between them. When one of the memories becomes activated later on, the linked (contiguously associated) memory becomes temporarily more activated and thus easier to be called into working memory. This process is known as priming, and the initial memory that primed the other is known as the retrieval cue.

Association by contiguity is the root of association by similarity. Association by similarity is the idea that one memory primes another through their common property or properties. Thus, an apple may prime a memory of a rose through the common property of red. These two become associated even though you may have never experienced an apple and a rose together (consistent with association by contiguity).

When one associated memory, a group of associated memories, or a whole line of associated memories becomes primed, this is known as spreading activation. Spreading activation is a method for searching Associative networks Neural networks or Semantic networks The search process is initiated by labeling a set

In conditioning, contiguity refers to how associated a reinforcer is with behaviour. In Operant conditioning, reinforcement is an immediate increase in the strength of a response following a change in environment The higher the contiguity between events the greater the strength of the behavioural relationship.

Edwin Ray Guthrie's contiguity theory deals with patterned movements. Edwin Ray Guthrie ( 9 January 1886, Lincoln Nebraska - 23 April 1959, Seattle Washington) was an American ^[7]

References

^ Dictionary.com
^ Wetlands Metadata for the Lower 48 States, US Fish and Wildlife Service
^ Census Metropolitan Area, Statistics Canada
^ The Electoral Geography of Weimar Germany: Exploratory Spatial Data Analyses of Protestant Support for the Nazi Party, by John O'Loughlin
^ Prechtl, Burkhard: Metzler Philosophie Lexikon, Poeschel Verlag, 1999, p. 300
^ Jaroslav Hájek & Zbyněk Šidák : Theory of Rank Tests, Academic Press 1967, p. 202.
^ Theory Into Practice (TIP) Database

Dictionary

-noun

A state in which two or more physical objects are physically touching one another or in which sections of a plane border on one another.

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