Conscience is a hypothesised ability or faculty that distinguishes whether our actions are right or wrong. Power is a measure of a person's ability to control the environment around them including the behavior of other people It leads to feelings of remorse when we do things that go against our moral values, and to feelings of rectitude or integrity when our actions conform to our moral values. Remorse (also called compunction) is an emotional expression of personal regret felt by a person after he or she has committed an act which they deem to be shameful Righteousness in this article refers to the important theological concept in Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. Integrity is Consistency of actions values methods measures and principles It is also the attitude which informs our moral judgment before performing any action. The extent to which such moral judgements are based in reason has been a matter of controversy almost throughout the history of Western philosophy. Western philosophy is a term that refers to philosophical thinking in the Western or Occidental world, as distinct from Eastern or Oriental philosophies

Commonly used metaphors refer to the "voice of conscience" or "voice within. "

Contents 1 Differing Views of Conscience 1.1 Religious views of conscience 1.1.1 Biblical references often cited regarding conscience 1.1.2 Conscience in Catholic theology 1.2 Secular views of conscience 1.2.1 Psycho-Analytical views 1.2.2 Bio-Psychological views 1.2.3 Conscience as society-forming instincts 1.3 Philosophical views of conscience 1.3.1 Medieval conceptions of conscience 1.3.2 Aquinas 1.3.3 Joseph Butler 1.3.4 Simon Soloveychik 2 Conscientious acts 2.1 Law 3 World Conscience 4 Endnotes 5 See also 6 External links

Differing Views of Conscience

Views of conscience are not mutually exclusive. Although there is no generally accepted definition of what conscience is or what its role in ethical decision-making is, there are three main factors that determine which stance is adopted. Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life

1. Religious views (including the Divine Command Theory, the works of John Henry Newman, Aquinas, Joseph Butler, Dietrich Bonhoffer and others). A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Family John Henry Newman was born in London and was the eldest son of John Newman (d You might also be looking for Joseph G Butler Jr, a philanthropist and historian or Joseph Campbell Butler, founding member of The Lovin' Spoonful Dietrich Bonhoeffer ˈdiːtrɪç ˈboːnhøfɐ ( February 4, 1906 &ndash April 9, 1945) was a German Lutheran
2. Secular views (including the psychological, physiological, sociological, humanitarian and authoritarian views. Secularism is generally the assertion that governmental practices or institutions should exist separately from Religion or religious beliefs Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Humanitarianism is an active belief in Humanism (the idea of the value of human life whereby Humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans Authoritarianism describes a Form of government characterized by an emphasis on the Authority of the State in a republic or union )
3. Philosophical views (including Hegel's Philosophy of Mind)

Religious views of conscience

According to some religious perspectives, your conscience is what bothers you when you do evil to your neighbour, or which informs you of the rightness or wrongness of an action before committing it. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Philosophy of mind is the branch of Philosophy that studies the nature of the Mind, Mental events Mental functions mental properties Evil, in many cultures is used to describe acts or thoughts which are contrary to some particular religion Doing good to your neighbor does not arouse the voice of conscience, but wickedness inflicted upon the innocent is sure to make the conscience scream. This is because in these world views, God has commanded all men to "love their neighbor". God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. The ethic of reciprocity is a fundamental moral Value which " refers to the balance in an interactive system such that each party has both rights and Insofar as a man fails to do this, he breaks God's law and thus his conscience bothers him until he confesses his sin to God and repents of that sin, clearing his conscience. Sin is a term used mainly in a religious context to describe an act that violates a moral Rule, or the state of having committed such a violation Repentance is a change of thought and action to correct a wrong and gain Forgiveness from the one wronged If one persists in an evil way of life for a long period of time, it is referred to as having one's conscience seared with a hot iron.

