| Condoleezza Rice | |
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| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 26, 2005 |
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| President | George W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Colin Powell |
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| In office January 20, 2001 – January 26, 2005 |
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| President | George W. Bush |
| Preceded by | Sandy Berger |
| Succeeded by | Stephen Hadley |
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| In office 1993 – 1999 |
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| Preceded by | Gerald J. Lieberman |
| Succeeded by | John L. Hennessy |
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| Born | November 14, 1954 Birmingham, Alabama |
| Political party | Republican |
| Alma mater | University of Denver University of Notre Dame |
| Profession | Professor, Provost, Diplomat, Politician |
| Religion | Presbyterian |
Condoleezza Rice (born November 14, 1954) is the 66th United States Secretary of State, and the second in the administration of President George W. Bush to hold the office. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Colin Luther Powell, KCB (Honorary MSC, (born April 5, 1937) is a retired General in the United States Army. The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Samuel Richard "Sandy" Berger (born October 28, 1945) served as the 19th United States National Security Advisor under President Stephen John Hadley (born February 13, 1947, in Toledo Ohio) is the current (21st U Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in For other people named John Hennessy see John Hennessy. John LeRoy Hennessy is an American computer scientist and academic Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Birmingham (ˈbɝmɪŋhæm is the largest City in the US state of Alabama and is the County seat of Jefferson County. Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The University of Denver ( DU) founded in 1864 is the oldest private University in the Rocky Mountain Region of the United States. The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame) (ˌnoʊtɚˈdeɪm is a private Roman Catholic Research university located in The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies Provost is the title of a senior Academic administrator at many institutions of Higher education in the United States and Canada, the equivalent Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states A politician (from Greek " Polis " is an individual who is involved in influencing public decision making through the influence of Politics or a person Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Rice is the first black woman, second African American (after her predecessor Colin Powell, who served from 2001 to 2005), and the second woman (after Madeleine Albright, who served from 1997 to 2001 in the Clinton Administration) to serve as Secretary of State. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa Colin Luther Powell, KCB (Honorary MSC, (born April 5, 1937) is a retired General in the United States Army. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Madeleine Korbel Albright (born Marie Jana Korbelová on May 15, 1937) was the first woman to become United States Secretary of State. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The United States Presidency of Bill Clinton, also known as the Clinton Administration, was the executive branch of the Federal Rice was President Bush's National Security Advisor during his first term. The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA Before joining the Bush administration, she was a professor of political science at Stanford University where she served as Provost from 1993 to 1999. The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in Provost is the title of a senior Academic administrator at many institutions of Higher education in the United States and Canada, the equivalent Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) During the administration of George H.W. Bush, Rice served as the Soviet and East European Affairs Advisor during the dissolution of the Soviet Union and German reunification. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. The Soviet Union 's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985 German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung took place twice after 1945 first in 1957 the Saarland was permitted to join the Federal Republic of Germany
When beginning as Secretary of State, Rice pioneered a policy of Transformational Diplomacy, with a focus on democracy in the greater Middle East. Transformational Diplomacy is a Diplomacy initiative championed by United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice for reinvigorating American Foreign Her emphasis on supporting democratically elected governments faced challenges as Hamas captured a popular majority in Palestine yet supported Islamist terror, and influential countries including Saudi Arabia and Egypt maintained authoritarian systems with US support. She chairs the Millennium Challenge Corporation's board of directors. The Millennium Challenge Account (MCA run by the Millennium Challenge Corporation, is a bilateral development fund announced by the Bush administration [1]
In addition to English, she speaks Russian, German, French, and Spanish. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people [2]
Early life
