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A constructed or artificial language — known colloquially or informally as a conlang — is a language whose phonology, grammar, and/or vocabulary have been consciously devised by an individual or group, instead of having evolved naturally. A colloquialism is an expression not used in formal speech, writing or Paralinguistics. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them Phonology ( Greek φωνή (phōnē voice sound + λόγος (lógos word speech subject of discussion is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. The vocabulary of a person is defined either as the set of all Words that are understood by that person or the set of all words likely to be used by that person when constructing In the Philosophy of language, a natural language (or ordinary language) is a Language that is spoken or written in phonemic-alphabetic or phonemically-related There are many possible reasons to create a constructed language: to ease human communication (see international auxiliary language and code); to bring fiction or an associated constructed world to life; linguistic experimentation; celebration of one's aesthetic tastes in language; and language games. Communication is the process of conveying information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood the same way An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) or interlanguage is a Language meant for communication between people from In Communications a code is a rule for converting a piece of Information (for example a letter, Word, Phrase, or Fiction is the telling of stories which are not real More specifically fiction is an imaginative form of Narrative, one of the four basic Rhetorical modes. Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields An artistic language ( artlang) is a Constructed language designed for aesthetic pleasure A language game (also called secret language or ludling) is a system of manipulating spoken words to render them incomprehensible to the untrained ear

The synonym planned language is sometimes used to refer to international auxiliary languages, and by individuals who may disagree with the more common term "artificial". For example, few speakers of Interlingua consider their language artificial, since it has no invented content. Interlingua is an International auxiliary language (IAL developed between 1937 and 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA While this is not true of Esperanto and Ido, some speakers of these languages also avoid the term "artificial language" because they deny that there is anything "unnatural" about the use of their language in human communication. is by far the most widely spoken constructed International auxiliary language in the world Ido (ˈiːdoʊ is a Constructed language created with the goal of becoming a universal second language for speakers of different linguistic backgrounds as a language easier

Calling languages "planned" also addresses a difficulty with the term "constructed language": a few languages are loosely grouped under this heading as a result of shared history and uses but are not themselves viewed as constructed. Interlingua has a naturally occurring vocabulary and grammar that have been cataloged and standardized by an International Auxiliary Language Association, a linguistic research body. The International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA was founded in 1924 to " promote widespread study discussion and publicity of all questions involved in the establishment While standardization might be considered planning of a sort, it is difficult to characterize as constructed a language whose content has developed naturally.

Similarly, Latino sine Flexione (LsF) is a simplification of Latin from which the inflections have been removed. Latino sine flexione ( Latin without Inflections is an Auxiliary language invented by the Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano (1858 - 1932 In Grammar, inflection or inflexion is the way language handles grammatical relations and relational categories such as tense, mood, voice As with Interlingua, it is difficult to explain how LsF might be viewed as constructed. Both LsF and Interlingua are considered major auxiliary languages, although only Interlingua is widely spoken today.

Outside the Esperanto community, the term language planning refers to prescriptive measures taken regarding a natural language. The language Esperanto is often used to access an international Culture, including a large body of original as well as translated literature. This article is about the field of language planning & policy In this regard, even "natural languages" may be artificial in some respects. In the case of prescriptive grammars, where wholly artificial rules exist, the line is difficult to draw. In Linguistics, prescription can refer both to the codification and the enforcement of rules governing how a language is to be used "Glossopoeia," coined by J. R. R. Tolkien, is also used to refer to language construction.

Contents

Overview

Constructed languages are categorized as either a priori languages or a posteriori languages. This is the article about constructed languages For other uses of the term "a priori" see A priori. "A priori" redirects here For other uses see A priori. The grammar and vocabulary of the former are created from scratch, either by the author's imagination or by computation; the latter possess a grammar and vocabulary derived from natural language.