Many churches consider following one's conscience to be as important as, or even more important than, obeying human authority. In Politics, authority ( Latin Auctoritas, used in Roman law as opposed to Potestas and Imperium This can sometimes lead to moral quandaries: "Do I obey my church/military/political leader, or do I follow my own sense of right and wrong?" Most churches and religious groups hold the moral teachings of their sacred texts as the highest authority in any situation. This dilemma is akin to Antigone's defiance of King Creon's order, appealing to the "unwritten law" and to a "longer allegiance to the dead than to the living"; it can also be compared to the trial of Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann, in which he claimed that he had followed Kantian philosophy by simply "doing his job" instead of entering a state of civil disobedience ^[1]. This article is about the daughter of Oedipus For the daughter of Eurytion see Antigone (daughter of Eurytion. Creon ( Attic Greek: Κρέων - Kreōn, meaning "ruler" is the name of two mythological Greek kings a mythological son of Natural law or the law of nature ( Latin: lex naturalis) is a theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by Nature and that Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German War crimes are "violations of the laws or customs of war" including but not limited to "murder the ill-treatment or deportation of civilian residents of an occupied Immanuel Kant (ɪmanuəl kant 22 April 1724 12 February 1804 was an 18th-century German Philosopher from the Prussian city of Königsberg Civil disobedience is the active refusal to obey certain Laws demands and commands of a Government, or of an occupying power, without resorting to physical

In popular culture, the conscience is often illustrated as an angel standing on a person's right shoulder, the good side; on the left shoulder stands a devil. Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — An angel is a Spiritual Supernatural being found in many Religions Although the nature of angels and the tasks given to them vary from tradition to tradition The Devil is the These entities will then 'speak out' to you and try to influence you to make a good choice or bad choice depending on the situation.

Biblical references often cited regarding conscience

• Hebrews 9:14: "How much more, then, will the blood of Christ, who through the eternal Spirit offered himself unblemished to God, cleanse our consciences from acts that lead to death, so that we may serve the living God!"

• 1 Timothy 4:1,2: "Now the Spirit speaks expressly, that in the latter times some shall depart from the faith, giving heed to seducing spirits, and doctrines of devils speaking lies in hypocrisy; having their conscience seared with a hot iron. Christ is the English term for the Greek ( Khristós) meaning "the anointed " "

• Romans 2:14-15: " When Gentiles who do not possess the law carry out its precepts by the light of nature, then, although they have no law, they are their own law; they show that what the law requires is inscribed on their hearts, and to this their conscience gives supporting witness, since their own thoughts argue the case, sometimes against them, sometimes even for them. The term Gentile (from Latin, gentilis, meaning of or belonging to a clan or tribe refers to non- Israelite tribes or nations in the Bible. "

Conscience in Catholic theology

Conscience, in Catholic theology, is "a judgment of reason whereby the human person recognizes the moral quality of a concrete act he is going to perform, is in the process of performing, or has already completed" (Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraph 1778). Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective The Catechism of the Catholic Church, or CCC, is an official exposition of the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and the twenty-two Catholics are called to examine their conscience daily, and with special care before confession. The confession of one's Sins is a religious practice important to many faiths e

In current Catholic teaching, "Man has the right to act according to his conscience and in freedom so as personally to make moral decisions. He must not be forced to act contrary to his conscience. Nor must he be prevented from acting according to his conscience, especially in religious matters" (ibid. , paragraph 1782). In certain situations involving individual personal decisions that are incompatible with church law, some pastors rely on the use of the internal forum solution. Internal forum is a term used in moral theology referring to the private realm of one's personal Conscience or an act of judgement applying the universal truth to

However, the Catholic Church has warned that "rejection of the Church's authority and her teaching. . . can be at the source of errors in judgment in moral conduct" (ibid. , paragraph 1792)

Secular views of conscience

Modern day scientists in the fields of ethology, neuroscience and evolutionary psychology seek to explain conscience as a function of the brain that evolved to facilitate reciprocal altruism within societies. Ethology ( from Greek ἦθος ethos, "character" and λόγος logos, "knowledge") is the scientific study of Animal Neuroscience is a field devoted to the scientific study of the nervous system Evolutionary psychology ( EP) attempts to explain mental and psychological traits ��such as Memory, Perception, The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain In Evolutionary biology and Evolutionary psychology, reciprocal altruism is a form of Altruism in which one organism provides a benefit to another without

