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| National Confederation of Labour | |
| Confederación Nacional del Trabajo | |
| Founded | 1910 |
|---|---|
| Members | 6,000 |
| Country | Spain |
| Affiliation | International Workers Association |
| Key people | Fidel Manrique, secretary general |
| Office location | Seville, Spain - Location changes with the secretary general |
| Website | www.cnt.es |
The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT; English: National Confederation of Labour) is a Spanish confederation of anarcho-syndicalist labor unions affiliated with the International Workers Association (IWA; Spanish: AIT - Asociación Internacional de los Trabajadores). Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The International Workers' Association ( IWA) ( Spanish: Fidel Manrique is a Spanish anarcho-syndicalist. He is the current general secretary of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT the Spanish anarcho-syndicalist Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. A confederation is a group of empowered states or communities usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of Anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The International Workers' Association ( IWA) ( Spanish: When working with the latter group it is also known as CNT-AIT. Historically, the CNT has also affiliated itself with the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (Iberian Anarchist Federation - FAI), and in this capacity has been referred to as the CNT-FAI. The Federación Anarquista Ibérica ( FAI, Iberian Anarchist Federation) is a Spanish organization of Anarchist ( Anarcho-Syndicalist Throughout its history, it has played a major role in the Spanish labor movement.
Founded in 1910 in Barcelona[1] from groups brought together by the trade union Solidaridad Obrera, it significantly expanded the role of anarchism in Spain, which can be traced to the creation of the Federación de Trabajadores de la Región Española, the successor organization to the Spanish chapter of the IWA. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Anarchism has historically gained more support and influence in Spain than anywhere else especially before Francisco Franco 's victory in the Spanish Civil War
Despite several decades when the organization was illegal in Spain, today the CNT continues to participate in the Spanish worker's movement, focusing its efforts on the principles of workers' self-management, federalism, and mutual aid. Worker self-management (or autogestion) is a form of workplace decision-making in which the workers themselves agree on choices (for issues like customer care general production Political federalism is a Political philosophy in which a group of members are bound together (Latin foedus, covenant) with a governing
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CNT membership is open to all, except members of the police forces, the military or armed groups. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Anarchism is a Political philosophy with many heterogeneous and diverse schools of thought, united by a common opposition to compulsory Some observers believe certain Buddhist teachings form a philosophical ground for Anarchism. Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination Christian anarchism is any of several traditions which combine Anarchism with Christianity. Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is an umbrella term embracing two Anarchist schools of thought the first school is Socialist Crypto-anarchism is an Ideology that expounds the use of strong Public-key cryptography to enforce Privacy and individual freedom. Anarcha-feminism (also called anarchist feminism and anarcho-feminism) combines Anarchism with Feminism. Green anarchism is a school of thought within Anarchism which puts an emphasis on Environmental issues. Individualist anarchism refers to any of several traditions that hold that "individual conscience and the pursuit of self-interest should not be constrained by any collective Infoanarchism is an Umbrella term for various groups of people who are opposed to forms of Intellectual property, such as Copyright and Patents Insurrectionary anarchism is a revolutionary theory practice and tendency within the Anarchist movement which opposes formal anarchist organizations such as labor unions and Left anarchism or left-wing anarchism refers to forms of anarchism that are seen by some on the ' left of politics ' Anarcho-pacifism (also pacifist anarchism or anarchist pacifism) is a form of Anarchism which completely rejects the use of Violence in Philosophical anarchism is an Anarchist school of thought which contends that the State lacks moral legitimacy but does not advocate revolution to eliminate Platformism is a tendency within the wider Anarchist movement which shares an affinity with organising in the tradition of Dielo Truda's Organizational Platform Post-anarchism or postanarchism is the term used to represent anarchist philosophies developed since the 1980s using post-structuralist and Post-left anarchy is a recent current in Anarchist thought that promotes a critique of anarchism's relationship to traditional leftism. Anarcho-primitivism is an anarchist critique of the origins and progress of Civilization. Social anarchism, socialist anarchism, anarcho-socialism, anarchist socialism or Communitarian anarchism,(sometimes used interchangeably with Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of Anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. Anarchism without adjectives (from the Spanish " anarquismo sin adjetivos " in the words of historian George Richard Esenwein "referred to an An Anarch is a Conservative Revolutionary ideal of a sovereign individual, conceived by Ernst Jünger. Anarchy (from αναρχία anarchía, "without ruler " may refer to any of the following "Absence of government a state of lawlessness A black bloc is made up largely of anarchists or autonomists, anti-capitalist individuals or groups that gather for protests demonstrations or other event Traditionally the revolutionary left sees the commune as a populist replacement for the elitist parliament Consensus democracy is the application of Consensus decision making to the process of legislation in a Democracy. __FORCETOC__ Decentralization or Decentralisation (see Spelling differences) is the process of dispersing Decision-making governance closer to the people Deep ecology is a recent branch of ecological Philosophy ( Ecosophy) that considers Humankind an integral part of its environment. Direct action is political action which happens outside normal political channels via indirect actions such as electing representatives. Direct Democracy is a movement within the British Conservative Party dedicated to localism and Constitutional reform as a means of reviving public Dual power is a concept first articulated in an article by Lenin, "The Dual Power" ( dvoevlastie) which described a situation in the wake of the February Especifismo (English specifism is one of the two main forms of anarchist activism championed by FARJ (Federação Anarquista do Rio de Janeiro and other South American anarchist organizations Horizontalidad ( Eng: horizontality or horizontalism) is a theory or system that advocates the creation development and maintenance of social structures Not to be confused with the concept of "popular illegalisms" created by Michel Foucault in Discipline and Punish. Individual reclamation ( Fr: reprise individuelle) is a form of the Direct action, characterized by the individual theft of resources from the rich by the Anarchist law refers to a series of ongoing debates within the various branches of Anarchist theory regarding if and how norms of individual and/or collective behavior Participatory Politics or Parpolity is a theoretical political system proposed by Stephen R A Permanent autonomous zone (or a PAZ) is a Community that is autonomous from the generally recognized Government or authority structure in which The term prefigurative politics is widespread within various activist movements and in short it describes modes of organization and tactics undertaken that accurately reflect the future Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a Concept that promotes physical violence against Refusal of work is a concept that has been advocated at various times by many social activist groups mostly located on the Libertarian left. Pleistocene Rewilding Rewilding is the process of creating a lifestyle that is beyond Domestication. Social Ecology is a philosophy developed by French geographer and anarchist Élisée Reclus and revived by Murray Bookchin in the 1960s See also the closely related articles Emergence and Self-organization. Anarchism is a heterogeneous philosophy with many different tendencies and schools of thought; differences on questions of ideology values and tactics are common This article discusses similarities and differences between Anarcho-capitalism and other types of Anarchism. The anarchist philosophical and political movement has some connections to elements of the Animal liberation movement. Though some Anarchists advocate free-market, Laissez-faire Capitalism, other anarchists oppose capitalism to varying degrees Criticisms of anarchism originate from the interest groups it opposes as well as related theories such as Marxism. Although anarchists commonly reject Organized religion (see Anarchism and religion) there have been numerous traditions within Islam (often associated with Sufism Anarchism and Marxism are related political philosophies which emerged in the nineteenth century Anarchism and nationalism both emerged in Europe following the French Revolution and have a long and complicated While there is no organized Orthodox Jewish anarchist movement, various anarchistic ideas are common in the works of many Kabbalists and Hasidic teachers Anarchists have traditionally been skeptical of and opposed to Organized religion. Anarchism and violence have become closely connected in popular thought in part because of a concept of " Propaganda of the deed " Originating in the Greek language ( αρχή "arche" means "beginning origin outset prime principle start threshold" the term "anarchy" The Amakasu Incident occurred on September 16, 1923, in the chaos immediately following the Great Kantō earthquake. Anarchist Catalonia ( July 21, 1936 – February 10, 1939) was the self-proclaimed Stateless territory and Anarchist The Anarchist Exclusion Act refers to two different acts passed by the United States Congress intended to keep immigrants that subscribed to anarchist ideas Somalia, from 1991 to present is cited as a real-world example of a Stateless society and legal system The Australian Anarchist Centenary Celebrations occurred on the 1st to the 4th of May 1986 in Melbourne, Australia. Barcelona May Days is a term covering the events between May 3 and May 8 1937, when factions on the Republican side of the Spanish Civil The Global Carnival Against Capital took place on Friday June 18, 1999. La Escuela Moderna ( Spanish for "The Modern School" was a progressive school that existed briefly at the start of the 20th century in Catalonia ( The Hague Congress was the Fifth congress of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA held in (September 1872) in The Hague Holland which anarchists consider The, also known as the, was a Socialist - Anarchist plot to assassinate the Japanese Emperor Meiji in 1910 leading to a mass arrest of leftists and the execution The International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam took place from 24 August to 31 August, 1907. The Kate Sharpley Library (or KSL) is a Library dedicated to anarchist texts and History. This article is about the historical event known as the Kronstadt rebellion The Labadie Collection at the University of Michigan is recognized as one of the world’s most complete collections of materials documenting the history of Anarchism LIP is a French clock company whose turmoil became emblematic of the conflicts between workers and management in France For other events in May 1968 see 1968. May Day occurs on May 1 and refers to any of several Public holidays In many countries May Day is synonymous with International Workers' Day, or Labour The Paris Commune (La Commune de Paris was a Government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally from 26 March) to 28 May Provo was a Dutch Counterculture movement in the