In turn, a posteriori languages are divided into schematic languages, in which a natural or partly natural vocabulary is altered to fit pre-established rules, and naturalistic languages, in which a natural vocabulary retains its normal sound and appearance. While Esperanto is generally considered schematic, Interlingua is viewed as naturalistic. is by far the most widely spoken constructed International auxiliary language in the world Interlingua is an International auxiliary language (IAL developed between 1937 and 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA Ido is presented either as a schematic language or as a compromise between the two types. Ido (ˈiːdoʊ is a Constructed language created with the goal of becoming a universal second language for speakers of different linguistic backgrounds as a language easier

Further, fictional and experimental languages can be naturalistic in that they are meant to sound natural and, if derived a posteriori, they try to follow natural rules of phonological, lexical and grammatical change. Phonology ( Greek φωνή (phōnē voice sound + λόγος (lógos word speech subject of discussion is the systematic use of sound to encode meaning Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. In contrast with Interlingua, these languages are not usually intended for easy learning or communication. Thus, a naturalistic fictional language tends to be more difficult and complex. While Interlingua has simple grammar, syntax, and orthography, some naturalistic fictional languages try to mimic behaviors of natural languages like irregular verbs and nouns and complicated phonological rules. In contrast to Regular verbs irregular verbs are those Verbs that fall outside the standard patterns of conjugation in the Languages in which they

In terms of purpose, most constructed languages can broadly be divided as:

The boundaries between these categories are by no means clear. Engineered languages (sometimes abbreviated to engilangs or engelangs) are Constructed languages devised to test or prove some hypothesis about how languages Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Linguistics is the scientific study of Language, encompassing a number of sub-fields An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) or interlanguage is a Language meant for communication between people from An artistic language ( artlang) is a Constructed language designed for aesthetic pleasure A devised language could easily fall into more than one of the above categories. A logical language created for aesthetic reasons would also be classifiable as an artistic language, which might be created by someone with philosophical motives intending for said conlang to be used as an auxiliary language. Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called There are no rules, either inherent in the process of language construction or externally imposed, that would limit a constructed language to fitting only one of the above categories.

A constructed language can have native speakers if young children learn it from fluent parents. According to Ethnologue, there are "200–2000 who speak Esperanto as a first language" (most famously George Soros)[1]. Ethnologue Languages of the World is a web and print publication of SIL International (formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics a Christian Native Esperanto speakers (in Esperanto denaskuloj) are born into families in which Esperanto (and usually other languages is spoken George Soros (ˈsɔroʊs or /ˈsɔrəs/ Hungarian ˈʃoroʃ (born August 12, 1930, in Budapest, Hungary, as György Schwartz) is Although Interlingua and Ido have native speakers, their numbers are unknown. A first language (also mother tongue, native language, arterial language, or L1) is the language a human being learns from birth A member of the Klingon Language Institute, d'Armond Speers, attempted to raise his son as a native (bilingual with English) Klingon speaker. The Klingon Language Institute (KLI is an independent organization located in Pennsylvania, USA. The Klingon Language Institute (KLI is an independent organization located in Pennsylvania, USA. The Klingon language ( tlhIngan Hol in Klingon is the Constructed language spoken by Klingons in the fictional Star Trek universe [2]

As soon as a constructed language has native speakers, it begins to evolve and hence loses its constructed status. For example, Modern Hebrew was modeled on Biblical Hebrew rather than engineered from scratch, and has undergone considerable changes since the state of Israel was founded in 1948 (Hetzron 1990:693). For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics.

Proponents of constructed languages often have many reasons for using them. The famous but disputed Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is sometimes cited; this claims that the language one speaks influences the way one thinks. In Linguistics, the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis ( SWH) (also known as the " Linguistic relativity hypothesis " postulates a systematic relationship Thus, a "better" language should allow the speaker to reach some elevated level of intelligence or to encompass more points of view; this was the intention of Suzette Haden Elgin in creating Láadan, the language embodied in her feminist science fiction series Native Tongue[3]. Suzette Haden Elgin is an American Science fiction Author. She founded the Science Fiction Poetry Association, and is considered an important Láadan is a Constructed language created by Suzette Haden Elgin in 1982 to test the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, specifically to determine if Feminist science fiction is a sub-genre of Science fiction which tends to deal with women's roles in society Native Tongue is the first novel in Suzette Haden Elgin 's Feminist science fiction series of the same name A constructed language could also be used to restrict thought, as in George Orwell's Newspeak, or to simplify thought, as in Toki Pona. Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer Newspeak is a Fictional language in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. Toki Pona is a Constructed language first published online in mid-2001 In contrast, linguists such as Stephen Pinker argue that ideas exist independently of language. Steven Arthur Pinker (born September 18 1954 is a prominent Canadian - American experimental psychologist, cognitive scientist, and author Thus, children spontaneously re-invent slang and even grammar with each generation. (See The Language Instinct. The Language Instinct is a book by Steven Pinker, published in 1994. ) If true, attempts to control the range of human thought through the reform of language would fail, as concepts like "freedom" will reappear in new words if the old vanish.

