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Polish Statehood  |
Congress Poland Polish: Kongresówka [kɔngrɛˈsufka], officially and formally Kingdom of Poland (Polish: Królestwo Polskie [kruˈlɛstfɔ ˈpɔlskʲɛ], Russian: Царство Польское Tsarstvo Polskoye Russian pronunciation: ['tsarstʋɘ 'polʲskɘje]) and informally known as Russian Poland was a constitutional personal union of the Russian Empire created in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, replaced by the Central Powers in 1915 with the Kingdom of Poland. The Kingdom of Poland ( pol Królestwo Polskie, lat Regnum Poloniae, ukr The Kingdom of Poland of the Jagiellons was the Polish state created by the accession of Wladislaus II Jagiełło, Grand Duke of Lithuania, to The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic The Partitions of Poland or Partitions of the Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth took place in the second half of the 18th century and ended the existence of the The Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria official (Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien mit dem Großherzogtum Krakau und den Herzogtümern Auschwitz und Zator official The Duchy of Warsaw (Księstwo Warszawskie Duché de Varsovie Herzogtum Warschau Варшавское герцогство was a Polish state established by Napoleon The Free Independent and Strictly Neutral City of Kraków (Cracow with its Territory The Grand Duchy of Posen (Großherzogtum Posen Wielkie Księstwo Poznańskie was an autonomous province of the Kingdom of Prussia in the Polish lands commonly known as " For the Grand Duke overlord of the Polanes during fragmentation of Poland see Duke of Cracow (1138 - 1320 The Grand Duchy of Cracow (Großherzogtum The Second Polish Republic or interwar Poland is the Republic of Poland between World War I and World War II. Polish Underground State (Polskie Państwo Podziemne also known as Polish Secret State) refers to all underground resistance organizations in Poland during The People's Republic of Poland or Polish People's Republic ( Polish: Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa, PRL Russian Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Year 1902 ( MCMII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages A personal union is the combination by which two different States are governed by the same Monarch, while their boundaries their laws and their interests remain distinct The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich The Central Powers ( German: "Mittelmächte" Hungarian: "Központi hatalmak" Turkish: "İttifak Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Kingdom of Poland, also informally called Regency Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Regencyjne was the state proposed by the Act of November 5, 1916 issued Though officially Congress Poland was to begin its statehood with considerable official political autonomy the Tsars generally disregarded any restrictions on their power and severely curtailed autonomous powers following uprisings in 1830-31 and 1863 turning it first into a puppet state of the Russian Empire and later dividing it into provinces. Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. The November Uprising (1830&ndash1831&mdashalso known as the Cadet Revolution &mdashwas an armed rebellion against the rule of the Russian Empire in Poland The January Uprising ( Polish: powstanie styczniowe, Lithuanian: 1863 m A puppet state is a State that is nominally independent but in reality under the control of another power [1][2] Thus from the start the Polish autonomy remained nothing more then fiction[3].
The territory of Congress Poland roughly corresponds to the Lublin, Łódź, Masovia, Podlachia and Świętokrzyskie voivodeships of Poland. Lublin Voivodeship (also known as Lublin Province or województwo lubelskie or simply Lubelskie) is a voivodeship, or Province, in eastern Poland Łódź Voivodeship (also known as Łódź Province or by its Polish name of województwo łódzkie or simply Łódzkie) is a province ( voivodeship Masovian Voivodeship (also known as Masovia Province or by its Polish name of województwo mazowieckie or simply Mazowieckie) is the largest and most Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship (województwo świętokrzyskie or simply Świętokrzyskie) is one of the 16 voivodeships (provinces into which Poland Voivodeship The voivodeship or province (województwo has been a high-level Administrative subdivision of Poland since the 14th century
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Naming
Although the official name of the state was the Kingdom of Poland, in practice this was not used. Instead, in order to distinguish it from other Kingdoms of Poland, it was then and is usually now referred to as Congress Poland. Highly developed agricultural people have lived in the area that is now Poland for the last 7500 years the Slavic people have settled in this territory for over 1500 years and the Throughout the 19th century, the term Congress Poland continued to be used in relation to these territories, although the political entity they were connected with no longer existed. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar
History
Congress Poland was created out of the Duchy of Warsaw at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, when European states reorganized Europe following the Napoleonic wars. The Duchy of Warsaw (Księstwo Warszawskie Duché de Varsovie Herzogtum Warschau Варшавское герцогство was a Polish state established by Napoleon The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions The creation of Congress Poland created a partition of Polish lands in which the state was divided and ruled between Russia, Austria and Prussia. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state [4] The Congress was important enough in the creation of the state to cause the new country to be named for it. A congress is a formal meeting of representatives from different countries (or by extension Constituent States, or independent organisations (such as different Trade [5][6] Congress Poland lost its status as a sovereign state in 1831 and the administrative division of Congress Poland was reorganized. Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a The Administrative division of Congress Poland changed several times It was sufficiently distinct that its name remained in official Russian use, although in the later years of Russian rule it was often replaced, albeit unofficially,[7] with the Vistulan Country (Russian: Privislyansky Krai). Vistula Land or Vistula Country (Привислянский Край Privislyansky Krai; Kraj Przywiślański was the name applied for the lands of Following the defeat of the November Uprising its separate institutions and administrative arrangements were abolished as part of increased Russification to be more closely integrated with the Russian Empire. The November Uprising (1830&ndash1831&mdashalso known as the Cadet Revolution &mdashwas an armed rebellion against the rule of the Russian Empire in Poland Russification (in Russian: русификация rusifikátsiya)is an adoption of the Russian language or some other Russian attribute (whether voluntarily The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya However, even after this formalized annexation, the territory retained some degree of distinctiveness and continued to be referred to informally as Congress Poland until the Russian rule there ended as a result of the advance by the armies of the Central Powers in 1915 during the First World War. The Central Powers ( German: "Mittelmächte" Hungarian: "Központi hatalmak" Turkish: "İttifak Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All
Originally, the kingdom had an area of roughly 128,500 km2 and a population of approximately 3. 3 million. The new state would be one of the smallest Polish states ever, smaller than the preceding Duchy of Warsaw and much smaller than the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (which had a population of 10 million and an area of 1 million km2. The Duchy of Warsaw (Księstwo Warszawskie Duché de Varsovie Herzogtum Warschau Варшавское герцогство was a Polish state established by Napoleon The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, officially the Commonwealth of the Crown of the Polish Kingdom and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania also known as the Most Serene Republic [6] Its population reached 6. 1 million by 1870 and 10 million by 1900. Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar Most of the ethnic Poles in the Russian Empire lived in the Congress Kingdom, although some areas outside it also contained Polish majority. The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya
Congress Poland largely emerged as a result of the efforts of Adam Jerzy Czartoryski,[8] a Pole who aimed to resurrect the Polish state in alliance with Russia. Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski (also known in English as Adam George Czartoryski; January 14 1770 – July 15 1861 was a Polish noble, Statesman Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Formally, the Kingdom of Poland was one of the few contemporary constitutional monarchies in Europe, with the Emperor of Russia as Polish King; his title in chief of Poland, in Russian, was Tsar, similar to fully integrated sates with the Empire (Georgia, Kazan, Siberia). A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is Poland, or at least its nucleus was ruled at various times either by książęta (Dukes(ca Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Kazan (Каза́нь Казан tt Qazan) is the capital city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, and one of Russia's largest cities Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving
Initial independence
Theoretically Congress Poland in its original form was a semi-autonomous state in personal union with Russia through the rule of the Russian tsar. A personal union is the combination by which two different States are governed by the same Monarch, while their boundaries their laws and their interests remain distinct The state possessed the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland, one of the most liberal in 19th century Europe,[8] a Sejm (parliament) responsible to the tsar capable of voting laws, an independent army, currency, budget, penal code and a customs boundary separating it from the rest of Russian lands. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland (Konstytucja Królestwa Polskiego was granted to the 'Congress' Kingdom of Poland by Tsar of Russia and King of Poland The złoty (/ˈzwɔtɨ/, plural for numbers ending in 2 3 and 4 (except 12 13 and 14 złote /ˈzwɔtɛ/ plural for all other numbers złotych /ˈzwɔtɨx/ Budget (from French bougette, purse generally refers to a list of all planned expenses and revenues A penal code is a portion of a State 's Laws defining Crimes and specifying the Punishment. Customs is an Authority or agency in a Country responsible for collecting and safeguarding customs duties and for controlling the flow of goods Poland also had democratic traditions (Golden Liberty) and the Polish nobility deeply valued personal freedom. Golden Liberty ( Latin: Aurea Libertas; Polish: Złota Wolność) sometimes referred to as Golden Freedoms, Nobles' Democracy Szlachta ( refers to the noble class in the Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (since 1569 semi-federal semi-confederal In reality, the tsars had absolute power and the formal title of Autocrat, and wanted no restrictions on their rule. All opposition to the emperor was persecuted and the law was disregarded at will by Russian officials. [9] though the absolute rule demanded by Russia was difficult to establish due Congress Poland's liberal traditions and insititutions. The independence of Congress Poland lasted only 15 years; initially Alexander I used a title of the King of Poland and was obligated to observe resolutions of the constitution. Alexander I of Russia ( Russian: Александр I Павлович / Aleksandr I Pavlovich (23 December 1777 – November 19 1825 served as Emperor of However, in time the situation changed and he granted the viceroy, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, almost dictatorial powers. Constantine Pavlovich Romanov (Константи́н Па́влович Рома́нов [5] Very soon after Congress of Vienna resolutions were signed, Russia ceased to respect them. The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich In 1819 Alexander I abolished freedom of the press the press and introduced preventory censorship. Year 1819 ( MDCCCXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar in the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor Resistance to Russian control began in 1820s[3]. Russian secret police commanded by Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev started persecution of Polish secret organizations and in 1821 the Tsar ordered the abolition of Freemasonry which represented patriotic traditions of Poland[3]. Count Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev (Никола́й Никола́евич Новоси́льцев (1761&ndash1836 was a Russian statesman and a close aide to Alexander Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Beginning in 1825 the sessions of the Sejm were held in secret. Year 1825 ( MDCCCXXV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