Rice was born in Birmingham, Alabama, and grew up in the neighborhood of Titusville. Birmingham (ˈbɝmɪŋhæm is the largest City in the US state of Alabama and is the County seat of Jefferson County. Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. Titusville (pronounced ˈtɪdəsvl or ˈtɪdəsˌviʊl) is a historic neighborhood in Birmingham Alabama, USA She traces her roots to pre-revolutionary African Americans in the American South. The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive She is the only child of Presbyterian minister Reverend John Wesley Rice, Jr. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity , and wife, Angelena Ray. Angelena Ray Rice ( 21 July 1924 &ndash August 1985 Teacher of High school Music and Science in Birmingham Alabama Reverend Rice was a guidance counselor at Ullman High School and minister of Westminster Presbyterian Church, which had been founded by his father. Angelena was a science, music, and oratory teacher at Ullman. [3]
Discrimination
Condoleezza (whose name is derived from the Italian musical expression, Con dolcezza, which means "with sweetness"[4]) experienced firsthand the injustices of Birmingham's discriminatory laws and attitudes. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. She was instructed to walk proudly in public and to use the facilities at home rather than subject herself to the indignity of "colored" facilities in town. As Rice recalls of her parents and their peers, "they refused to allow the limits and injustices of their time to limit our horizons. "[5]
However, Rice recalls various times in which she suffered discrimination on account of her race, which included being relegated to a storage room at a department store instead of a regular dressing room, being barred from going to the circus or the local amusement park, being denied hotel rooms, and even being given bad food at restaurants. [4] Also, while Condoleezza was mostly kept by her parents from areas where she might face discrimination, she was very aware of the civil rights struggle and the problems of Jim Crow Birmingham. The Jim Crow laws were state and local laws enacted primarily but not exclusively in the Southern and border states of the United States between 1876 and 1965 A neighbor, Juliemma Smith, described how "[Condi] used to call me and say things like, 'Did you see what Bull Connor did today?' She was just a little girl and she did that all the time. Theophilus Eugene "Bull" Connor ( July 11 1897, Selma Alabama &ndash March 10 1973) was I would have to read the newspaper thoroughly because I wouldn’t know what she was going to talk about. "[4] Rice herself said of the segregation era: "Those terrible events burned into my consciousness. I missed many days at my segregated school because of the frequent bomb threats. "[4]
During the violent days of the Civil Rights Movement, Reverend Rice armed himself and kept guard over the house while Condoleezza practiced the piano inside. The American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968 refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African According to J. L. Chestnut, Reverend Rice called local civil rights leader Fred Shuttlesworth and his followers "uneducated, misguided Negroes. Fred Shuttlesworth (born Freddie Lee Robinson on March 18, 1922) is a civil rights activist who led the fight against segregation and other "[6][7] Also, Reverend Rice instilled in his daughter and students that black people would have to prove themselves worthy of advancement, and would simply have to be "twice as good" to overcome injustices built into the system. [8] Rice said “My parents were very strategic, I was going to be so well prepared, and I was going to do all of these things that were revered in white society so well, that I would be armored somehow from racism. I would be able to confront white society on its own terms. ”[9] While the Rices supported the goals of the civil rights movement, they did not agree with the idea of putting their child in harm's way. [4]
Rice was eight when her schoolmate Denise McNair, aged 11, was killed in the bombing of the primarily black Sixteenth Street Baptist Church by white supremacists on September 15, 1963. White supremacy is a racist ideology based on the assertion that White people are superior to other racial groups. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Rice has commented upon that moment in her life:
I remember the bombing of that Sunday School at 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham in 1963. I did not see it happen, but I heard it happen, and I felt it happen, just a few blocks away at my father’s church. It is a sound that I will never forget, that will forever reverberate in my ears. That bomb took the lives of four young girls, including my friend and playmate, Denise McNair. The crime was calculated to suck the hope out of young lives, bury their aspirations. But those fears were not propelled forward, those terrorists failed. [10]
– Condoleezza Rice, Commencement 2004, Vanderbilt University, May 13, 2004
Rice states that growing up during racial segregation taught her determination against adversity, and the need to be "twice as good" as non-minorities. [11] Segregation also hardened her stance on the right to bear arms; Rice has said in interviews that if gun registration had been mandatory, her father's weapons would have been confiscated, leaving them defenseless against Ku Klux Klan nightriders. The Second Amendment (Amendment II to the United States Constitution is a part of the United States Bill of Rights that protects the pre-existing Gun politics is a set of legal issues surrounding the ownership use and regulation of firearms as well as safety issues related to firearms both through their direct use and through Ku Klux Klan ( KKK) is the name of several past and present secret domestic terrorist organizations in the United States, generally in the southern states that are [4]
Early education
