A congener (from Latin roots meaning "born together" or "within the same race or kind") has several different meanings depending on the field in which it is used. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Colloquially, it is used to mean a person or thing like another in character or action.

Biology

In biology, congeners are organisms within the same genus or species. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Congeners within the same geographical region can compete, through exploitative, preemptive,interference, and intra and inter competition with one another so many adaptations can be observed that mitigate this pressure on populations. These adaptations may include changes in habitat niche and resource allocations. Predator-prey relationships may also be affected.

Chemistry

Example of a congener: the number and locations of Cl groups can vary

In chemistry, congeners are related chemicals, e. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties g. , a derivative or an element in the same group of the periodic table

• There are 209 congeners of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) as well as 209 congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE). The periodic table of the chemical elements is a tabular method of displaying the Chemical elements Although precursors to this table exist its invention is Polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCB s are a class of Organic compounds with 1 to 10 Chlorine atoms attached to Biphenyl which is a molecule composed Polybrominated diphenyl ethers or PBDE, are Organic compounds that are used as a Flame retardant.
• Congeners of oleic acids can modify cell membrane behavior protecting against tumors or having effects on blood pressure. Oleic acid is a Monounsaturated omega-9 Fatty acid found in various animal and vegetable sources The cell membrane (also called the plasma membrane, plasmalemma, or "phospholipid bilayer" is a Selectively permeable Lipid bilayer

Fermentation

In the alcoholic beverage industry, congener refers to impurities produced during fermentation or to metals such as zinc, added to certain sweet liqueurs in order to enhance flavor. Fermentation in Food processing typically refers to the conversion of Sugar to Alcohol using Yeast under Anaerobic conditions Congeners are responsible for most of the taste, aroma, and color of alcoholic beverages. It has been suggested that these substances also contribute to the symptoms of a hangover, although the more likely cause is a more complicated mix of ethanol, dehydration, and various other factors (see hangover for a more complete list). A hangover ( veisalgia) describes the sum of unpleasant physiological effects following heavy consumption of drugs particularly Alcoholic beverages The most commonly Dehydration ( hypohydration) is the removal of Water ( hydro in ancient Greek) from an object A hangover ( veisalgia) describes the sum of unpleasant physiological effects following heavy consumption of drugs particularly Alcoholic beverages The most commonly

Genetics

In genetics, congenic organisms are organisms with very similar genomes, except for a small fraction. Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is In Genetics, two Organisms that differ in one locus are defined as congenic or coisogenic. For example, recombinant congenic mice strains are produced in laboratories as a tool to study genetic disease. A genetic disorder is a condition caused by abnormalities in Genes or Chromosomes While some diseases such as Cancer, are due to genetic abnormalities acquired

References

• http://www.scientificsocieties.org/jib/papers/2004/G-2004-1310-263.pdf
• http://www.desy.de/~sergio/Funari-JLR-2003.pdf
• http://www.esf.edu/aec/publications/abstract/baldigo.htm