Uprisings and loss of autonomy
Alexander I's successor, Nicholas I was crowned King of Poland on 24 May 1829 in Warsaw, but he declined to swear to abide by the Constitution and continued to limit the independence of Congress Poland. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned For the game see 1829 (board game. Year 1829 ( MDCCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Nicholas rule was representing the idea of Official Nationality, that is Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality. In relation to Poles those ideas meant the goal of assimiliation that is turning them into loyal Orthodox Russians[3]. The principle of Orthodoxy was the result of special role it played in Russian Empire, as the Church was in fact becoming a department of state[3], and other religions discriminated, for instance papal bulls in Congress Poland could not be read without agreement from Russian government. The rule of Nicholas also meant end of political traditions in Poland, it ended the existence of democratic institutions, introduced centralised administration that was not elected but appointed, and it tried to change relations between state and individual. All of this led to discontent and resistance among Polish population[3]. In January 1831 the Sejm deposed the Tsar as King of Poland in response to his repeated curtailment of its constitutional rights. Year 1831 ( MDCCCXXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Poland, or at least its nucleus was ruled at various times either by książęta (Dukes(ca The Tsar reacted by sending Russian troops into Poland and the November Uprising broke out. The November Uprising (1830&ndash1831&mdashalso known as the Cadet Revolution &mdashwas an armed rebellion against the rule of the Russian Empire in Poland [10]
Following an 11-month military campaign Congress Poland lost its semi-independence and was subsequently integrated much more closely to the Russian Empire. This was formalised through the issuing of the Organic Statute of the Kingdom of Poland by the Emperor in 1832, which abolished the constitution, army and legislative assembly. Organic Statute of the Kingdom of Poland (Statut Organiczny dla Królestwa Polskiego was a quasi- Constitution replacing the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland In the next 30 years a series of measures bound Congress Poland ever more closely to Russia. In 1863 the January Uprising broke out, but was crushed by 1865. The January Uprising ( Polish: powstanie styczniowe, Lithuanian: 1863 m As a direct result any remaining separate status of Congress Poland was removed and the political entity was directly incorporated into the Russian Empire. The formerly unofficial name of "Vistulan Country" (Russian: Привислинский Край) replaced "Congress Poland" as the area's official name and the area became a namestnichestvo under the control of a namestnik until 1875, when it became a Guberniya. Vistulans (Wiślanie were a Lechitic tribe inhabiting since at least the 7th century, lands known today as Lesser Poland. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Namestnik (наме́стник) was an office position in the history of Russia. Guberniya (губе́рния) (also gubernia, guberniia, gubernya) was a major administrative subdivision of Imperial Russia, usually In the 1880s, the official language was changed to Russian and Polish was banned both from the office and education. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. In 1912 the southeastern part, around Chełm, was constituted a separate entity and incorporated into core Russia. Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting Chełm (Холм Kholm) is a city in eastern Poland with 72595 inhabitants (2005 Congress Poland was looted and abandoned by the retreating Russian army in 1915 during World War I and the following year the occupying Central Powers created the short-lived Kingdom of Poland out of most of its territory. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (UTC (Вооружённые Си́лы Росси́йской Федера́ции Transliteration Vooruzhyónniye Síly Rossíyskoy Federátsii Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Central Powers ( German: "Mittelmächte" Hungarian: "Központi hatalmak" Turkish: "İttifak The Kingdom of Poland, also informally called Regency Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Regencyjne was the state proposed by the Act of November 5, 1916 issued
Government
The government of the Congress of Poland was outlined in the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland in 1815. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland (Konstytucja Królestwa Polskiego was granted to the 'Congress' Kingdom of Poland by Tsar of Russia and King of Poland The Emperor of Russia was the official head of state, considered the King of Poland, with the local government headed by the Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland, Council of State and Administrative Council, in addition to a the Sejm. Poland, or at least its nucleus was ruled at various times either by książęta (Dukes(ca Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland (Namiestnik Królestwa Polskiego was the Title of the official representatives of the King of Poland (i Council of State Rada Stanu of Congress Kingdom of Poland was an important State institution of Poland that existed in the 18th century Administrative Council (Rada Administracyjna was a part of Council of State of the Congress Poland.