Rice started learning French, music, figure skating and ballet at age three. [12] At age 15, she began classes with the goal of becoming a concert pianist. A pianist (/'piənɪst/ is a Musician who plays the Piano. A professional pianist can perform solo pieces play with an ensemble or Orchestra Her plans changed when she realized that she did not play well enough to support herself through music alone. [13] While Rice is not a professional pianist, she still practices often and plays with a chamber music group. Rice made use of her pianist training to accompany cellist Yo-Yo Ma for Brahms's Violin Sonata in D Minor at Constitution Hall in April 2002 for the National Medal of Arts Awards. The violoncello (abbreviated to cello, or 'cello, plural cellos or celli —the c is tʃ This is an Anglicized version of the Chinese name "Ma Yo-yo" the family name is " Ma " Johannes Brahms ( pronounced ˈbʁaːms (May 7 1833 &ndash April 3 1897 was a German Composer DAR Constitution Hall is a Concert hall in Washington DC It was built in 1929 by the Daughters of the American Revolution to house its annual convention [14]
High school and university education
In 1967, the family moved to Denver, Colorado. The City and County of Denver (pronounced /ˈdɛnvɚ/ is the Capital and the most populous city of Colorado, in the United States The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. She attended St. Mary's Academy, a private all-girls Catholic high school in Cherry Hills Village, Colorado. St Mary's Academy (SMA is a private, Roman Catholic High school in Cherry Hills Village, Colorado. The City of Cherry Hills Village is a Home Rule Municipality located in Arapahoe County, Colorado, United States. The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. After studying piano at the Aspen Music Festival and School, Rice enrolled at the University of Denver, where her father both served as an assistant dean and taught a class called "The Black Experience in America. The Aspen Music Festival and School, founded in 1949, is an internationally renowned classical music festival that presents world-class music in an intimate The University of Denver ( DU) founded in 1864 is the oldest private University in the Rocky Mountain Region of the United States. " Dean John Rice opposed institutional racism, government oppression, and the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia
Rice attended a course on international politics taught by Josef Korbel, the father of future Secretary of State Madeleine Albright. Josef Korbel (born Josef Körbel 20 September 1909 Letohrad - 18 July 1977 Denver) was a Czechoslovakian Diplomat and U Madeleine Korbel Albright (born Marie Jana Korbelová on May 15, 1937) was the first woman to become United States Secretary of State. This experience sparked her interest in the Soviet Union and international relations and made her call Korbel "one of the most central figures in my life. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 "[15]
Rice graduated from St. Mary's Academy in 1970. In 1974, at age 19, Rice earned her BA in political science, Phi Beta Kappa, from the University of Denver. Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems The Phi Beta Kappa Society is an academic Honor society with the mission of "fostering and recognizing excellence" in the Undergraduate Liberal arts In 1975, she obtained her Master's Degree in political science from the University of Notre Dame. Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame) (ˌnoʊtɚˈdeɪm is a private Roman Catholic Research university located in She first worked in the State Department in 1977, during the Carter administration, as an intern in the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 In 1981, at the age of 26, she received her PhD in Political Science from the Graduate School of International Studies at Denver. "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. The University of Denver (DU 's Graduate School of International Studies (GSIS is graduate school located in Ben Cherrington Hall (BCH on the DU campus Her dissertation along with some of her earliest publications, centered on military policy and politics in Czechoslovakia. [16]
Early political views
Rice was a Democrat until 1982 when she changed her political affiliation to Republican after growing averse to former President Jimmy Carter's foreign policy. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr (born October 1 1924 was the thirty-ninth President of the United States, serving from 1977 to 1981 and the recipient of the 2002 [17] She also cited influence from her father, John Wesley, in this decision, who himself switched from Democrat to Republican after being denied voting registration by the Democratic registrar. In her words to the 2000 Republican National Convention, "My father joined our party because the Democrats in Jim Crow Alabama of 1952 would not register him to vote. The Republicans did. "[18]
However, despite her party switch, Rice served as foreign policy advisor to the presidential campaign of Democratic U. S. Senator Gary Hart of Colorado during the 1984 primaries. For the football player see Gary Hart (footballer. Gary Hart (born Gary Warren Hartpence, November 28, 1936 The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. The United States presidential election of 1984 was a contest between the incumbent President Ronald Reagan, the Republican candidate and former Vice President [19]
Academic career
Rice was hired by Stanford University as an Assistant Professor of Political Science (1981–1987). Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems She was promoted to Associate Professor in 1987, a post she held until 1993. The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies She was a specialist on the Soviet Union and gave lectures on the subject for the Berkeley-Stanford joint program led by UC Berkeley Professor George Breslauer in the mid-1980s. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The University of California Berkeley (also referred to as Cal, Berkeley and UC Berkeley) is a major research university located in Berkeley
