In a contract of carriage, the consignee is the person to whom the shipment is to be delivered whether by land, sea or air. A contract is an exchange of promises between two or more parties to do or refrain from doing an act which is enforceable in a court of law A carriage is a wheeled vehicle for people usually horse-drawn Shipping is physical process of Transporting goods and Cargo. This article is about the body of water For other uses see SEA and Seas. Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five
A brief statement of law
This is a difficult area of law in that it regulates the mass transportation industry which cannot always guarantee arrival on time or that goods will not be damaged in the course of transit. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another A further two problems are that unpaid consignors or freight carriers may wish to hold goods until payment is made, and fraudulent individuals may seek to take delivery in place of the legitimate consignees. Cargo (or freight) refers to goods or produce transported generally for Commercial gain by ship, aircraft, train, In the broadest sense a fraud is a Deception made for personal gain or to damage another individual The key to resolving such disputes lies in the documentation. Documentation may refer to the process of providing evidence ("to document something" or to the communicable material used to provide such documentation (i The standard form of contract is a bill of lading which, in international shipping law, is simply a contract for the carriage of goods entered into between the shipper and the carrier that is not a charter party. A bill of lading (sometimes referred to as a BOL House bill of lading or B/L) is a document issued by a carrier, e It is always a term of that contract that the carrier must deliver the goods to a specific receiver.
Documentation and legal requirements for delivery
A straight bill of lading by land or sea, or air waybill are not documents of title to the goods they represent. A bill of lading (sometimes referred to as a BOL House bill of lading or B/L) is a document issued by a carrier, e A waybill is a document issued by a carrier giving details and instructions relating to the Shipment of a Consignment of goods. They do no more than require delivery of the goods to the named consignee and (subject to the shipper's ability to redirect the goods) to no other. This differs from an "order" or "bearer" bill of lading which are possessory title documents and negotiable, i. e. they can be endorsed and so transfer the right to take delivery to the last endorsee. This aspect of shipping law is regulated by the Hague Rules, and the laws of individual countries, e. The Hague Conference on Private International Law (or HCCH for Hague Conference/Conférence de la Haye is the preeminent organisation in the area of Private international law g. the UK Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 and the U. S. Pomerene Act 1916. There is some international dispute as to whether the consignee on a straight bill must produce the bill in order to take delivery. The U. S. position is that the person taking delivery must prove his or her identity but, as in Hong Kong, there is no need to present the bill itself. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders In the UK there are conflicting obiter dicta in "The Rafaela S" [2003] 2 Lloyd's Rep. An obiter dictum (plural obiter dicta, often referred to simply as dicta) Latin for a statement "said by the way" is a 113 and "The Happy Ranger" [2002] 2 AER (Comm) 23, so the matter must remain unclear even though there are serious problems, for example, arising from the everyday occurrence of cargo being discharged against letters of indemnity when original bills of lading are not yet available to be presented at the discharge port. Cargo (or freight) refers to goods or produce transported generally for Commercial gain by ship, aircraft, train, ||-||-|-||-||-||-||-||-||-|} A port is a facility for receiving Ships and transferring cargo
Consignee rights
The rights of the consignee under an air waybill are regulated by the Warsaw Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air, 1929 and the Montreal Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air 1999 and the relevant state laws (which may be one law chosen as the proper law by the parties, or any combination of laws representing the seller, buyer, consignor, and carrier. The Warsaw Convention is an international convention which regulates liability for international carriage of persons luggage or goods performed by aircraft for reward The Montreal Convention, formally the Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage, is a treaty adopted by a Diplomatic meeting of ICAO
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