Proponents claim a particular language makes it easier to express and understand concepts in one area, and more difficult in others (the various computer languages may be seen as this kind of constructed language).

Another reason cited for using a constructed language is the telescope rule; this claims that it takes less time to first learn a simple constructed language and then a natural language, than to learn only a natural language. Thus, if someone wants to learn English, some suggest learning Basic English first; if someone wants to learn some other European language, some suggest learning Esperanto first. Basic English is an attempted core Subset of The English language created by Charles Kay Ogden and described in his book Basic English A General Introduction The propaedeutic value of Esperanto is the benefit that using Esperanto as an introduction to foreign language study has on the teaching of subsequent foreign languages

The ISO 639-2 standard reserves the language code "art" to denote artificial languages. ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages art is the ISO 639-2 collective language code for Artificial languages that do not have their own code However, some constructed languages have their own ISO 639 language codes (e. ISO 639 is the set of international standards that lists short codes for Language names g. "eo" and "epo" for Esperanto, or "ia" and "ina" for Interlingua and "qny" for Quenya). Interlingua is an International auxiliary language (IAL developed between 1937 and 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA Quenya 'kwɛɲa is one of the fictional languages spoken by the Elves (the Quendi, "those who speak with voices" because when

In the CONLANG Mailing List, a community of conlangers has developed, which has its own customs, such as translation relays (Higley 2000). A conlanger (pronounced) is person who invents conlangs (constructed languages Chinese Whispers is a 1987 Novella by Maurice Leitch published as a Hutchinson Novella in Australia and the United

History

Grammatical speculation is documented from Classical Antiquity, with Plato's Cratylus. Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Cratylus ( Greek: Κράτυλος is the name of a dialogue by Plato. However the suggested mechanisms of grammar were designed to explain existing languages (Latin, Greek, Sanskrit), rather than constructing new grammars. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Roughly contemporary to Plato, in his descriptive grammar of Sanskrit, Pāṇini constructed a set of rules for explaining language, so that the text of his grammar may be considered a mixture of natural and constructed language. Pāṇini ( IAST: Pāṇini Dēvanāgarī: sa पाणिनि a Patronymic meaning "descendant of {{IAST|Paṇi}} " was an ancient