In theory Congress Poland possessed one of the most liberal governments of the time in Europe,[8] but in practice the area was a puppet state of the Russian Empire. The liberal provisions of the constitution, and the scope of the autonomy were often disregarded by the Russian officials. [8][6][9]
See also
- History of Poland (1795–1918)
- Grand Duchy of Finland (1809–1917)
- Governors-General of Poland
- Pale of Settlement
References
- ^ Nicolson, Harold George (2001). Partitions Summary Although the majority of the Szlachta was reconciled to the end of the Commonwealth in 1795 the possibility of The Grand Duchy of Finland (Magnus Ducatus Finlandiæ Великое княжество Финляндское ' Velikoe knjažestvo finljandskoe) was the Predecessor Year 1809 ( MDCCCIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Namestnik of the Kingdom of Poland (Namiestnik Królestwa Polskiego was the Title of the official representatives of the King of Poland (i The Pale of Settlement (Черта́ осе́длости cherta osedlosti) was the term given to a region of Imperial Russia, along its western border in which Sir Harold George Nicolson KCVO CMG ( November 21 1886 &ndash May 1 1968) was an English Diplomat The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity, 1812-1822. New York: Grove Press, 171. ISBN 0-802-13744-X.
- ^ Palmer, Alan Warwick (1997). Twilight of the Habsburgs: The Life and Times of Emperor Francis Joseph. Boston: Atlantic Monthly Press, 7. ISBN 0-871-13665-1.
- ^ a b c d e f Nation without a State: Imagining Poland in the Nineteenth Century by Agnieszka Barbara Nance, Dissertation for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin page 169-188
- ^ Henderson, WO (1964). Castlereagh et l'Europe, w: Le Congrès de Vienne et l'Europe. Paris: Bruxelles, 60.
- ^ a b Miłosz, Czesław (1983). Czesław Miłosz; ( June 30, 1911 — August 14, 2004) was a Polish Poet, prose writer and Translator The history of Polish literature. Berkeley: University of California Press, 196. ISBN 0520044770. Retrieved on 2008-04-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
- ^ a b c Nicolson, Harold George (2001). Sir Harold George Nicolson KCVO CMG ( November 21 1886 &ndash May 1 1968) was an English Diplomat The Congress of Vienna: A Study in Allied Unity, 1812-1822. New York: Grove Press, 179–180. ISBN 0-802-13744-X. Retrieved on 2008-04-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
- ^ Kingdom of Poland. The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia (1890–1906). The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary ( Russian: Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона (35 volumes small Retrieved on 2006-07-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. (Russian)
- ^ a b c d Ludwikowski, Rett R. (1996). Constitution-making in the region of former Soviet dominance. Durham, N. C: Duke University Press, 12–13. ISBN 0-822-31802-4.
- ^ a b konstytucja Królestwa Polskiego. Encyklopedia PWN . Retrieved on 2006-01-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. (Polish)
- ^ Janowski, Maciej; Przekop, Danuta (2004). Polish Liberal Thought Before 1918. Budapest: Central European University Press, 74. Central European University (CEU is a US - and Hungarian -licensed and accredited university based in Budapest, Hungary. ISBN 9639241180. Retrieved on 2008-04-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
Further reading
- Arcadius Kahan, Russian Economic History: The Nineteenth Century, University of Chicago Press, 1989, ISBN 0-226-42243-7
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