Psycho-Analytical views

The psychologist Sigmund Freud regarded conscience as originating in the superego, which takes its cue from one's parents during childhood. Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded Id, ego, and super-ego are the three parts of the " Psychic apparatus " defined in Sigmund Freud 's structural model of According to Freud, the consequence of not obeying our conscience is "guilt," which can be a factor in the development of neurosis. ---- Guilt is the Fact, state or Verdict (by a Court or other Tribunal) of an Offence, Crime, Violation This article describes the term in psychology For the experimental metal band see Neurosis (band. One's conscience is a societal construction which keeps one operating under the social ideology through the negative-feedback system of guilt.

Bio-Psychological views

Conscience can prompt different people in quite different directions, depending on their beliefs, suggesting that while the capacity for conscience is probably genetically determined, its subject matter is probably learned, or imprinted, like language, as part of a culture. Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is This article is about the psychological term For other meanings see Imprinting. Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic For instance, one person may feel a moral duty to go to war, while another feels a moral duty to avoid war under any circumstances.

Numerous case studies of brain damage have shown that damage to specific areas of the brain (e. g. the anterior prefrontal cortex) results in the reduction or elimination of inhibitions, with a corresponding radical change in behaviour patterns. When the damage occurs to adults, they may still be able to perform moral reasoning; but when it occurs to children, they may never develop that ability. ^[2]

Conscience as society-forming instincts

The human animal has a set of instincts and drives which enable us to form societies: groups of humans without these drives, or in whom they are insufficiently strong, cannot form cohesive societies and do not reproduce their kind as successfully as those that do. They either cannot survive in nature, or are defeated in conflict with other, more cohesive groups.

Behavior destructive to a person's society (either to its structures, or to the persons it comprises) is bad or "evil. " Evil or wrong acts provoke either fear or disgust/contempt. Fear is an Emotional response to Threats and Danger. It is a basic survival mechanism occurring in response to a specific Stimulus, such as Thus, one who threatens people with a chainsaw and one whose sexual practices we ourselves find revolting might both be labeled "bad. "

Conscience is what we call those drives that prompt us to avoid provoking fear or contempt in others. We experience the operation of conscience as guilt and shame. We feel guilt when we perceive that others might rightly fear us, and shame when we perceive that others might rightly find us disgusting or contemptible. To avoid these negative and unpleasant feelings, we modify our behavior: thus "conscience" prompts us to behave "rightly. "

Guilt and shame differ from society to society, and person to person. This both in the content of what acts might provoke these feelings, and the general degree of how strongly these feelings are felt. Indeed, an individual can feel guilt or shame retrospectively for past acts, as one's ideas about right behavior change. A person's circumstances will also alter their ideas of what is "bad. " Persons in nations, religious groups, gangs, or other types of groups will - if their group and another are engaged in physical conflict - view members of the other group as "bad," and view members of that gang harming members of their own as wrong acts.

A requirement of conscience, then, is the capacity to see ourselves from the point of view of another person. Persons unable to do this (psycopaths, sociopaths, narcissists) therefore often act in ways which are "evil. Psychopathy ( is a psychological construct that describes chronic immoral and Antisocial behavior Psychopathy ( is a psychological construct that describes chronic immoral and Antisocial behavior Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD is a Personality disorder defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the diagnostic classification "

Another requirement is that we see ourselves and some "other" as being in a social relationship. Persons trying to resolve conflict between groups try (and sometimes succeed) to create a feeling that a social relationship exists, that the groups in conflict all belong to some larger encompassing group. Thus, nationalism is invoked to quell tribal conflict, and the notion of a Brotherhood of Man is invoked to quell national conflicts. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use Brotherhood of Man are a British pop groupwho won the Eurovision Song Contest in 1976 with " Save Your Kisses for Me " War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units There are even appeals to relationships between ourselves and the animals in society (pets, working animals, even animals grown for food), or between ourselves and nature as a whole. A pet is an Animal kept for companionship and enjoyment or a househeld animal as opposed to Livestock, Laboratory animals Working animals Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. The goal is that once people perceive a social relationship, their conscience will begin to operate with respect to that former "other", and they will change their actions.