The earliest non-natural languages were less considered "constructed" as "super-natural" or mystical. The Lingua Ignota, recorded in the 12th century by St. A Lingua Ignota (Latin for "unknown language" was described by the 12th century abbess of Rupertsberg Hildegard of Bingen. Hildegard of Bingen is an example; apparently it is a form of private mystical cant (see also language of angels). Hildegard of Bingen (Hildegard von Bingen Hildegardis Bingensis 1098 – 17 September 1179) also known as Blessed Hildegard and Saint Hildegard Cant is an example of an Argot or cryptolect a characteristic or secret language used only by members of a group often used to conceal the meaning from those outside the group This article is about the Angelical Language recorded in the journals of Dr An important example from Middle-Eastern culture is Balaibalan, invented in the 16th century. Balaibalan ( Bâleybelen) is a Constructed language that originates from 16th century Cairo. Kabbalistic grammatical speculation was directed at recovering the original language spoken by Adam and Eve in Paradise, lost in the confusion of tongues. Kabbalah (קַבָּלָה lit "receiving" is a discipline and school of thought discussing the mystical aspect of Judaism. Adam (אָדָם ʼĀḏām, "dust man mankind" آدم; Ge'ez: አዳ and Eve (חַוָּה Ḥawwā, "living Paradise is a word of Persian origin ( Persian: پردیس Pardìs) that is generally identified with the Garden of Eden or with Heaven. The confusion of tongues ( confusio linguarum) is the initial fragmentation of human languages described in the Book of Genesis 111–9 as a result of the construction The first Christian project for an ideal language is outlined in Dante Alighieri's De vulgari eloquentia, where he searches for the ideal Italian vernacular suited for literature. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth De vulgari eloquentia ( On Eloquence in the vernacular) is the title of an essay by Dante Alighieri, written in Latin and initially meant to consist Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Ramon Llull's Ars magna was a project of a perfect language with which the infidels could be convinced of the truth of the Christian faith. Ramon Llull (1232 &ndash June 29, 1315) (sometimes Raymond Lully, Raymond Lull, in Latin Raimundus or It was basically an application of combinatorics on a given set of concepts. Combinatorics is a branch of Pure mathematics concerning the study of discrete (and usually finite) objects During the Renaissance, Lullian and Kabbalistic ideas were drawn upon in a magical context, resulting in cryptographic applications. The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere In Anthropology, Psychology, and Cognitive science, magical thinking is nonscientific causal reasoning that often includes such ideas as the ability of Cryptography (or cryptology; from Greek grc κρυπτός kryptos, "hidden secret" and grc γράφω gráphō, "I write" The Voynich manuscript may be an example of this. The Voynich manuscript is a mysterious illustrated Book written in an indecipherable text

Renaissance interest in Ancient Egypt, notably the discovery of the Hieroglyphica of Horapollo, and first encounters with the Chinese script directed efforts towards a perfect written language. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Horapollo (from Horus Apollo, Ὡραπόλλων is supposed author of a treatise on Egyptian hieroglyphs, extant in a Greek translation Horapollo (from Horus Apollo, Ὡραπόλλων is supposed author of a treatise on Egyptian hieroglyphs, extant in a Greek translation A Chinese character, also known as a Han character ( is a Logogram used in writing Chinese (hanzi Japanese ( Johannes Trithemius, in Steganographia and Polygraphia, attempted to show how all languages can be reduced to one. Johannes Trithemius ( 1 February 1462 - 13 December 1516) was born Johann Heidenberg. In the 17th century, interest in magical languages was continued by the Rosicrucians and Alchemists (like John Dee). In Anthropology, Psychology, and Cognitive science, magical thinking is nonscientific causal reasoning that often includes such ideas as the ability of The term Rosicrucian (symbol the Rose Cross) describes a secret society of mystics allegedly formed in late mediaeval Germany, holding a doctrine "built on Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of John Dee (13 July 1527 – 1608 or 1609 was a noted English mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, occultist Jakob Boehme in 1623 spoke of a "natural language" (Natursprache) of the senses. Jakob Böhme (probably April 24 1575 &ndash November 17 1624) was a German Christian mystic and Theologian

Musical languages from the Renaissance were tied up with mysticism, magic and alchemy, sometimes also referred to as the language of the birds. Musical languages are Languages based on Musical sounds either instead of or in addition to Articulation. Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity Alchemy a part of the Occult Tradition is both a philosophy and a practice with an ultimately unknown aim involving the improvement of the alchemist as well as the making of In Mythology, Medieval literature and Occultism, the language of the birds is postulated as a mystical perfect or Divine language, or a The Solresol project of 1817 re-invented the concept in a more pragmatic context. Solresol is an Artificial language devised by François Sudre, beginning in 1827