mid-1960s that focused on provoking violent responses from authorities using non-violent bait The Red inverted triangle was the badge that political prisoners in Nazi Concentration camps had to wear The Spanish Revolution of 1936 began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. Third Russian Revolution (also know as the Left Wing Rebellions Against the Bolsheviks) was a series of Rebellions and uprisings against the Bolsheviks Tragic Week (in Catalan la Setmana Tràgica, in Spanish la Semana Trágica) ( July 25 - August 2, 1909) is the Protest activity surrounding the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999, which was to be the launch of a new millennial round of Trade negotiations occurred Anarcho-punk is a faction of the Punk subculture that consists of bands groups and individuals promoting anarchist politics Anarchism has long had an association with the Arts, particularly in music and literature Black anarchism opposes the existence of the State and the subjugation and domination of people of color and favors a non-hierarchical organization of society Celtic anarchism is a new tendency within the larger Anarchist movement A precise definition of culture jamming is elusive It has been called a Resistance movement to Cultural hegemony, whereas some say the defining theme of culture jamming DIY (or Do It Yourself culture is a broad term that refers to a wide range of Grassroots political activism Freeganism is an anti-consumerist lifestyle whereby people employ alternative living strategies based on "limited participation in the conventional economy and minimal consumption The Independent Media Center (aka Indymedia or IMC) is a global participatory network of journalists that reports on political and social issues An infoshop is a storefront or Social center that serves as a node for the distribution of Anarchist information typically in the form of books Zines, The Internationale ( L'Internationale in French) is a famous socialist, communist, and Social-democratic Jewish anarchism is a general term encompassing various expressions of Anarchism within the Jewish community Lifestyle anarchism is a term derived from Murray Bookchin 's polemical essay " Social Anarchism Or Lifestyle Anarchism An Unbridgeable Chasm. Popular education is at the crossroads between Politics and Pedagogy, and strongly relies on the democratic ideal of the Enlightenment, which considered Radical cheerleading is a form of Cheerleading that originated in Florida, but has now spread across the United States as well as Canada Radical environmentalism, is a grassroots branch of the larger Environmental movement that emerged out of an Ecocentrism -based frustration with the co-option of mainstream Squatting is the act of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied space or Building that the squatter does not own rent or otherwise have permission to use While anarchists have historically largely denied the importance of Symbols to political movement anarchists have embraced certain symbols for their cause " To The Barricades " ( A Las Barricadas) was one of the most popular songs of the Spanish anarchists during the Spanish Civil War. Anarchist economics is the set of theories and practices of economic activity within the political philosophy of Anarchism. Agorism is an anarchist Political philosophy founded by Samuel Edward Konkin III that holds the ultimate goal as bringing about a society in which Anarcho-capitalism (also known as Free-market anarchism) is an individualist anarchist Political philosophy that advocates the elimination Collectivist anarchism (also known as anarcho-collectivism) is an umbrella term embracing two Anarchist schools of thought the first school is Socialist Counter-economics is a term originally coined by Samuel Edward Konkin III, a radical Libertarian activist and theorist who defined it as " the study and/or Free-market anarchism (sometimes called market anarchism) refers to an Individualist anarchist Philosophy that harmonizes the abolition of the state with A free school, sometimes intentionally spelled free skool, is a decentralized network in which skills information and knowledge are shared without Hierarchy or the Give-away shops, freeshops, or free stores are second-hand stores where all goods are free "Georgist" redirects here For the Romanian political group see National Liberal Party-Brătianu. A gift economy is a Social theory in which goods and services are given without any explicit agreement for immediate or future Quid pro quo. Market abolitionism is a belief that the market, in the economic sense should be completely eliminated from society Mutual aid is a term in Political economy used to signify the economic concept of voluntary reciprocal exchange of resources and services for mutual benefit Mutualism, is an Anarchist school of thought, can be traced to the writings of Pierre-Joseph Proudhon that envisioned a society where each person might possess a Participatory economics, often abbreviated parecon, is a proposed Economic system that uses participatory decision making as an economic mechanism The Really Really Free Market ( RRFM) movement is a non- hierarchical collective of individuals who form a temporary Market based on an alternative Self-ownership (or sovereignty of the individual, individual sovereignty or individual autonomy) is the moral or natural right (aka Freedom of a person Social anarchism, socialist anarchism, anarcho-socialism, anarchist socialism or Communitarian anarchism,(sometimes used interchangeably with Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of Anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. Wage slavery is a term first coined by the Lowell Mill Girls in 1836 though articulated as a concept at least as early as Cicero and elaborated by subsequent thinkers Worker self-management (or autogestion) is a form of workplace decision-making in which the workers themselves agree on choices (for issues like customer care general production This is a list of anarchist movements by region, both geographical and/or political Anarchism in Africa refers both to purported anarchic political organization of some traditional African societies and to modern Anarchist movements in Africa The powerful Radical faction of Austria-Hungary 's Social Democratic Party was anarchist in all but name until 1884 and anarchist ideas penetrated deeply Anarchism was an influential contributor to the social politics of '''Brazil''''s Old Republic. Anarchism in Canada spans a range of anarchist philosophy including Anarcho-syndicalism, Individualist anarchism, green anarchy and Anarchist The origins of Chinese Anarchism are traceable to the early Chinese Nationalist movement Anarchism as a social movement in Cuba held great influence with the Working classes during the 19th and early 20th century Anarchism in France dates from the 18th century Many Anarchists such as the Egalitarians took part in the French Revolution. evolution of Anarchism in Greece has shown a series of historical paradoxes which have to do with both the insufficient historical coverage of such events as well as the distortion In India, Anarchism never took the form of formally named "anarchism" Irish Anarchism has little historical tradition before the 1970s and as a movement it only really developed from the late 1990s - although one organisation the Workers Anarchism has been an undercurrent in the politics of Palestine and Israel for over a century Italy, in particular at the turn of the 20th century had a strong Anarcho-syndicalist movement Anarchism was an influential movement in Japan in the 19th and 20th centuries Anarchism in Korea began in 1894 when Japan invaded Korea with the stated intention of protecting it from China. Pre-conquest some of the indigenous peoples of what is today Mexico had decisionmaking structures based on participation discussion and consensus hallmarks of modern anarchism The Anarchist movement in Poland developed at the end of the 19th century under the influence of anarchist ideas from Western Europe and Russia Russian anarchism is Anarchism in Russia or among Russians. Bakunin and the anarchists' exile See also Exile In 1848 Anarchism has historically gained more support and influence in Spain than anywhere else especially before Francisco Franco 's victory in the Spanish Civil War One of the first Swedish anarchists was the Swedish artist Ivan Aguéli who in 1884 was arrested and sentenced in the " Trial of the thirty " in Paris Anarchism came to the political scene in Turkey only after the publication of Kara, a monthly magazine Anarchism in Ukraine dates to the 20th century though it has roots in the peasant uprisings of Stenka Razin and Yemelyan Pugachev as well as the Zaporozhian Anarchism in the United States spans a wide range of Anarchist Philosophy, from Individualist anarchism to Anarchist communism and other less Anarchism as a Political movement in Vietnam started in the early twentieth century This is a list of Anarcho-punk bands The following is a list of notable or influential books on or relating to Anarchism, in alphabetical order by author This is a list of anarchist communities, past and present Throughout history anarchists have been involved in a wide variety of communities This is a list of Fictional anarchists; the source material in which they are found their creator(s the individual(s who interpreted them as anarchists during This is a list of Jewish Anarchists. A Yehuda Ashlag Paul Avrich B The following is a list of anarchist musicians, which details instruments such musicians utilize musical genres they perform and if applicable bands which they are members of This list uses the word Organization in its loosest sense Some of the following groups would be better categorized as networks. The following is a chronological list of noteworthy anarchist periodicals This is a list of anarchists poets, examples of their published work and the source material in which their poetry is found Anti-capitalism describes a wide variety of movements ideas and attitudes which oppose Capitalism. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and Anti-consumerism refers to the socio-political movement against Consumerism. Anti-corporate activists (see Activism) believe that the rise of large business Corporations is posing a threat to the legitimate authority of the public good " Anti-globalization " is a term that encompasses a number of related ideas Antimilitarism is a doctrine commonly found in the Anarchist and more globally in the Socialist movement which may be both characterized as Internationalist Anti- Statism refers to opposition to state intervention into personal social or economic affairs The term anti-war usually refers to the opposition to a particular nation's decision to start or carry on an armed conflict unconditional of a maybe-existing just cause. Autarchism (from Greek, "belief in self rule" is a Political philosophy that upholds the principle of Individual liberty, rejects compulsory Autonomism refers to a set of Left-wing political and social movements and theories close to the socialist movement. The labour movement or labor movement is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better Left communism is the range of communist viewpoints held by the Communist Left, which opposes the political ideas of the Bolsheviks Libertarianism is a term used by a broad spectrum of political philosophies which prioritize individual Liberty and seek to minimize or even abolish the Libertarian Marxism is a school of Marxism that describes itself as taking a less Authoritarian view of Marxist theory than conventional currents such as Stalinism Libertarian socialism is a group of political philosophies that aim to create a society without political economic or social hierarchies – a society in which all violent The Situationist International ( SI) was a small group of international political and artistic Agitators with roots in Marxism, Lettrism and the The Armed forces of Spain are known as the Spanish Armed Forces ( Spanish: Fuerzas Armadas Españolas) [2] It is not necessary to subscribe to any particular ideology to be a member. CNT members may belong to a political party, but anyone who acts as an officer in a political party cannot also hold office in the union. A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral This is to prevent the CNT from being controlled or manipulated by any political organization.
