Conservation of mass

The law of conservation of mass/matter, also known as law of mass/matter conservation (or the Lomonosov-Lavoisier law), states that the mass of a closed system will remain constant, regardless of the processes acting inside the system. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (Михаи́л Васи́льевич Ломоно́сов () was a Russian Polymath, scientist Mass is a fundamental concept in Physics, roughly corresponding to the Intuitive idea of how much Matter there is in an object A Closed system is a System in the state of being isolated from the environment An equivalent statement is that matter cannot be created/destroyed, although it may be rearranged. Matter is commonly defined as being anything that has mass and that takes up space. This implies that for any chemical process in a closed system, the mass of the reactants must equal the mass of the products.

The law of "matter" conservation (in the sense of conservation of particles) may be considered as an approximate physical law that holds only in the classical sense before the advent of special relativity and quantum mechanics. Special relativity (SR (also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the Physical theory of Measurement in Inertial Quantum mechanics is the study of mechanical systems whose dimensions are close to the Atomic scale such as Molecules Atoms Electrons Mass is also not generally conserved in open systems, when various forms of energy are allowed into, or out of, the system. However, the law of mass conservation for closed systems, as viewed from their center of momentum inertial frames, continues to hold in modern physics. A center of momentum frame (or zero-momentum frame or COM frame of a system is any Inertial frame in which the Center of mass is at rest (has zero velocity

This historical concept is widely used in many fields such as chemistry, mechanics, and fluid dynamics. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Mechanics ( Greek) is the branch of Physics concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to Forces or displacements Fluid dynamics is the sub-discipline of Fluid mechanics dealing with fluid flow: Fluids ( Liquids and Gases in motion

1 Historical development and importance
- 1.1 Generalization
2 References
3 See also

Historical development and importance

An early yet incomplete theory of the conservation of mass was stated by Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī (1201-1274) in the 13th century. He wrote that a body of matter is able to change, but is not able to disappear. Matter is commonly defined as being anything that has mass and that takes up space. ^[1]

The law of conservation of mass was first clearly formulated by Lavoisier (1743-1794) in 1789, who is often for this reason (see below) referred to as a father of modern chemistry. Year 1789 ( MDCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties However, Mikhail Lomonosov (1711-1765) had previously expressed similar ideas in 1748 and proved them in experiments. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (Михаи́л Васи́льевич Ломоно́сов () was a Russian Polymath, scientist Others who anticipated the work of Lavoisier include Joseph Black (1728-1799), Henry Cavendish (1731-1810), and Jean Rey (1583-1645). Joseph Black ( April 16, 1728 &ndash December 6, 1799) was a Scottish Physicist and Chemist, known for his Henry Cavendish, FRS (10 October 1731 - 24 February 1810 was a British Scientist noted for his discovery of Hydrogen or what he called "inflammable Jean Rey (c 1583 - c 1645 was a French physician and chemist Born at Le Bugue, in the Périgord ( Dordogne Département ^[2]

Historically, the conservation of mass and weight was kept obscure for millennia by the buoyant effect of the Earth's atmosphere on the weight of gases, an effect not understood until the vacuum pump first allowed the effective weighing of gases using scales. Once understood, conservation of mass was of key importance in changing alchemy to modern chemistry. When scientists realized that substances never disappeared from measurement with the scales (once buoyancy had been accounted for), they could for the first time embark on quantitative studies of the transformations of substances. This in turn led to ideas of chemical elements, as well as the idea that all chemical processes and transformations (including both fire and metabolism) are simple reactions between invariant amounts/weights of these elements. This law is used by scientists all over the world.

Generalization

Main article: Conservation of mass in special relativity

Main article: Conservation of energy

In special relativity, the conservation of mass does not apply. The term Mass in Special relativity usually refers to the Rest mass of the object which is the Newtonian mass as measured by an observer moving along with In Physics, the law of conservation of energy states that the total amount of Energy in an isolated system remains constant and cannot be created although it may

The principle that the mass of a system of particles is equal to the sum of their masses, even though true in classical physics, is false in special relativity. Special relativity (SR (also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the Physical theory of Measurement in Inertial The mass-energy equivalence formula implies that bound systems have a mass less than the sum of their parts. In Physics, mass–energy equivalence is the concept that for particles slower than light any Mass has an associated Energy and vice versa. The difference, called a mass defect, is a measure of the binding energy — the strength of the bond holding together the parts (in other words, the energy needed to break them apart). Binding energy is the Mechanical energy required to disassemble a whole into separate parts The greater the mass defect, the larger the binding energy. The binding energy is released when the parts combine to form the bound system, and the mass decreases when the energy leaves the system. ^[3]

The conservation of mass may be cast in terms of the conservation of a system combination of energy and momentum, which is conserved, and which gives the same invariant mass of any system (such as the two-photon system) for any observer.

The conservation of mass applies to particles created by pair production. See also Electron-positron annihilation Meitner–Hupfeld effect Pair instability supernova The invariant mass of closed systems does not change when new particles are created.

References

^ Farid Alakbarov (Summer 2001). A 13th-Century Darwin? Tusi's Views on Evolution, Azerbaijan International 9 (2). Azerbaijan International is a quarterly magazine that features articles about Azerbaijan written in English.
^ An Historical Note on the Conservation of Mass, Robert D. Whitaker, Journal of Chemical Education, 52, 10, 658-659, Oct 75
^ Kenneth R. The Journal of Chemical Education ( JCE) is a monthly subscription-only periodical available in both print and electronic versions Lang, Astrophysical Formulae, Springer (1999), ISBN 3540296921

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