Conscience, then, and ideas of right and wrong, are a result of the kind of animals we are. We even see this in nonhuman animals ^[3][4][5].

Philosophical views of conscience

As science means knowledge, conscience etymologically means with-knowledge. But the English word implies a moral standard of action in the mind as well as a consciousness of our own actions. Conscience is the reason, employed about questions of right and wrong, and accompanied with the sentiments of approbation and condemnation. Any consideration of conscience must consider the estimate or determination of conscience and the resulting conviction or right or duty. For further and wider view of knowing the philosophical view of conscience one must know the prominent ethical philosophers particularly (Socrates,Plato and Aristotle)and 1. Aquinas 2. Kant 3. Confuscios 4. Buddhism 5. and then also the entire school of thoughts of Philosophy that deals on Moral issue like the Utilitarian, Pragmaticism, etc.

Medieval conceptions of conscience

The medieval schoolmen made a distinction between conscience and a closely related concept called synderesis. Scholasticism was the dominant form of theology and philosophy in the Latin West in the Middle Ages, particularly in the 12th 13th and 14th centuries Synderesis, in scholastic Moral philosophy, is the natural capacity or disposition (habitus of the Practical reason to apprehend However, there is evidence that this is an artificial distinction, and that the two terms originally meant the same thing.

Aquinas

St. Thomas Aquinas claimed that conscience was “reason making right decisions”. He still argued that, if one is doing good, then it must come from God.

For Aquinas, our God-given reason, by synderesis, has an innate awareness of good and evil that cannot be mistaken – we all have this ability to distinguish from good and evil in the same quantity, and feel a moral obligation to avoid evil and pursue goodness. Aquinas also described synderesis as an awareness of the five primary precepts as proposed in his theory of Natural Law. Natural law or the law of nature ( Latin: lex naturalis) is a theory that posits the existence of a law whose content is set by Nature and that

Aquinas referred to the conscience as the conscientia and defined it as the acting out of the information given by synderesis, or the process of judgment which acts upon synderesis - the "application of knowledge to activity. Synderesis, in scholastic Moral philosophy, is the natural capacity or disposition (habitus of the Practical reason to apprehend "

Aquinas also discussed the virtue of prudence to explain why some people appear to be less 'morally enlightened' than others. Prudence is the most important of all virtues, as it helps us balance our own needs with those of others and to reason out the knowledge of synderesis. Prudence (latprudentia is classically considered to be a Virtue, and indeed one of the Cardinal Virtues. Our conscience may be mistaken if we haven't acquired enough of the virtue of prudence, which can lead to a breakdown of communication between synderesis and conscientia.

To clarify things, take the analogy of a locked safe. The safe itself is the moral knowledge of synderesis, the key to the safe of moral knowledge is the virtue of prudence, and the hands of practical application apply the key to unlock the safe is the conscientia.

Aquinas reasoned that acting contrary to your conscience is an evil action, since although it may be mistaken at times it is our only guide. The 'erring conscience' as Aquinas termed it, explains the differences that may arise in different people's conscientia. You have an erring conscience if you are mistaken or confused about the moral course of action. The question could be raised however: is an erring conscience blameworthy? For Aquinas, an erring conscience is only blameworthy if it is the result of culpable or vincible ignorance of factors that are within one's duty to have knowledge of. Vincible ignorance is in Catholic Ethics, Ignorance in a moral or doctrinal matter that could have been removed by diligence reasonable to the circumstances If however, an erring conscience is the result of an invincible ignorance of factors that are beyond your control, your actions are not culpable. One must also be aware of Aquinas’ distinction between real and apparent goods. Although real goods are from God, apparent goods (when we follow the wrong path believing it to be a real good) are not. An erring conscience may lead us down the path of an apparent good, which will not lead to human flourishing.