Objectives
As a union organization, and in accordance with its bylaws, the aims of the CNT are to "develop a sense of solidarity among workers" hoping to improve their conditions under the current social system, and prepare them for future emancipation, when the means of production have been attained, to practice mutual aid amongst CNT collectives, and maintain relationships with other like-minded groups, hoping for "emancipation" of the entire working class. [3] The CNT is also concerned with issues beyond the working class, desiring a radical transformation of society through revolutionary syndicalism. A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions Syndicalism is a type of movement which aims to degrade capitalist societies through action by the Working class on the industrial front [4] To achieve their goal of social revolution the organisation has outlined a social-economic system through the confederal concept of anarchist communism, which consists of a series of general ideas proposed for the organisation of an anarchist society. The term social revolution may have different connotations depending on the speaker Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i [5] The CNT draws inspiration from anarchist ideas, and also identifies with the struggles of different social movements. Social movements are a type of group action. They are large informal groupings of Individuals and/or Organizations focused on specific As such, the CNT defends causes unrelated to labour, such as the dignity of people confined in prisons, environmentalist demands, the fight against gender discrimination, opposition to militarism and squatters' rights. Environmentalism is a broad philosophy and Social movement centered on a concern for the conservation and improvement of the environment. Sexism is the belief or attitude that one Gender or Sex is inferior to or less valuable than the other and can also refer to a Hatred or distrust towards Antimilitarism is a doctrine commonly found in the Anarchist and more globally in the Socialist movement which may be both characterized as Internationalist Squatting is the act of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied space or Building that the squatter does not own rent or otherwise have permission to use The CNT is internationalist, but also supports communities' right of self-determination and their sovereignty over the state's. For the Marxist concept of internationalism see Proletarian internationalism. In biological terms a community is a group of interacting Organisms sharing an environment. Self-determination is defined as free choice of one’s own acts without external compulsion and especially as the freedom of the people of a given Territory to determine their Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. [6]
Structure
The organisational structure of the CNT is based on direct democracy. Direct Democracy is a movement within the British Conservative Party dedicated to localism and Constitutional reform as a means of reviving public [7]
Industrial union and various posts union
The industrial unions (sometimes referred to as "branch unions") form the base structure of the CNT. Industrial unionism is a labor union organizing method through which all workers in the same industry are organized into the same union—regardless of skill or trade—thus Each industrial union groups together workers of different crafts within an industry. When there are fewer than 25 people working in one particular industry, a various posts union is formed for that industry, rather than multiple industry unions. A General Union is a Trade union (called Labor union in American English) which represents Workers from all industries and companies rather than A various posts union can include workers from different crafts and industries; it requires a minimum of five people. [8] If this number cannot be reached, four or fewer workers can form a confederal group. Due to the small size of the CNT, a majority of its unions are various posts unions. [9]
The decision-making power of the industry and various posts unions resides in the union assembly: decisions are taken by all of the workers of the union in question via a system of direct democracy and consensus. A deliberative assembly is an Organization, comprising of members that uses Parliamentary procedure for making decisions WikipediaConsensus here as this is the article namespace and that information is irrelevant to the reader These assemblies may address any number of issues, whether "local, provincial, regional, national or international". [10]
Union sections
Union sections are assemblies of union workers who work in the same work centre or small business. The assembly of the union section chooses a delegation for the union section, which is usually rotated and which will represent the opinions of the union section in meetings with other entities, although it does not have decision-making powers.
Committees and secretaryships
The assembly chooses a committee to carry out routine or administrative duties that do not require the discussion of all members; the committee does not have decision-making powers. A committee (some of which are titled instead as a "Commission" or other terms discussed below in) is a type of small Deliberative assembly that is usually intended Committees can organise themselves through different departments, including propaganda, culture and archives; press and information; treasury and economic affairs; legal and prisoner advocacy; union action; social action and general secretariat. The number of secretaryships can vary, sometimes two or more overlapping on a single one if considered necessary. Delegations from the union sections of the branch businesses are also part of the committee.
Federations and confederations
Unlike organizations that are organized from the top down, the CNT organises itself in an anarchistic fashion, from the bottom up, through different levels of confederations, following the Principle of Federation. A confederation is a group of empowered states or communities usually created by treaty but often later adopting a common constitution The reason for favoring this structure is intended to limit homogeneity in committees, and keep them from having politics or programs. It is also intended to minimize the power of individuals who may be more active in the organization. [11]
Local and comarcal federations
The different industry and various posts unions of a particular municipality constitute the local federation[12] of unions that are coordinated by means of a local committee which has the same characteristics and powers as the union committees. A municipality is an administrative entity composed of a clearly defined territory and its population and commonly denotes a City, Town, or Village, or The local committee is selected in the local plenary assembly to which every industry and various posts union can send delegations with written agreements previously adopted in their assembly. Plenary session is a term often used in conferences to define the part of the conference when all members of all parties are in attendance Because of the CNT's relatively small membership, it has only managed to from Local Federations in Granada and Seville. Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. [13] In turn, the unions of neighbouring municipalities can group together into a comarcal federation. A comarca (meaning Shire or County, Spanish and Portuguese plural comarcas, Catalan plural
Regional confederations
| Andalusia Aragon-La Rioja Asturias-León Canary Islands Catalonia-Balearics Central | Extremadura Galicia Levante Murcia North |
A regional confederation brings together several local unions within a geographic regional zone. The structure is the same again: a regional committee with a Secretary General and the rest of the Secretariats in a regional plenary to which the local unions send delegations with written agreements previously made in the assembly. The regional division of the CNT has undergone changes through time.
National confederation
The regional confederations send representative delegations—again on the same basis—to the national plenary assembly, which constitutes the national confederation. Plenary session is a term often used in conferences to define the part of the conference when all members of all parties are in attendance The national plenary of regional confederations elects a national General Secretary, who moves the CNT headquarters to his/her place of residence. Hence, the CNT has no fixed headquarters.
The local plenary of the local federation chosen as headquarters gathers to designate the rest of the secretarial offices. The General Secretary and the rest of the secretaries form the Permanent Secretariat of the National Committee (SPCN, in Spanish) of the CNT, along with the General Secretariats of each of the regions. As in every committee in the CNT, their capacities are technical or administrative: they have no authority to make decisions for others.
Congress of the CNT
Direct representatives of the industry and various posts unions attend the CNT Congress with agreements from their own assemblies, independently from the local and regional levels. Among its duties, the Congress has to decide upon the CNT general line of action, and can appoint new National Committees. Since the foundation of the CNT in 1910 and the initial constitutional congress in September 1911[14], nine congresses have taken place, five prior to the Spanish Civil War, and four since the Spanish transition to democracy. The Spanish transition to democracy was the era when Spain moved from the Dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a liberal democratic state.
The Congress is convoked by the National Committee a year beforehand when there is an imperative need or there are new issues to assess. The discussion subjects are presented after being confirmed in a national plenary session, and then seven months before the Congress each member union starts its own debate which culminates with the presentation of their ideas to the Congress.
Plenarias and plenary assemblies
The meetings of the various committees (local, regional, national) are called plenarias. Plenary session is a term often used in conferences to define the part of the conference when all members of all parties are in attendance Plenarias cannot take decisions, only develop technical and administrative issues, as they are constituted by committees without decision-making powers.
Another method of decision-making is through local and regional plenaries (or plenary assemblies), and congresses, in which industry and various posts unions take active part sending delegations with previously reached and written agreements. The National Plenary does not follow this rule, as in this case the delegations with the written agreements come from the regional confederations.
Parallel Structures
Conferences
CNT conferences are open meetings in which matters are discussed and themes proposed; they serve to take the pulse of general opinion within the organization at any given moment. The discussions are later passed on to the local unions for their perusal. Persons representing themselves or another group or trade union may attend, but they cannot pass resolutions.
Industry federations
- See also: Industrial unionism
Industry federations are organized by branch of production, not geographically. Industrial unionism is a labor union organizing method through which all workers in the same industry are organized into the same union—regardless of skill or trade—thus All CNT unions in a particular branch of production form the national industry federation of that branch, differing from the structure of branch unions organized by local and regional federations and confederations. Industry federations exist on a regional level as well. Industry federations are empowered to act regarding matters lying within their area of responsibility. They send representatives that can speak, but not vote, at the national and regional confederations.
Relationship with the IWA
The International Workers Association (IWA, AIT in Spanish) is a transnational organization which consists of delegations from a number of countries. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The International Workers' Association ( IWA) ( Spanish: The national anarcho-syndicalist organizations, each of which operates only in its home country, are known as the sections of the IWA. As such, the CNT is the IWA's Spanish section. [15]
The IWA has an international secretariat elected by the various sections and can be structured by continent through the industry federations' system.
Other organisms
Media
The CNT journal CNT, or Periódico CNT (CNT Journal),[16] operates autonomously. Its directorship and headquarters are chosen in a congress or national plenary. The directorship manages its distribution, printing, sales, and subscriptions, as well as selecting from among articles submitted. The chosen director attends the CNT National Committee's meetings on a non-voting basis. The Secretary General of the CNT is responsible for writing Periódico CNT's editorial page. Periódico CNT is published monthly, under a Creative Commons copyleft license and it is available in printed and online format. Creative Commons (CC is a Non-profit organization devoted to expanding the range of creative works available for others to build upon legally and to share Copyleft is a play on the word Copyright and describes the practice of using copyright law to remove restrictions on distributing copies and modified versions
All organs and trade unions within the CNT may have their own media. Solidaridad Obrera ("Workers' Solidarity") is the journal of the Regional Confederation of Labour of Catalonia. Solidaridad Obrera (trans "Workers' Solidarity is a newspaper published by the Catalonian / Balearic regional section of the anarchist It was established in 1907,[17] being the oldest communication medium of the CNT. Other media are La tira de papel, the Graphic Arts, Media and Shows National Coordinator bulletin; the Cenit, newspaper of the Regional Committee of the Exterior;[18] and BICEL, edited by the Anselmo Lorenzo Foundation,[19] which was created in 1987. [20] The Foundation works autonomously, and its directorship is elected in a national plenary congress. Some of its duties are to maintain, catalogue and publicly display historic properties of the CNT, to publish books and other media, including BICEL, the Internal Bulletin of Centers of Anarchist Studies, to prepare cultural events during CNT or AIT congresses: lectures, debates, conferences, videoforums, book presentations, etc. , and to coordinate with other similar projects.
Voting
The CNT generally avoids bringing matters to a vote, preferring consensus decision-making, which it considers to be more in tune with its anarchist principles. WikipediaConsensus here as this is the article namespace and that information is irrelevant to the reader Anarchism is a heterogeneous philosophy with many different tendencies and schools of thought; differences on questions of ideology values and tactics are common While pure consensus is plausible for individual base unions, higher levels of organizations cannot completely avoid the need for some type of vote, which is always done openly by a show of hands. [21]
| Size of union[22] | Votes | |
|---|---|---|
| From | To | |
| 1 | 50 | 1 |
| 51 | 100 | 2 |
| 101 | 300 | 3 |
| 301 | 600 | 4 |
| 601 | 1,000 | 5 |
| 1,001 | 1,500 | 6 |
| 1,501 | 2,500 | 7 |
| 2,500 | more | 8 |
The problem arises when decisions have to be made in local or regional plenaries or congresses. It has already been explained that the basic structure of the CNT is the industrial union branch, or where these do not exist, the union of various occupations. Well then, there is no completely fair method for making decisions through voting:
- If each union gets one vote, a union of 1,000 members would have the same voice in decisions as a union of 50. Two unions of 25 (2 votes) could impose their will upon a union of 1,000 (1 vote).
- If votes are by the number of members, a union of 2,000 members would have 2,000 votes, and 100 unions of 20 members would have the same voice in decisions as just one union. The geographical distribution of 100 unions is wider than that of just one, but an agreement obligates all unions equally even though a small union would have the same responsibility to enforce it as a big union, in spite of the greater difficulty for the small one.