The 17th century saw the rise of projects for "philosophical" or "a priori" languages. It was pioneered by Francis Lodwick's A Common Writing (1647) and The Groundwork or Foundation laid (or So Intended) for the Framing of a New Perfect Language and a Universal Common Writing (1652), Sir Thomas Urquhart (Logopandecteision, 1652) George Dalgarno (Ars signorum, 1661) and John Wilkins (Essay towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language, 1668) producing systems of hierarchical classification that were intended to result in both spoken and written expression. Francis Lodwick (or Lodowick) (1619&ndash1694 was a pioneer of ''a priori'' languages (what in the seventeenth century was called a ' Philosophical language Sir Thomas Urquhart of Cromarty (or Urchard, 1611-c 1660 was a Scottish writer and translator most famous for his translation of Rabelais. George Dalgarno (1626-1687 was a Scottish intellectual interested in linguistic problems John Wilkins ( January 1, 1614 - November 19, 1672) was an English clergyman and author Gottfried Leibniz with lingua generalis in 1678 pursued a similar end, aiming at a lexicon of characters upon which the user might perform calculations that would yield true propositions automatically, as a side-effect developing binary calculus. The binary numeral system, or base-2 number system, is a Numeral system that represents numeric values using two symbols usually 0 and 1. These projects were not only occupied with reducing or modelling grammar, but also with the arrangement of all human knowledge into "characters" or hierarchies, an idea that with the Enlightenment would ultimately lead to the Encyclopédie. The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences des arts et des métiers (Encyclopedia or a systematic dictionary of the sciences arts and crafts was a general

Leibniz and the encyclopedists realized that it is impossible to organize human knowledge unequivocally in a tree diagram, and consequently to construct an a priori language based on such a classification of concepts. Under the entry Charactère, D'Alembert critically reviewed the projects of philosophical languages of the preceding century. After the Encyclopédie, projects for a priori languages moved more and more to the lunatic fringe. Individual authors, typically unaware of the history of the idea, continued to propose taxonomic philosophical languages until the early 20th century (e. g. Ro), but most recent engineered languages have had more modest goals; some are limited to a specific field, like mathematical formalism or calculus (e. Ro is an a priori Constructed language created by Rev Edward Powell Foster beginning in 1904 Engineered languages (sometimes abbreviated to engilangs or engelangs) are Constructed languages devised to test or prove some hypothesis about how languages g. Lincos and programming languages), others are designed for eliminating syntactical ambiguity (e. Lincos (an abbreviation of the Latin phrase lingua cosmica) is an Artificial language first described in 1960 by Dr A programming language is an Artificial language that can be used to write programs which control the behavior of a machine particularly a Computer. g. , Loglan and Lojban) or maximizing conciseness (e. Loglan is a Constructed language originally designed for linguistic research particularly for investigating the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. Lojban (ˈloʒban is a constructed, syntactically unambiguous human language based on Predicate logic. g. , Ithkuil, Arahau). A phrase Arahau (araˈxau̯ is an a priori Constructed language created by Russian writer Ivan Karasev in 2006.

Already in the Encyclopédie attention began to focus on a posteriori auxiliary languages. Joachim Faiguet in the article on Langue already wrote a short proposition of a "laconic" or regularized grammar of French. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people During the 19th century, a bewildering variety of such International Auxiliary Languages (IALs) were proposed, so that Louis Couturat and Leopold Leau in Histoire de la langue universelle (1903) reviewed 38 projects. Louis Couturat ( January 17, 1868 - August 3, 1914) was a French Logician mathematician, philosopher Léopold Leau (1868-?1940 was a French Mathematician, primarily known for his many well-documented ties to International auxiliary languages The

The first of these that made any international impact was Volapük, proposed in 1879 by Johann Martin Schleyer; within a decade, 283 Volapükist clubs were counted all over the globe. Volapük (volaˈpyk or ˈvɒləpʊk in English is a Constructed language, created in 1879-1880 by Johann Martin Schleyer, a Roman Catholic priest Johann Martin Schleyer ( July 18, 1831 &ndash August 16, 1912) German Catholic priest who invented the Constructed However, this language by its very success lost its unity, and within a few years, fell into obscurity, making way for Esperanto, proposed in 1887 by Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof. Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof (ˈzɑːmɨnhɒf in English born Eliezer Samenhof December 15 1859 &ndash April 14 1917 was an ophthalmologist, Philologist Ido, made public in 1907, was a reform of Esperanto. Ido (ˈiːdoʊ is a Constructed language created with the goal of becoming a universal second language for speakers of different linguistic backgrounds as a language easier Finally, Interlingua emerged in 1951, when the International Auxiliary Language Association published its Interlingua-English Dictionary and an accompanying grammar. Interlingua is an International auxiliary language (IAL developed between 1937 and 1951 by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA The International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA was founded in 1924 to " promote widespread study discussion and publicity of all questions involved in the establishment The Interlingua-English Dictionary (IED developed by the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA under the direction of Alexander Gode and published Interlingua A Grammar of the International Language sometimes called the Interlingua Grammar is the first grammar of Interlingua.