Aquinas reasoned that we should educate our consciences in order to act well and align our actions towards the highest good. Although conscience should be applied before an action, it may also retrospectively cause feelings of guilt or satisfaction.

Joseph Butler

Joseph Butler argued that conscience is God-given and should always be obeyed. You might also be looking for Joseph G Butler Jr, a philanthropist and historian or Joseph Campbell Butler, founding member of The Lovin' Spoonful God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Butler also said that it is intuitive, as we have the ability to perceive things beyond empirical evidence, and therefore it is considered the ‘constitutional monarch’ and the ‘universal moral faculty’. Empirical research is any research that bases its findings on direct or indirect Observation as its test of Reality. It would appear that Butler is in striking accordance with Situation Ethics – Fletcher was also an Anglican Priest, which may have played some part in this. Joseph Fletcher (1905-1991 was an American professor who founded the theory of Situational ethics in the 1960s and was a pioneer in the field of Bioethics Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities Butler refers to the use of ‘self-love’ and ‘benevolence’ in conscience, which can be attributed to the Agape of Situational ethics. Agapē (ˈægəpiː ( Gk αγάπη) is one of several Greek words translated into English as love. Situational ethics, or situation ethics, is a Christian ethical theory that was principally developed in the 1960s by the Episcopal priest Joseph Fletcher As Situational ethics is teleological and assesses each scenario on an individual basis, it would stand to reason that it supports the use of conscience in every decision. Teleology ( Greek: telos: end purpose is the philosophical study of design and Purpose. However, as Vardy claims, there is no such thing as a conscience in Situational ethics – only the attempts of making appropriate decisions in situations. One could argue that these ‘attempts’ are in fact the conscience itself, and it therefore does support its use in decision-making.

Simon Soloveychik

According to Simon Soloveychik the truth distributed in the world, as the statement about human dignity, as the affirmation of the line between good and evil - lives in people as conscience. Simon L'vovich Soloveychik (1930-1996 was a Russian publicist educator and philosopher This brief article is about how the term dignity is used The article presents dignity as it is used by international organizations governments bioethicists academics and In Religion, Ethics, and Philosophy, the phrase good and evil refers to the location of objects desires and Behaviors on a two-way Evil, in many cultures is used to describe acts or thoughts which are contrary to some particular religion Millions of people for thousands of years sought the truth and reached it, and so, gradually the common knowledge (science), the common message about the truth was defined - con-science. Knowledge is defined ( Oxford English Dictionary) variously as (i expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education the theoretical or practical understanding A message in its most general meaning is an object of Communication. In many languages this word is constructed the same way as in Russian (message is весть and conscience is со-весть). Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages In German Wissen - is knowledge, and Gewissen - is conscience,

He stated that conscience - is a common, one for all, knowledge about what good is and what evil is for humankind. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Not for a man, not for his time, not for a group of men, but for humankind as a whole. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus As language, conscience is individual in each person and it is common for all.

He explained that the truth-conscience enters the man not with genes and not by upbringing: if conscience depended on upbringing then many people would not have known about it at all. History See also History of genetics The existence of genes was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822-1884 who in the 1860s studied inheritance It enters the man with a bearer of the common knowledge of good and evil, of the truth - with a common thing - human language. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them To his opinion, the answer about human conscience is as follows: a man obtains the moral law, which is conscience, through his native language. Moral absolutism is the Meta-ethical view that there are absolute standards against which Moral questions can be Judged, and that certain actions His consciousness, his self-consciousness, and his soul are forming during the obtaining of speech, his consciousness and his speech - are practically the same thing. Consciousness has been defined loosely as a constellation of attributes of Mind such as Subjectivity, Self-awareness, Sentience, and the The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living Speech refers to the processes associated with the production and perception of Sounds used in Spoken language. In speech and in the language all major images of good and evil, the concept of the truth as well as a concept of the law is available; these concepts and images are becoming a child's own consciousness similar to language. Studying language, its lively phrases, its proverbs, perceiving the folklore, art and literature of his nation, a child is absorbing a common message of good and evil, - his conscience - and besides, he doesn't notice that, it seems to him that conscience occurred somehow by itself.