- We find besides the problem of minorities. For example, union A decides to go on strike by 400 votes against 350, and would have to support its decision to strike, since that was the outcome of its assembly. Union B of the same local federation says no to the strike by 100 votes to 25. Union C of the local federation says yes by a unanimous 15 votes. There are thus two unions in favour of the strike and one against, so a strike would be called if based on one vote per union. But adding the negative votes together, 450 voted against the strike, leaving 440 in favour.
—Basic Anarcho-syndicalism[23]
The CNT attempts to minimize this problem by a system of limited proportional voting. Even so, this system has some failures and may discriminate against unions with larger memberships. As an example, "ten unions with 25 adherents would total 250 members having 10 votes. This would be more votes than a union of 2,500, which with 10 times more members would only have the right to 7 votes. "[24] Within the CNT this isn't considered a major problem, because agreements tend to reach consensus after long discussions. However, due to the nature of consensus decision-making, the final agreements consensed to may bear little resemblance to the initial proposals brought to the table. [25]
Methods
The CNT is rooted in three basic principles: Workers' self-management or autogestion, federalism and mutual aid,[26] and considers that work conflicts must be settled between employers and employees without the action of such intemediaries as official state organisms or professional unionists. Worker self-management (or autogestion) is a form of workplace decision-making in which the workers themselves agree on choices (for issues like customer care general production Political federalism is a Political philosophy in which a group of members are bound together (Latin foedus, covenant) with a governing Mutual aid is a term in Political economy used to signify the economic concept of voluntary reciprocal exchange of resources and services for mutual benefit Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. This is why the union criticizes union elections and works councils as means of control for managers, preferring workers' assemblies, union sections and direct action. A works council is a "shop-floor" organization representing workers which functions as local/firm-level complement to national labour negotiations Direct action is political action which happens outside normal political channels via indirect actions such as electing representatives. [27] Also, when possible, the CNT avoids taking legal action through the courts. Administrative positions in the union rotate and are unpaid. [28] They prefer linear salary raises to increases that are percentage based, because the former increase equality of salaries. A salary is a form of periodic payment from an Employer to an Employee, which may be specified in an Employment contract. (That is, they prefer that all workers have their pay raised by the same absolute amount rather than the same percentage of their previous wage. )
The CNT's usual methods of action include exhibiting banners in front of the headquarters of companies with which the union has a conflict, and calls for consumer boycotts of their products and for social solidarity with the aggrieved workers. Social Solidarity is the degree or type (see below of integration of a society During strikes, resistance funds are created to help strikers and their families economically.
The CNT is organized around craft unions. Craft unionism refers to organizing a union in a manner that seeks to unify workers in a particular industry along the lines of the particular Craft or trade that they work in This practice was adopted around 1918 in times of great class struggle under the reign of Alfonso XIII:
There were detentions aplenty in both crafts, so the pasta-makers craft, which included four hundred skilled workers, was disabled to act for lack of people. Class struggle is the active expression of Class conflict looked at from any kind of socialist perspective Reign Although Alfonso's reign would not end well it began well But then the whole food craft solidarizes: the furnacers, confectioners, millers, did the work of their arrested colleagues. And the carpenters, lathe operators, varnishers, the whole wood craft were set to relieve the saboteurs. The cabinet-makers' strike lasted seventeen weeks. Until the employers acceded… It was an overwhelming success. And the solidarity lesson was, rigorously, what impulsed the creation of The One Wood Union - the one that was famous -, and the Food one, comprising all the sector unions.
—Joan Ferrer, in Baltasar Porcel's La revuelta permanente
History
The early years
The Spanish anarchist movement lacked a stable national organization during its early years. Anarchism has historically gained more support and influence in Spain than anywhere else especially before Francisco Franco 's victory in the Spanish Civil War The anarchist Juan Gómez Casas described the evolution of the anarchist organization prior to the creation of the CNT:
After a period of drift, the Worker's Federation of the Spanish Region disappeared and was replaced by the Anarchist Organization of the Spanish Region… This organization then changed, in 1890, to the Aid and Solidarity Pact, which dissolved itself in 1896 due to repressive legislation against anarchism, splitting into several autonomous workers' societies and entities… Those who still remained from the WFSR founded Solidaridad Obrera in 1907, the direct ancestor of the CNT.
—Juan Gómez Casas
At the beginning of the 20th century there was a consensus among anarchists that a new national labor organization was necessary, to bring coherence and strength to the movement. During the Bourbon restoration (1874–1931), carried out by the traditional and dynastic parties represented by Cánovas del Castillo and Mateo Sagasta, a large portion of the workers' movement united around the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party as a political force, and around the Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT, "Workers' General Union") for collective bargaining purposes. The Restoration was the name given to the period that began in December 29 1874 after the First Spanish Republic ended with the restoration of Antonio Cánovas del Castillo ( February 8, 1828 – August 8, 1897) was an important 19th century Spanish Politician Práxedes Mateo Sagasta (1825-1903 born on July 21, 1825 at Torrecilla en Cameros Logroño, La Rioja, Spain and The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, commonly abbreviated by its Spanish initials PSOE ( P artido S ocialista O brero E spañol is Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The Unión General de Trabajadores ( UGT, Workers' General Union There were also republican movements with a stronger democratic emphasis, which was supported by a portion of the new bourgeoisie. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system
In 1910, in the middle of the restoration, the CNT was founded in Barcelona in a congress of the Catalonian trade union Solidaridad Obrera (Workers' Solidarity) with the objective of constituting an opposing force to the then-majority trade union, the socialist UGT and "to speed up the economic emancipation of the working class through the revolutionary expropriation of the bourgeoisie". Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. Solidaridad Obrera ( Spanish, meaning " Workers' Solidarity " originally in Catalan, Solidaritat Obrera) Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution The CNT started small, counting 26,571 members represented through several trade unions and other confederations. [29]
In 1911, coinciding with its first congress, the CNT initiated a general strike that provoked a Barcelona judge to declare the union illegal[30] until 1914. That same year of 1911, the trade union officially received its name.
In 1916 the CNT changed its strategy respecting the UGT, establishing new relations that allowed the two unions to initiate the general strike of 1917 jointly. The second congress of the CNT in 1919 studied the possibility of merging both organizations to unify the Spanish labor movement. That same congress approved linking the CNT to the Third International, but after Ángel Pestaña's visit to the Soviet Union, and on his advice, they broke definitively from the Third International in 1922. The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow Ángel Pestaña Nuñez (sometimes rendered Àngel Pestanya in Catalan versions February 14 1886, Ponferrada, in León &mdash The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
Peak of the CNT
From 1918 on the CNT grew stronger, due to a crisis in Catalonian industry which caused many workers to unionize. The CNT had an outstanding role in the events of the La Canadiense general strike, which paralyzed 70% of industry in Catalonia in 1919, the year the CNT reached a membership of 700,000. [31] Around that time, panic spread among employers, giving rise to the practice of pistolerismo (employing thugs to guard the employers from active unionists), causing a spiral of violence which significantly affected the trade union. These pistoleros are credited with killing 21 union leaders in 48 hours. [32]
In 1922 the International Workingmen's Association (later International Workers' Association) was founded in Berlin; the CNT joined immediately. The International Workingmen's Association (IWA, sometimes called the First International, was an international socialist organization which aimed at uniting a variety Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. However, the following year, with the rise of Miguel Primo de Rivera's dictatorship, the labor union was outlawed, once again. Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja 2 Marqués de Estella ( Jerez de la Frontera, January 8, 1870 - Paris, [33]
In 1927 with the "moderate" positioning of some cenetistas (CNT members) the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI), an association of anarchist affinity groups, was created in Valencia. The Federación Anarquista Ibérica ( FAI, Iberian Anarchist Federation) is a Spanish organization of Anarchist ( Anarcho-Syndicalist An affinity group is usually a small group of left-wing political Activists (usually from 3-20 who work together on Direct action. Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous The FAI would play an important role during the following years through the so-called trabazón (connection) with the CNT, that is, the presence of FAI elements in the CNT, encouraging the labor union not to move away from its anarchist principles, an influence that continues today. [34]
The Second Republic
After the fall of the monarchy in 1931, the CNT offered minimal support to the Second Republic. The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country This support decreased progressively during the years between 1931 and 1933 because of constant confrontations with the republican authorities in the successive general strikes. The end of that period was marked by so-called revolutions of January and December, both of which were swiftly suppressed by the government. In those days the CNT functioned primarily in Catalonia, but was also gaining importance in other regions, such as Andalusia and Aragon (where it had a higher membership than the UGT). Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain.
Tensions between the radical faístas, or FAI members, and the moderate non-faístas were constant and difficult to analyze because of the decentralized and sectorial nature of the organization. Finally, in 1931 a group of moderates published the Manifesto of the Thirty, which would give rise to treintism (from treinta, thirty in Spanish), and in 1932 Ángel Pestaña split from the CNT to create the Syndicalist Party. For the Roxy Music album see Manifesto (album. A manifesto is a public declaration of principles and intentions often Ángel Pestaña Nuñez (sometimes rendered Àngel Pestanya in Catalan versions February 14 1886, Ponferrada, in León &mdash Syndicalist Party ( Spanish: Partido Sindicalista; Catalan: Partit Sindicalista) was a Left-wing Political party in [35]
The two years governed by the coalition of the center-left Partido Republicano Radical and the center-right CEDA were marked by mostly clandestine CNT activity, in the face of severe government repression. Radical Socialist Republican Party ( PRRS; Spanish: Partido Republicano Radical Socialista) sometimes shortened to Radical Socialist Party ( The Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right ( Spanish: Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas, CEDA) was a Spanish Political During the socialist October Revolution of 1934 (at which point membership in the CNT reached 1. 58 million)[36] the CNT participated only from the background. However, the CNT's Regional Confederation of Labour of Asturias, León and Palencia actively participated in the revolution because of its loyalty to workers' alliances, this time formalized through the Uníos Hermanos Proletarios (UHP) in the pact with the UGT and the Asturian Socialist Federation. The Principality of Asturias ( Spanish: Principado de Asturias, Asturian: Principáu d'Asturies or Asturies) is an León is a province of northwestern Spain, in the northwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. Palencia is a province of northern Spain, in the northern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The Unión General de Trabajadores ( UGT, Workers' General Union Thus, in La Felguera and in El Llano district of Gijón there were short periods when anarchist communism was put into practice:
In the El Llano barricade they proceeded to regularize life according CNT postulates: socialization of wealth and abolition of authority and capitalism. La Felguera is the largest parish in the municipality of Langreo, Asturias, in the north of Spain, with 20300 inhabitants Gijón ( Asturian: Xixón) is a coastal industrial city It was a brief experience of great interest, as the revolutionaries did not rule the town. […] A procedure was followed similar to the one in La Felguera. For organization of consumption a Supply Committee was created, with street delegates established in the grocery stores who controlled the number of neighbors in each street and produced the distribution of food. This street-by-street control made it easy to determine the amount of bread and other goods needed. The Supply Committee managed the general control over the available stock, especially flour.