Loglan (1955) and its descendants constitute a pragmatic return to the aims of the a priori languages, tempered by the requirement of usability of an auxiliary language. Loglan is a Constructed language originally designed for linguistic research particularly for investigating the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. Thus far, these modern a priori languages have garnered only small groups of speakers.

Artistic languages, constructed for literary enjoyment or aesthetic reasons without any claim of usefulness, begin to appear in Early Modern literature (in Pantagruel, and in Utopian contexts), but they only seem to gain notability as serious projects from the 20th century. The Life of Gargantua and of Pantagruel (in French, La vie de Gargantua Utopia is a name for an ideal community taken from the title of a book written in 1516 by Sir Thomas More describing a fictional Island in the A Princess of Mars by Edgar Rice Burroughs was possibly the first fiction of the 20th century to feature a constructed language. A Princess of Mars is an Edgar Rice Burroughs Science fiction Novel, the first of his famous Barsoom series Edgar Rice Burroughs ( September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an American author best known for his creation of the jungle hero Tolkien was the first to develop a family of related fictional languages and was the first academic to publicly discuss artistic languages, admitting to A Secret Vice of his in 1930 at an Esperanto congress. A Secret Vice is the title of a lecture written by J R R Tolkien in 1931 given at an Esperanto conference (Orwell's Newspeak should be considered a parody of an IAL rather than an artistic language proper. )

By the turn of the 21st century, it had become common for science-fiction and fantasy works set in other worlds to feature constructed languages, or more commonly, an extremely limited but defined vocabulary which suggests the existence of a complete language, and constructed languages are a regular part of the genre, including Star Wars, Star Trek, Stargate SG-1, Atlantis: The Lost Empire, or the Myst series of computer adventure games. Star Wars is an epic Space opera franchise initially conceived by George Lucas during the 1970s and significantly expanded Atlantis The Lost Empire is the 40th Disney Animated feature produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Myst is a graphic adventure Video game designed and directed by the brothers Robyn and Rand Miller. The most famous of these examples is the Klingon language from Star Trek, which has a bona-fide vocabulary and a full set of functional grammar rules. The Klingon language ( tlhIngan Hol in Klingon is the Constructed language spoken by Klingons in the fictional Star Trek universe

Collaborative constructed languages

While most constructed languages have been created by a single person, a few are the results of group collaborations; examples are Interlingua, which was developed by the International Auxiliary Language Association, and Lojban, which was developed by a breakaway group of Loglanists. The International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA was founded in 1924 to " promote widespread study discussion and publicity of all questions involved in the establishment

Group collaboration has apparently become more common in recent years, as constructed language designers have started using Internet tools to coordinate design efforts. The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks NGL/Tokcir [1] was an early Internet collaborative engineered language whose designers used a mailing list to discuss and vote on grammatical and lexical design issues. A mailing list is a collection of names and addresses used by an individual or an organization to send material to multiple recipients More recently, The Demos IAL Project was developing an international auxiliary language with similar collaborative methods. An international auxiliary language (sometimes abbreviated as IAL or auxlang) or interlanguage is a Language meant for communication between people from Collaborative methods are processes behaviors and conversations that relate to Collaboration between individuals