Soloveychik wrote, "A child sinking in a moral atmosphere of language and culture absorbs drops of the ocean of public consciousness. Genius people by their immense life work raises to such highs of the truth, that these great people are called the conscience of humankind. But both a two year old child, who feels something similar to a sense of guilt for the first time, and a well-known writer, who is called a guardian of human conscience, drink from the same source of common human knowledge of the truth. " ^[6].

Conscientious acts

A conscientious objector is an individual whose personal beliefs are incompatible with military service, or sometimes with any role in the armed forces. A conscientious objector (CO is an individual who on religious moral or ethical grounds refuses to participate as a combatant in war or in some cases to take any role that would support The reasons for refusing to serve are varied. Many conscientious objectors are so for religious reasons—notably, members of the historic peace churches are pacifist by doctrine. Peace churches are Christian churches groups or communities advocating Christian pacifism. Other objections can stem from a deep sense of responsibility toward humanity as a whole, or from simple denial that any government should have that kind of moral authority.

Amnesty International has created the term prisoner of conscience to mean a person imprisoned for their conscientious beliefs. Amnesty International (commonly known as Amnesty or AI) is a Western based international Non-governmental organization which defines its mission as "to Prisoner of conscience (POC is a term coined by the human rights group Amnesty International in the early 1960s

Law

In law, a conscience clause is a clause in a law that relieves an individual from complying with the law if it is incompatible with religious or conscientious beliefs.

World Conscience

World conscience is the idea that with global communication we as a people will no longer be estranged from one another, whether it be culturally, ethnically, or geographically. Instead, we will approach the world as a place in which we all live, and with newly gained understanding of each other we will begin to make decisions based on what is beneficial for all people.

Related to this idea is the idea of world consciousness. It too, looks at people in terms of the collective, but refers more to the universal ideas of the cosmos, instead of the interconnectedness of choice. In other words, conscience is 'inner voice'.

Endnotes

See also

• Consciousness
• Conscientiousness
• Moral value
• Guilt
• Ethics
• Freedom
• Inner light
• John Locke, in particular An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, chapter XXVII "Of Identity and Diversity" where he defines consciousness
• Morality
• Moral philosophy
• Moral repugnance
• Reason

External links

• A chapter on Conscience From Parenting For Everyone, by S. Simon L'vovich Soloveychik (1930-1996 was a Russian publicist educator and philosopher Consciousness has been defined loosely as a constellation of attributes of Mind such as Subjectivity, Self-awareness, Sentience, and the Conscientiousness is the Trait of being painstaking and Careful, or the quality of acting according to the dictates of one's Conscience. ---- Guilt is the Fact, state or Verdict (by a Court or other Tribunal) of an Offence, Crime, Violation Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Freedom, or the idea of being free is a broad concept that Inner Light is a concept which many Quakers members of the Religious Society of Friends, use to express their faith and beliefs John Locke (29 August 1632 – 28 October 1704 was an English Philosopher. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding is one of John Locke 's two most famous works the other being his Second Treatise on Civil Government Morality (from the Latin la moralitas "manner character proper behavior" has three principal meanings Ethics is a major branch of Philosophy, encompassing right conduct and good life Disgust is an Emotion that is typically associated with things that are perceived as Unclean, Inedible, or Infectious. Reason involves the ability to think understand and draw Conclusions in an Abstract way as in Human thinking Soloveychik, 1986
• Quotations about Conscience at Liberty-tree. ca
• The Defining Moment for Creating the Culture of Conscience
• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Medieval Theories of Conscience
• Taqwa: The concept of conscience in the Quran
• The neural basis of human moral cognition.

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