—Manuel Villar, Anarchism in the Asturian Insurrection: The CNT and FAI in October 1934
It is believed that 30,000 people were imprisoned during this period. The successful transportation strike in Zaragoza, followed by a more-than-two-week general strike, was convoked in 1935 jointly with the UGT. Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former However, this collaboration was not to be repeated in later actions.
After Lerroux's government crumbled, the 1936 elections placed the CNT at a crossroads. Alejandro Lerroux García (La Rambla Córdoba, March 4, 1864 - Madrid, June 25, 1949) was a Spanish politician Opinions inside the organization were split among the supporters of abstentionism, those who wanted to allow the workers to choose whether or not to vote, or those directly advocating a vote for the Popular Front. Abstention is a term in Election procedure for when a participant in a vote either does not go to vote (on election day or in Parliamentary procedure, is present The Popular Front (Frente Popular in Spain 's Second Republic was an electoral Coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various This coalition party promised amnesty for prisoners, and part of the growth of the Front appears to have been thanks to the anarchist vote.
The CNT held a congress in Saragossa on May 1, ratifying the position that the union should make no pacts with any political party, despite UGT leader Largo Caballero's attempts to persuade the union to stand in unity with the UGT. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Francisco Largo Caballero ( October 15, 1869 - March 23, 1946) was a Spanish politician and Trade unionist He was one of [37]
On June 1, the CNT joined the UGT in declaring a strike of "building workers, mechanics, and lift operators. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected " A demonstration was held, 70,000 workers strong. Members of the Falange attacked the strikers. This article is about the Spanish political party For the Lebanese Phalange see the Kataeb Party. The strikers responded by looting shops, and the police reacted by attempting to suppress the strike. By the beginning of July, the CNT was still fighting, while the UGT had agreed to arbitration. In retaliation to the attacks by the Falangists, anarchists killed three bodyguards of the Falangist leader José Antonio Primo de Rivera. José Antonio Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia 3rd Marquis of Estella ( April 24 1903, Madrid November 20 1936, Alicante The government then closed the CNT's centers in Madrid, and arrested David Antona and Cipriano Mera, two CNT militants. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. [38]
The Civil War
- See also: Spanish Revolution and Anarchist Catalonia
1936
After periods of clandestine operation followed by other shorter periods of legalization, in 1936 the CNT was finally legalized, and would remain legal until the end of the Civil War. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of During the war, the union collaborated with other republican groups opposed to the Nationalists. As the war developed, members of the CNT came to form part of the government of the Republic, holding various ministries and high positions within the administration.
In Barcelona, the anarchists came to control the majority of the functions of society, collectivizing a large part of the activity of the city, as George Orwell described:
It was the first time I had ever been in a town where the working class was in the saddle. Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer Practically every building of any size had been seized by the workers and was draped with red flags or with the red and black flag of the Anarchists; every wall was scrawled with the hammer and sickle and with the initials of the revolutionary parties; almost every church had been gutted and its images burnt. Churches here and there were being systematically demolished by gangs of workmen. Every shop and café had an inscription saying that it had been collectivised; even the bootblacks had been collectivised and their boxes painted red and black. Waiters and shop-walkers looked you in the face and treated you as an equal. Servile and even ceremonial forms of speech had temporarily disappeared. Nobody said Señor or Don or even Usted; everyone called everyone else Comrade and Thou, and even said Salud! instead of Buenos dias.
—George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia, ch. Homage to Catalonia is political journalist and Novelist George Orwell 's personal account of his experiences and observations in the I
Across the border from Catalonia in the nominally Republican eastern portion of the divided Aragon, the republican state was similarly powerless. The CNT militias, which occupied Lower Teruel and Huesca, established defense committees that replaced the old city councils. The Durruti Column was the most famous column of anarchist fighters during the Spanish Civil War. Teruel is a province of Aragon, in the northeast of Spain. It is bordered by the provinces of Tarragona, Castellón, Valencia Huesca ( Spanish: Huesca, Aragonese: Uesca) is a province of northeastern Spain, in northern Aragon. In zones that had more anarchist presence before the war, collectivization of the land was carried out with great success. These first collectivizations were voluntary and were established from the lands that belonged to the members and those which had been requisitioned from those who were fugitive or missing. Those property-owners who wanted to keep possession of their land were not allowed to hire outside their families, and those lands they could not farm passed under community control.
George Orwell wrote of the nature of the new society that arose in the communities:
I had dropped more or less by chance into the only community of any size in Western Europe where political consciousness and disbelief in capitalism were more normal than their opposites. Up here in Aragón one was among tens of thousands of people, mainly though not entirely of working-class origin, all living at the same level and mingling on terms of equality. In theory it was perfect equality, and even in practice it was not far from it. There is a sense in which it would be true to say that one was experiencing a foretaste of Socialism, by which I mean that the prevailing mental atmosphere was that of Socialism. Many of the normal motives of civilised life — snobbishness, money-grubbing, fear of the boss, etc. — had simply ceased to exist. The ordinary class-division of society had disappeared to an extent that is amost unthinkable in the money-tainted air of England; there was no one there except the peasants and ourselves, and no one owned anyone else as his master.
—George Orwell, Homage to Catalonia, ch. VII
Some of the most important communities in this respect were those of Alcañiz, Calanda, Alcorisa, Valderrobres, Fraga or Alcampel. Alcañiz is a town and municipality in Spain with a population of 15130 (INE 2005 an area of 472 km² and a density of 3205 located in Teruel province, in Calanda is a town in the province of Teruel, in Aragon, Spain. Alcorisa is a municipality located in the province of Teruel, Aragon, Spain. Valderrobres ( Catalan: Vall-de-roures, Aragonese: Balderrobres) is a Municipality and the major town of the Comarca Fraga is the major town of the comarca of Bajo Cinca (Catalan Baix Cinca) in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. Not only were the lands collectivized, but collective labours were also undertaken, like the retirement home in Fraga, the collectivization of some hospitals (such as in Barbastro or Binéfar), and the founding of schools such as the School of Anarchist Militants. Barbastro ( Latin Barbastrum or Civitas Barbastrensis, Arabic Barbastra) is a Spanish city in the Somontano county Binéfar is a municipality located in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. These institutions would be destroyed by the Nationalist troops during the war.
The Committee held an extraordinary regional plenary session to protect the new rural organization, gathering all the union representatives from the supporting villages and backed by Buenaventura Durruti. Buenaventura Durruti Dumange ( July 14, 1896 &ndash November 20, 1936) was a central figure of Spanish anarchism during the period Against the will of the mainly Catalonian CNT National Committee, the Regional Council for the Defense of Aragon was created. Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain.
The Civil War era also showed a spirit of sexual revolution. The sexual revolution refers to the well-documented changes in social thought and codes of behaviour related to sexuality throughout the Western world that continues to evolve The organization Mujeres Libres established an equal opportunity for women in a society that traditionally had held women in lower regard. Mujeres Libres ( English: Free Women) was an anarchist women's organization in Spain that aimed to empower working class women Women acquired power they had not previously had in Spanish society, fighting at the front and doing heavy jobs, things that had been forbidden to them until then. Free love became popular, although some parents' distrust produced the creation of the revolutionary weddings, informal ceremonies where the couples declared their status, and that could be annulled if both parties didn't want to continue their relationship. The term free love has been used since at least the nineteenth century to describe a Social movement that rejects Marriage, which is seen as a form [39]
Following Largo Caballero’s assumption of the position of Prime Minister of the government, he invited the CNT to join in the coalition of groups making up the national government. Francisco Largo Caballero ( October 15, 1869 - March 23, 1946) was a Spanish politician and Trade unionist He was one of The Prime Minister of Spain, (officially the President of the Government, Spanish: Presidente del Gobierno) is the Spanish Head of government The CNT proposed instead that a National Defense Council should be formed, led by Largo Caballero, and containing five members each from the CNT and UGT, and four “liberal republicans”. When this proposal was declined, the CNT decided not to join the government. However, in Catalonia, the CNT joined the Central Committee of the Anti-Fascist Militias, which joined the Generalitat on September 26. Generalitat (literally 'Generality' is the name of the regional systems of Government of two of the present Spanish autonomous communities: Catalonia and Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a For the first time, three members of the CNT were also members of the government. [40]
In November, Caballero once again asked the CNT to become part of the government. The leadership of the CNT requested the finance and war ministries, as well as three others, but were given four posts, the ministries of health, justice, industry, and commerce. With Federica Montseny became Minister of Health, the first female minister in Spain. Federica Montseny i Mañé ( February 12 1905, Madrid &mdash January 14 1994) was a Spanish anarchist, intellectual and Minister Juan García Oliver, as minister of justice, abolished legal fees and destroyed all criminal files. Juan García Oliver (1901 Reus, Tarragona Province &mdash1980 was a Spanish Anarcho-syndicalist revolutionary and a leading figure of Shortly afterwards, despite the disapproval of the anarchist ministers, the capital was moved from Madrid to Valencia. [41]
On December 23, 1936, after receiving in Madrid a retinue formed by Joaquín Ascaso, Miguel Chueca and three republican and independent leaders, the government of Largo Caballero, which by then had four anarchists as ministers (García Oliver, Juan López, Federica Montseny and Joan Peiró), approved the formation of the National Defense Committee. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Joan Peiró i Belis (sometimes Juan Peiró) was a Catalan anarchist activist writer editor of the anarchist newspaper Solidaridad It was a revolutionary body which represented anarchists as much as socialists and republicans.