Several artistic languages were developed on different constructed language wikis, usually involving discussion and voting on phonology, grammatical rules and so forth. An artistic language ( artlang) is a Constructed language designed for aesthetic pleasure A wiki is a page or collection of Web pages designed to enable anyone who accesses it to contribute or modify content using a simplified Markup language. An interesting variation is the corpus approach, exemplified by Madjal and more recently Kalusa, where contributors simply read the corpus of existing sentences and add their own sentences, perhaps reinforcing existing trends or adding new words and structures. Kalusa (Hindi कलूसा Urduکلوسا is a village in Kashmir, India near Bandipore. The Kalusa engine adds the ability for visitors to rate sentences as acceptable or unacceptable. There is no explicit statement of grammatical rules or explicit definition of words in this corpus approach; the meaning of words is inferred from their use in various sentences of the corpus, perhaps in different ways by different readers and contributors, and the grammatical rules can be inferred from the structures of the sentences that have been rated highest by the contributors and other visitors.

A special example for this kind of language is Simplish[2]: the German Artist Ulli Purwin tried to set a focus on (what Germans call) 'Anglicisms' - in a humorous way. Everyone is invited to increase the vocabulary: from 'ââtist' to 'ørn'. . .

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Ethnologue report for language code:epo
  2. ^ Gavin Edwards: Babble On Revisited, Wired Magazine, Issue 7.08, August 1999
  3. ^ "My hypothesis was that if I constructed a language designed specifically to provide a more adequate mechanism for expressing women's perceptions, women would (a) embrace it and begin using it, or (b) embrace the idea but not the language, say "Elgin, you've got it all wrong!" and construct some other "women's language" to replace it. This list of Constructed languages is in alphabetical order and divided into auxiliary, engineered, and artistic (including fictional Languages A universal language is a hypothetical historical or mythical language said to be spoken and understood by all or most of the world's populationor in some circles is said to be understood A conlanger (pronounced) is person who invents conlangs (constructed languages This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language Langmakercom is a website run by Jeffrey Henning that acts as a database of Conlangs neographies, and other resources related to conlanging and conworlding Zompistcom, also called The Metaverse, is a Website created by Mark Rosenfelder, a Conlanger. A language game (also called secret language or ludling) is a system of manipulating spoken words to render them incomprehensible to the untrained ear A constructed script (also artificial script, neography, and conscript for short is a new Writing system specifically created by an individual Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation Knowledge representation is an area in Artificial intelligence that is concerned with how to formally "think" that is how to use a symbol system to represent Universal grammar is a theory of Linguistics postulating principles of Grammar shared by all languages thought to be innate to humans ( linguistic nativism In Logic and Linguistics, a metalanguage is a Language used to make statements about statements in another language which is called the Object This article is about the field of language planning & policy Linguistic purism (or linguistic protectionism) is the definition of one language variety as purer than other varieties often in reference to a perceived decline This is a list of bodies that regulate Standard languages Natural languages Auxiliary languages Interlingua The auxiliary language Many languages have undergone spelling reform, where a deliberate often officially sanctioned or mandated change to spelling takes place Pāṇini ( IAST: Pāṇini Dēvanāgarī: sa पाणिनि a Patronymic meaning "descendant of {{IAST|Paṇi}} " was an ancient The Duden ( is a German Dictionary, first published by Konrad Duden in 1880 The German spelling reform of 1996 ( Rechtschreibreform) is based on an international agreement signed in Vienna in July 1996 by the governments of the German -speaking The origin of language ( glottogony) is a topic that has attracted considerable speculation throughout human history A pidgin is a simplified language that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common in situations such as Trade Poto and Cabengo are a pair of Identical twin girls (real names Grace and Virginia Kennedy, respectively who used a Secret language up to the age of about June and Jennifer Gibbons (born April 11, 1963; Jennifer died in 1993 Identical twins who grew up in Britain are a curious case involving Psychology Glossolalia is commonly called "speaking in tongues" For other uses of "speaking in tongues" see Speaking in Tongues (disambiguation. In Mythology, Medieval literature and Occultism, the language of the birds is postulated as a mystical perfect or Divine language, or a "Glatzer, Jenna (2007). Interview With Suzette Haden Elgin. Retrieved on 2007-03-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden.

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constructed language

-noun

  1. An artificial or constructed language is a language whose vocabulary and grammar were specifically devised by an individual or small group, rather than having naturally evolved as part of a culture like a natural language.
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