1937
Halfway through February 1937, a congress took place in Caspe with the purpose of creating the Regional Federation of Collectives of Aragon. Caspe is a historic town and Municipality in the province of Zaragoza, in the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain. 456 delegates, representing more than 141,000 collective members, attended the congress. The congress was also attended by delegates of the National Committee of the CNT. [42]
At a plenary session of the CNT in March 1937, the national committee asked for a motion of censure to suppress the Aragonese Regional Council. Not to be confused with Censor, Censer or Sensor. Censure (ˈsɛnʃəɹ is a process by which a formal Reprimand The Aragonese regional committee threatened to resign, which thwarted the censure effort. Though there had always been disagreements, that spring also saw a great escalation in confrontations between the CNT-FAI and the Communists. In Madrid, Melchor Rodríguez, who was then a member of the CNT, and director of prisons in Madrid, published accusations that the Communist José Cazorla, who was then overseeing public order, was maintaining secret prisons to hold anarchists, socialists, and other republicans, and either executing, or torturing them as "traitors". Melchor Rodríguez García (also known as El Ángel Rojo - Red Angel; 1893 &mdash February 14 1972) was a Spanish politician Soon after, on this pretext, Largo Caballero dissolved the Communist-controlled Junta de Defensa. [43] Cazorla reacted by closing the offices of Solidaridad Obrera. Solidaridad Obrera (trans "Workers' Solidarity is a newspaper published by the Catalonian / Balearic regional section of the anarchist [44]
In Catalonia, the Catalan Communists in the Catalan government made several demands that provoked the ire of the anarchists, in particular the call for turning all weapons over to the control of the government. The PSUC ( Partit Socialista Unificat de Catalunya, Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia) was formed on July 23 1936 through the unification The April 8, 1937 issue of Solidaridad Obrera opined, "We have made too many concessions and have reached the moment of turning off the tap,"[45] while the May 2 issue urged workers to prevent the government from disarming them. On the 25th, Juan Negrín sent security forces to take over posts on the French border in the Pyrenees that had until then been controlled by the CNT, anarchists in Bellver de Cerdanya fought with Negrín's carabineros, and Roldán Cortada, the Communist leader of the UGT was killed, allegedly by an anarchist. Juan Negrín López ( 3 February 1887 - 12 November 1956) was a Spanish politician and physician Cortada's funeral was used by the PSUC as an anti-CNT demonstration. Because of all the conflict, the UGT and CNT agreed with the Generalitat to cancel any celebrations on May Day. May Day occurs on May 1 and refers to any of several Public holidays In many countries May Day is synonymous with International Workers' Day, or Labour On May 3, Assault Guards of the government attempted to take over the CNT-controlled telephone exchange building in Barcelona, but were held off by gunfire. In the field of Telecommunications, a telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components that connects telephone calls The assault guard laid siege to the building, and fighting between the anarchists and POUM on one side, and Communists and the government forces on the other began. Leaders of the CNT attempted to acquire the resignation of the Communists they felt were responsible for the conflict, but to no avail.
The next day CNT's regional committee declared a general strike. A general strike is a Strike action by a critical mass of the labour force in a city region or country The CNT controlled the majority of the city, including the heavy artillery on the hill of Montjuïc overlooking the city. Montjuïc (ˌmɔntˈdʒuik alternatively spelled Montjuic or Montjuich) is a hill located in Barcelona, CNT militias disarmed more than 200 members of the security forces at their barricades, allowing only CNT vehicles to pass through. [46] After unsuccessful appeals from the CNT leadership to end the fighting, the government began transferring Assault Guard from the front to Barcelona, and even destroyers from Valencia. On May 5, the Friends of Durruti issued a pamphlet calling for "disarming of the paramilitary police… dissolution of the political parties…" and declared "Long live the social revolution! - Down with the counter-revolution!" The pamphlet was quickly denounced by the leadership of the CNT. Friends of Durruti Group (in Spanish Agrupación de los Amigos de Durruti) was an Anarchist group in Spain, founded in 1937, on 15 March by [47] The next day, the government agreed to a proposal by the leadership of the CNT-FAI, that called for the removal of the Assault Guards, and no reprisals against libertarians that had participated in the conflict, in exchange for the dismantling of barricades, and end of the general strike. However, neither the PSUC or the Assault Guards gave up their positions, and according to historian Anthony Beevor "carried out violent reprisals against libertarians"[48] By May 8, the fighting was over. Antony James Beevor (born 14 December 1946) is a British Historian, educated at Winchester College and Sandhurst.
These events, the fall of Largo Caballero's government, and the new prime ministership of Juan Negrín soon led to the collapse of much that the CNT had achieved immediately following the rising the previous July. Barcelona May Days is a term covering the events between May 3 and May 8 1937, when factions on the Republican side of the Spanish Civil Francisco Largo Caballero ( October 15, 1869 - March 23, 1946) was a Spanish politician and Trade unionist He was one of Juan Negrín López ( 3 February 1887 - 12 November 1956) was a Spanish politician and physician At the beginning of July, the Aragonese organizations of the Popular Front publicly declared their support for the alternative council in Aragon, led by their president, Joaquín Ascaso. Four weeks later the 11th Division, under Enrique Líster, entered the region. Enrique Líster Forján ( April 21 1907, Ameneiro A Coruña &mdash December 8 1995, Madrid) was a Spanish On August 11, 1937, the Republican government, now situated in Valencia, dismissed the Regional Council for the Defense of Aragon. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [49] Líster's division was prepared for an offensive on the Aragonese front, but they were also sent to subdue the collectives run by the CNT-UGT and in dismantling the collective structures created the previous twelve months. The offices of the CNT were destroyed, and all the equipment belonging to its collectives was redistributed to landowners. [50] The CNT leadership not only refused to allow the anarchist columns on the Aragon front to leave the front to defend the collectives, but they failed to condemn the government's actions against the collectives, causing much conflict between it and the rank and file membership of the union. [51]
1938-1939
In April of 1938, Juan Negrín was asked to form a government, and included Segundo Blanco, a member of the CNT, as minister of education, and by this point, the only CNT member left in the cabinet. At this point, many in the CNT leadership were critical of participation in the government, seeing it as dominated by the Communists. Prominent CNT leaders went so far as to refer to Blanco as "sop of the libertarian movement"[52] and "just one more Negrínist. "[53] On the other side, Blanco was responsible for installing other CNT members into the ministry of education, and stopping the spread of "Communist propaganda" by the ministry. [54]
In March of 1939, with the war nearly over, CNT leaders participated in the National Defense Council's coup overthrowing the government of the Communist Juan Negrín. [55] Those involved included the CNT's Eduardo Val and José Manuel González Marín serving on the council, while Cipriano Mera's 70th Division provided military support, and Melechor Rodríquez became mayor of Madrid. Cipriano Mera Sanz ( November 4, 1897 - October 24, 1975) was a Spanish military and political figure during the Second Spanish [56] The Council attempted to negotiate a peace with Franco, though he granted virtually none of their demands.
The CNT during the Franco dictatorship
In 1939 the Law of Political Responsibilities outlawed the CNT[57] and expropriated its assets. [58] At that time the organization had a million members and a large infrastructure. According to one estimate, roughly 160-180,000 members of the CNT were killed by the Franco government. [59]
The CNT acted clandestinely inside Spain during the Franco years, as well as conducting activities from exile, and some members kept on fighting the regime of Francisco Franco until 1948 through the guerrilla actions of maquis. Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid The Spanish Maquis were Spanish Guerrillas exiled in France after the Spanish Civil War who continued to fight against the Franco regime There was much disagreement amongst factions of the CNT during these years. There was a major split after the National Committee inside Spain chose to support members of the Republican government in exile, while members of the Libertarian Movement in Exile (MLE) (basically the CNT-in-exile) stood against further collaboration with the government. Even Federica Montseny, who had joined the Republic as Minister of Health changed her stance on collaboration, describing the "futility of. . . participation in the government. "[60]
In January 1960, the MLE was formed by the CNT, the FAI, and the FIJL. In September of the next year, a congress was held in Limoges, at which the Sección Defensa Interior (DI) was created, to be partially funded by the CNT. Limoges ( Lemòtges / Limòtges in the Limousin dialect of Occitan language) is a city and commune in France, the préfecture By this point, a great majority of the CNT-in-exile had given up on political action as a tool, and one of the main goals of the DI was to assassinate Franco. [61]
These divergent attitudes combined with Franco's repression to weaken the organization, and the CNT lost influence among the population inside Spain. [62] In 1961 it began to regain strength, consolidating itself during the 1960s and 1970s thanks to penetration of anarcho-syndicalist ideology into Catholic anti-Francoist workers' organizations such as the Hermandad Obrera de Acción Católica (HOAC, "Worker Brethren of Catholic Action") or Juventud Obrera Católica (JOC, "Catholic Worker Youth").
During the "transition"
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After Franco's death in November 1975 and the beginning of Spain's transition to democracy, the CNT was the only social movement to refuse to sign the 1977 Moncloa Pact,[63] an agreement amongst politicians, political parties, and trade unions to plan how to operate the economy during the transition. The Spanish transition to democracy was the era when Spain moved from the Dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a liberal democratic state. In 1979, the CNT held its first congress since 1936 as well as several mass meetings, the most remarkable one in Montjuïc. Montjuïc (ˌmɔntˈdʒuik alternatively spelled Montjuic or Montjuich) is a hill located in Barcelona, Views put forward in this congress would set the pattern for the CNT's line of action for the following decades: no participation in union elections, no acceptance of state subsidies,[64] no acknowledgment of works councils, and support of union sections. A works council is a "shop-floor" organization representing workers which functions as local/firm-level complement to national labour negotiations
In this first congress, held in Madrid,[65] a minority sector in favor of union elections split from the CNT, initially calling themselves CNT Valencia Congress (referring to the alternative congress held in this city), and later Confederación General del Trabajo (CGT) after an April 1989 court decision determined that they could not use the CNT initials. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The General Confederation of Labour ( Spanish: Confederación [66] In 1990, a group of CGT members left this union to be able to receive the same government subsidies that other unions receive, founding Solidaridad Obrera. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> Solidaridad Obrera ( Spanish: " Workers' Solidarity
One year before, the 1978 Scala Case affected the CNT. An explosion killed three people in a Barcelona night club. [67] The authorities alleged that striking workers "blew themselves up", and arrested surviving strikers, implicating them in the crime. [68] CNT members declared that the prosecution sought to criminalize their organization:[69]
It was evident that the police weren't looking for anything nor anyone — they already had the culprits — it was just about intimidating the cenetistsa and scaring away from the organization thousands of affiliate workers that, although they identified with the syndical line of the anarcho-syndicalists, they weren't determined to go a long way in their support, let alone to defy such police repression. Things weren't a joke, the news of new arrests created an insecurity atmosphere among great part of the members. On the other hand, the certainty of the implication of the CNT in the attack kept consolidating in the public opinion, which caused serious deterioration in the organization's image, and thus the anarchists'. If we add news of aggressions and assaults by fascist groups, which considerably increased those days, we can more or less picture the situation. Being an anarchist those days turned very unpleasant. The media made it unpopular; the police and ultra-rightwing groups made it dangerous.
—Revista Polémica, The Scala case. A trial against anarcho-syndicalism.
After its legalization, the CNT began efforts to recover the expropriations of 1939. The basis for such recovery would be established by Law 4/1986, which required the return of the seized properties, and the unions' right to use or yield the real estate. Since then the CNT has been claiming the return of these properties from the State.
In 1996, the Economic and Social Council facilities in Madrid were squatted by 105 CNT militants. [70] This body is in charge of the repatriation of the accumulated union wealth. In 2004 an agreement was reached between the CNT and the District Attorney's Office, through which all charges were dropped against the hundred prosecuted for this occupation.
Current status
The CNT opposes the model of union elections and workplace committees,[71] and is critical of the mainstream Spanish unions, the Workers' General Union and the Workers' Commissions, and of labor reforms;[72] instead they put forward a platform of reivindicación: that is, of "return of what is due," of social revolution. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The Unión General de Trabajadores ( UGT, Workers' General Union Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The Workers' Commissions ( Spanish: Comisiones Obreras, [73]
In 2005, the government of Spain continued the return of the union endowments seized during and after the Civil War to the UGT and CNT. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of According to some social groups and media reports, this return was seen to be a show of favoritism to the UGT, because in 1936, the anarcho-syndicalist trade unions had about as many members as other unions, but the government returned about four million euros to the CNT while the UGT received a much larger amount. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e The CNT has continued to demand the full return of their seized historical endowment. [74]
July 2006 marked the 70th anniversary of the Spanish Revolution, and in commemoration the CNT and FAI organized commemorative celebrations, with events such as speeches, debates, film screenings, expositions, and musical performances. The Spanish Revolution of 1936 began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. [75]
Symbols and culture
- See also: Anarchist symbolism
The CNT, owing to its interests in the radical transformation of society, has sought to make free knowledge and culture accessible to workers, a task which has been developed through the support of the anarchist academies. While anarchists have historically largely denied the importance of Symbols to political movement anarchists have embraced certain symbols for their cause Libre Knowledge is knowledge which may be acquired interpreted and applied freely it can be re-formulated according to one's needs and shared with others for community benefit The free culture movement is a Social movement that promotes the freedom to distribute and modify Creative works, using the Internet as well as other The School of Anarchist Militants was an institution which, by means of anarchist pedagogy, sought to ensure that "groups of teenagers could acquire the knowledge and the personal responsibility essential to work in collectives such as those of entertainers and accountants. Educational progressivism is the belief that education must be based on the principle that humans are Social animals who learn best in real-life activities with other " Through the Anselmo Lorenzo Foundation, the CNT manages its cultural heritage, edits books, and organizes conferences and colloquies. Also, some sections of the CNT have supported and promoted Esperanto. is by far the most widely spoken constructed International auxiliary language in the world
The flag of the CNT is the traditional flag of anarcho-syndicalism, which joins diagonally the red color of the labour movement and the black color of anarchism, as a negation of nationalism and reaffirmation of internationalism. The labour movement or labor movement is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better
The anthem of the CNT is A las barricadas (To The Barricades), composed by the Polish poet Wacław Święcicki in 1883. The term anthem means either a specific form of Anglican church music (in Music theory and religious contexts or more generally a song (or composition of " To The Barricades " ( A Las Barricadas) was one of the most popular songs of the Spanish anarchists during the Spanish Civil War. The Polish people, or Poles, (Polacy) are a Western Slavic Ethnic group of Central Europe, living predominantly in Poland. Święcicki's work, called Warschawjanka, was given Spanish lyrics by Valeriano Orobón Fernández and published with some musical arrangements for mixed choir by Ángel Miret in 1933. Valeriano Orobón Fernánez (1901-1936 was a Spanish Anarcho-syndicalist theoretician trade-union activist translator and poet who wrote the lyrics of the revolutionary
A las barricadas
Several postage stamps were issued by the CNT during the Spanish Civil War. A postage stamp is an adhesive paper evidence of pre-paying a fee for postal services The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of [76] Other surviving artifacts of this period are posters, [77] movie tickets, and other objects related to the companies which were collectivized during the Spanish Revolution of 1936. A poster is any piece of printed Paper designed to be attached to a wall or vertical surface The Spanish Revolution of 1936 began during the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War.
George Orwell fought in the Spanish Civil War in the militia of the POUM, a revolutionary Marxist party whose militants were allied with the CNT during the revolution and to which Andrés Nin, the former Secretary General of the CNT, belonged. POUM Campesinosjpg|thumb|A POUM poster appeals to peasants "Peasants the land is yours"]]The Workers' Party of Marxist Unification (POUM Spanish: Partido Obrero Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Andreu Nin Pérez, ( Catalan: Andreu Nin; Spanish: Andrés Nin; February 4 1892, El Vendrell, Tarragona Orwell described in his book Homage to Catalonia the time during which Barcelona rose up with the CNT and anarchism. Homage to Catalonia is political journalist and Novelist George Orwell 's personal account of his experiences and observations in the In the ninth chapter of his book, Orwell commented that "As far as my purely personal preferences went I would have liked to join the Anarchists. "[78]
Robert Capa photographed the death of Durruti Column militiaman Federico Borrell García during the Spanish Civil War in the snapshot called "Death of a Loyalist Soldier". Robert Capa ( Budapest, October 22 1913 &ndash May 25 1954) was a 20th century combat Photographer who covered five different The Durruti Column was the most famous column of anarchist fighters during the Spanish Civil War. Federico Borrell García ( January 3, 1912 &ndash September 5, 1936) was the man who appeared in the image The Falling Soldier [79] This photograph has become a famous image which shows the calamity of war. [80]
In 1936, the film industry was collectivized[81] and produced short films such as En la brecha (In the Gap, 1937). The CNT has been portrayed in recent Spanish filmmaking by the Vicente Aranda's film Libertarias (1996), which shows a group of militiamen (and especially militiawomen) at the Aragon front during the Spanish Civil War. The art of motion-picture making within the nation of Spain or by Spanish filmmakers Vicente Aranda (born on 9 November 1926 in Barcelona) is a Spanish Film director, Screenwriter and producer Libertarias is a Spanish historical drama made in 1996 It was written and directed by Vicente Aranda.
References
- ^ Woodcock 1962, p. 312
- ^ Roca Martínez 2006, p. 109
- ^ (Spanish) Estatutos de la CNT de 1977 ("1977 Statutes of the CNT"), accessed online on Wikisource 31 January 2007. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Roca Martínez 2006, p. 106
- ^ CNT 1998
- ^ CNT 1998
Anarcho-syndicalism is internationalist; it sees the world as a whole in spite of racial, language or cultural differences. In this sense, it opposes the oppression that the states exert over the people. We are against the Spanish state oppressing the Basque people, in favor of the Basque, Catalan, Palestine, Saharan, Tibetan, or Kurdish people being responsible for their own destinies, settling on more or less delimited territories, participating in the richness of the society as a whole, federating as they like, becoming independent from the states; but we would oppose just as strongly the creation of a Basque, Palestinian, Saharan or Kurdish state, with its police, army, currency, government and repressive instrument. The Basques (Euskaldunak are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France. The Catalans are the people from Catalonia, an Autonomous community of Spain, including people originating in that region but living elsewhere Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest The Tibetan people are indigenous to Tibet and surrounding areas stretching from Central Asia in the North and West to Myanmar and China Proper
- ^ Roca Martínez 2006, p. 109
- ^ Roca Martínez 2006, p. 109
- ^ Roca Martínez 2006, p. 110
- ^ Roca Martínez 2006, p. 109-110
- ^ CNT 1998, p. 14
- ^ Roca Martínez 2006, p. 110
- ^ Roca Martínez 2006, p. 115
- ^ Geary 1989, p. 261
- ^ Roca Martínez 2006, p. 110
- ^ Periódico CNT. Retrieved on 2008-02-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ Gómez Casas 1986, p. 49
- ^ Confederación Nacional del Trabajo, International Workingmen's Association (1983). Cenit : órgano de la CNT-AIT Regional del Exterior : portavoz de la CNT de España, CeNiT
- ^ REVISTA BICEL (Spanish). Fundación de Estudios Libertarios Anselmo Lorenzo. Retrieved on 2008-02-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ Origen de la Fundación de Estudios Libertarios Anselmo Lorenzo (Spanish). Retrieved on 2008-02-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor
- ^ CNT 1998, p. 21
- ^ Roca Martínez 2006, p. 111
- ^ CNT 1998, p. 20
- ^ CNT 1998, p. 21
- ^ CNT 1998, p. 21
- ^ Roca Martínez 2006, p. 109
- ^ Roca Martínez 2006, p. 109
- ^ (Spanish) CNT: otra forma de hacer sindicalismo ("CNT: another form of doing unionism"), official CNT site. Accessed online 6 January 2007. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Geary 1989, p. 261
- ^ Geary 1989, p. 261
- ^ Beevor 2006, p. 13
- ^ Beevor 2006, p. 15
- ^ Beevor 2006, p. 17
- ^ Roca Martínez 2006, p. 116
- ^ Horn 1996, p. 56
- ^ Beevor 2006, p. 24
- ^ Beevor 2006, p. 46
- ^ Beevor 2006, p. 48
- ^ Ackelsberg 2005, p. 167
- ^ Beevor 2006, p. 146-147
- ^ Beevor 2006, p. 170
- ^ Alexander 1999, p. 361
- ^ Beevor 2006, p. 260
- ^ Beevor 2006, p. 263
- ^ Beevor 2006, p. 261
- ^ Beevor 2006, p. 263-264
- ^ Beevor 2006, p. 266-267
- ^ Beevor 2006, p. 267
- ^ Beevor 2006, p. 295
- ^ Beevor 2006, p. 295
- ^ Beevor 2006, p. 296
- ^ Alexander 1999, p. 976
- ^ Alexander 1999, p. 977
- ^ Alexander 1999, p. 978
- ^ Alexander 1999, p. 1055
- ^ Beevor 2006, p. 490
- ^ Bowen 2006, p. 248
- ^ Aguilar Fernández 2002, p. 155
- ^ Alexander 1999, p. 1095
- ^ Guérin 2005, p. 674
- ^ Christie 2002, p. 214
- ^ Aguilar Fernández 2002, p. 155
- ^ Roca Martínez 2006, p. 108
- ^ Roca Martínez 2006, p. 109
- ^ Aguilar Fernández 2002, p. 110
- ^ FAQ. “"Un sector minoritario que es partidario de las elecciones sindicales se escinde y pasa a llamarse CNT congreso de valencia (en referencia al Congreso alternativo realizado en esa ciudad) y posteriormente, perdidas judicialmente las siglas, a CGT. "”
- ^ Alexander 1999, p. 1094
- ^ Meltzer 1996, p. 265
- ^ (Spanish) A series of three articles about the Scala Case from the CNT point of view: (1) El Caso Scala. Un proceso contra el anarcosindicalismo, ("The Scala Case. A trial against anarcho-syndicalism"), Jesús Martínez, Revista Polémica online, 1 February 2006; (2) Segunda parte. El proceso ("Second part: the trial") 31 January 2006; (3) Tercera parte. El canto del Grillo ("Third part: Grillo's song") 31 January 2006. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. All accessed online 6 January 2008. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Los 117 detenidos de la CNT, en libertad tras prestar declaración (Spanish). El Mundo (December 7, 1996). Retrieved on 2008-01-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes.
- ^ (Spanish) ¿Que son las elecciones sindicales?, official CNT site. Accessed online 6 January 2008. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ (Spanish) Otra reforma laboral ¿Y ahora qué?, official CNT site. Accessed online 6 January 2008. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ (Spanish) Plataforma Reivindicativa, official CNT site. Accessed online 6 January 2008. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ (Spanish) Reivindicación de nuestro patrimonio | recuperaación de la memoria histórica, a collecton of articles on the official CNT site. See especially (1) Reivindicación del patrimonio sindical acumulado, CNT de Toledo, 9 September 2007 and (2) La CNT ha presentado hoy una demanda ante el Tribunal Supremo sobre Patrimonio Histórico, Secretaría de Prensa y Comunicación del Comité Nacional de CNT-AIT (Secretary of Press and Communication of the National Committee of the CNT-AIT), 6 September 2007. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. All accessed online 6 January 2008. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ (Spanish)Jornadas Conmemorativos del 70º Aniversario de la Revolución Social Anarquista; Semana del 10 al 22 de Julio. ("Commemorative Days of the 70th Anniversary of the Anarchist Social Revolution: week of 10 to 22 July" (and interactive schedule, which is an active image map). In HTML and XHTML, an image map is a list of coordinates relating to a specific Image, created in order to Hyperlink areas of the image to various On official CNT site. Accessed 6 January 2008. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ (French) Les trimbres édités par la CNT et la FAI entre 1936 et 1939 ("The stamps issued by the CNT and FAI between 1936 and 1939"), Increvables Anarchistes. Includes images of many stamps. Accessed 6 January 2008. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Spain 1936/1939, what are the anarchist posters during the civil war?. Retrieved on 2008-01-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental
- ^ Orwell 1969, p. 116
- ^ The picture, taken September 5, 1936, is known by various similar names: "Death of a militiaman", "Loyalist Militiaman at the Moment of Death, Cerro Muriano, September 5, 1936. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. " See Federico Borrell García for image. Federico Borrell García ( January 3, 1912 &ndash September 5, 1936) was the man who appeared in the image The Falling Soldier
- ^ Proving that Robert Capa's Falling Soldier is Genuine: a Detective Story, Richard Whelan, American Masters, PBS Website. Accessed 5 January 2008. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ (Spanish) Cine y Anarquismo. 1936: colectivización de la industria cinematográfica. ("Film and anarchism. 1936: Collectivisation of the film industry"), official CNT site. Accessed 5 January 2008. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
Sources
- CNT (2001). Anarcosindicalismo básico (in Spanish). Seville: Federación Local de Sindicatos de Sevilla de la CNT-AIT. ISBN 8492069848.
- CNT; Jeff Stein (1998). Basic Anarcho-Syndicalism (in English). Johannesburg, South Africa: Zabalaza Books. Johannesburg ( Pronounced /jō-hān'ĭs-bûrg'/ is the largest city in South Africa. Retrieved on 2008-01-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1325 - Alfonso IV becomes King of Portugal. 1558 - France takes Calais, the last continental Excerpts from the 1998 edition of Anarcosindicalismo básico were translated by Jeff Stein and published first in the Anarcho-Syndicalist Review, then as a pamphlet (PDF linked). Direct quotations in this article follow Stein's wording for passages he has translated. Note that the pagination of the linked PDF places two pages of the pamphlet on each PDF page; cited page numbers follow the pamphlet itself.
- Aguilar Fernández, Palomar (2002). Memory and Amnesia: The Role of the Spanish Civil War in the Transition to Democracy. Berghahn Books. ISBN 1571814965.
- Ackelsberg, Martha A. (2005). Free Women of Spain: Anarchism and the Struggle for the Emancipation of Women. Oakland: AK Press. ISBN 1902593960.
- Alexander, Robert (1999). Anarchists in the Spanish Civil War. Janus Publishing Company. ISBN 185756412X.
- Beevor, Antony (2006). Antony James Beevor (born 14 December 1946) is a British Historian, educated at Winchester College and Sandhurst. The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0297-848325.
- Bowen, Wayne H. (2006). Spain During World War II. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 0826216587.
- Christie, Stuart (2002). Stuart Christie (born July 10, 1946 in the Partick area of Glasgow, Scotland) is a Glaswegian Anarchist writer and publisher My Granny Made Me an Anarchist: The Cultural and Political Formation of a west of Scotland ‘baby-boomer’. Christie Books. ISBN 1873976143.
- Christie, Stuart (2003). Stuart Christie (born July 10, 1946 in the Partick area of Glasgow, Scotland) is a Glaswegian Anarchist writer and publisher General Franco Made Me A ‘Terrorist’. Christie Books. ISBN 1873976194.
- Fernández, Frank, Cuban Anarchism: The History of a Movement, See Sharp Press.
- Gómez Casas, Juan (1986). Anarchist Organisation: The History of the F. A. I. . Black Rose Books Limited. ISBN 0920057381.
- Geary, Dick (1989). Labour and Socialist Movements in Europe Before 1914. Berg Publishers. ISBN 0854967052.
- Horn, Gerd-Rainer (1996). European Socialists Respond to Fascism: Ideology, Activism and Contingency in the 1930s. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0195093747.
- Meltzer, Albert (1996). Albert Meltzer ( January 7, 1920 – May 7, 1996) was an Anarcho-communist activist I Couldn't Paint Golden Angels: Sixty Years of Commonplace Life and Anarchist Agitation. Oakland: AK Press. ISBN 1873176937.
- Orwell, George (1938). Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950 who used the Pseudonym George Orwell, was an English writer Homage to Catalonia. Homage to Catalonia is political journalist and Novelist George Orwell 's personal account of his experiences and observations in the
- Porcel, Baltasar (1978). La revuelta permanente (in Spanish). Barcelona: Editorial Planeta. ISBN 843205643X.
- Roca Martínez, Beltrán (2006). "Anarchism, anthropology and Andalucia: an analysis of the CNT and 'New Capitalism'" (in English) (PDF). Anarchist Studies 14 (2): 106–130. London: Lawrence & Wishart. ISSN 3393 0967 3393. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.
- Villar, Manuel (1994). El anarquismo en la insurrección de Asturias: la CNT y la FAI en octubre de 1934 (in Spanish). Madrid: Fundación Anselmo Lorenzo. ISBN 8486864151.
- Woodcock, George (1962). George Woodcock ( May 8, 1912 - January 28, 1995) was a prolific Canadian Writer of Poetry, Essays Anarchism: A History Of Libertarian Ideas And Movements. Broadview Press. ISBN 1551116294.
External links
- (Spanish) CNT Official Website
- (Spanish) Fundación de Estudios Libertarios Anselmo Lorenzo (FAL)
- (Spanish) Directorio de Sindicatos, Federaciones y Confederaciones de la CNT (Directory of unions, federations, and confederations of the CNT)
- (Spanish) Periódico CNT (CNT Journal)
- (Spanish) Asociation Internationales de los Trabajadores AIT-IWA-IAA
- (Spanish) La Idea - difusion libertaria
- (Spanish) Vivir la Utopía. El anarquismo en España (Living the Utopia. Anarchism in Spain), documentary film by Juan A. Gamero. Arte-TVE, Spain, 1997. see the film via AgoraTV:[1]
Posters
(French) Images of numerous CNT-related posters can be seen on the French-language site Increvables Anarchistes:
- La révolution et la guerre en Espagne 1936-1939: Les affiches des colonnes et milices libertaires et les combats contre le fascisme ("Revolution and war in Spain 1936–1939: Posters of the libertarian columns and militias and fight against fascism")
- Affiches de la révolution espagnole 1936 - 1939: les collectivisations et la socialisation des transports "Posters of the Spanish Revolution 1936–1939: The collectivisations and socialisation of transport"
- Les affiches de la révolution espagnole 1936 - 1939: les collectivisations et le communisme libertaire à la campagne "Posters of the Spanish Revolution 1936–1939: The collectivisations and libertarian communism in the countryside"
- La révolution espagnole 1936 - 1939: Affiches sur l'éducation et la culture: "Posters of the Spanish Revolution 1936–1939: Posters on education and culture"
- Les affiches de la guerre et de la révolution espagnole 1936 - 1939: la CNT (Confederation National del Trabajo), FAI (Federation Anarquista Iberica), AIT (Associacion International de los Trabadores)
- Affiches de la révolution espagnole 1936 - 1939: Mujeres Libres (Femmes Libres): "Posters of the Spanish Revolution 1936–1939: Mujeres Libres (Free women)"
- Guerre et révolution en espagne libertaire 1936 - 1939: Affiches sur les usines et les industries socialisées: "Posters of the Spanish Revolution 1936–1939: Posters for socialized factories and industries"