At a 1985 meeting of arms control experts at Stanford, Rice's performance drew the attention of Brent Scowcroft, who had served as National Security Advisor under Gerald Ford. Brent Scowcroft (born March 19 1925 in Ogden Utah) was the United States National Security Advisor under Presidents Gerald Ford and The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr (July 14 1913 December 26 2006 was the thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977 and the fortieth Vice President [20] With the election of George H. W. Bush, Scowcroft returned to the White House as National Security Adviser in 1989, and he asked Rice to become his Soviet expert on the United States National Security Council. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 The White House National Security Council ( NSC) in the United States is the principal forum used by the President for considering National According to R. Nicholas Burns, President Bush was "captivated" by Rice, and relied heavily on her advice in his dealings with Mikhail Gorbachev and Boris Yeltsin. For other people named Burns see Burns (disambiguation. R Nicholas Burns (born January 28, 1956) is a retired American Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin () (1 February 1931 23 April 2007 was the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999 [20]
Since she would have been ineligible for tenure at Stanford if she had been absent for more than two years, in 1991, she returned to Stanford. She was now taken under the wing of George P. Shultz (Ronald Reagan's Secretary of State from 1982-1989), who was a fellow at the Hoover Institution. George Pratt Shultz (born December 13 1920 served as the United States Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970 as the U The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs The Hoover Institution on War Revolution and Peace is a libertarian Public policy Think tank and Library founded in 1919 by U Shultz included Rice in a "luncheon club" of intellectuals who met every few weeks to discuss foreign affairs. [20] In 1992, Shultz, who was a board member of Chevron Corporation, recommended Rice for a spot on the Chevron board. Chevron was pursuing a $10 billion development project in Kazakhstan, and as a Soviet specialist, Rice knew the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev. Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Leaders of Kazakhstan since 1919 Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1920-1925 Secretaries of the Kirghiz Regional Committee of the Communist Party Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev ( Kazakh: Нұрсұлтан Әбішұлы Назарбаев æbəʃʊˈlɯ nɑzɑrˈbɑjəf Russian: Нурсултан She traveled to Kazakhstan on Chevron's behalf, and, in honor of her work, in 1993, Chevron named a 129,000-ton supertanker SS Condoleezza Rice. [20] During this period, Rice was also appointed to the boards of Transamerica Corporation (1991) and Hewlett-Packard (1992). Transamerica Corporation is a holding company for various Life insurance companies and Investment firms doing business primarily in the United States.
At Stanford, in 1992, Rice volunteered to serve on the search committee to replace outgoing president Donald Kennedy. Donald Kennedy (born 1931 is an American scientist public administrator and academic The committee ultimately recommended Gerhard Casper, the Provost of the University of Chicago. Gerhard Casper (1937 -) was the 9th president of Stanford University from 1992-2000 Casper met Rice during this search, and was so impressed that in 1993, he appointed her as Stanford's Provost, the chief budget and academic officer of the university (1993–1999)[20], and she also was granted tenure and became full Professor in 1993 (1993–present). Provost is the title of a senior Academic administrator at many institutions of Higher education in the United States and Canada, the equivalent Tenure commonly refers to life tenure in a job and specifically to a senior Academic 's Contractual right not to have their position terminated The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies [21] Rice was the first female, first minority, and youngest Provost at Stanford. [22] She was also named a Senior Fellow of the Institute for International Studies, and a Senior Fellow (by courtesy) of the Hoover Institution. A fellow in the broadest sense is someone who is an equal or a comrade The Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies is a conglomerate of research centers at Stanford University in Stanford California. The Hoover Institution on War Revolution and Peace is a libertarian Public policy Think tank and Library founded in 1919 by U
Provost promotion
Former Stanford President Gerhard Casper said the university was "most fortunate in persuading someone of Professor Rice's exceptional talents and proven ability in critical situations to take on this task. Gerhard Casper (1937 -) was the 9th president of Stanford University from 1992-2000 Everything she has done, she has done well; I have every confidence that she will continue that record as provost. "[23] Rice’s Stanford appointment was considered, by Casper, an effort to address concerns about alleged bias at Stanford University. Casper told the New Yorker in 2002 that it “would be disingenuous for me to say that the fact that she was a woman, the fact that she was black … weren't in my mind. "
Balancing school budget
As Stanford's Provost, Rice was responsible for managing the university's multi-billion dollar budget. The school at that time was running a deficit of $20 million. When Rice took office, she promised that the budget deficit would be balanced within "two years. " Coit Blacker, Stanford's deputy director of the Institute for International Studies, said there "was a sort of conventional wisdom that said it couldn't be done . . . that [the deficit] was structural, that we just had to live with it. " Two years later, Rice announced that the deficit had been eliminated and the university was holding a record surplus of over $14. 5 million. [24]
Special interest issues
Rice drew protests when, as provost, she departed from the practice of applying affirmative action to tenure decisions and unsuccessfully sought to consolidate the university's ethnic community centers. [25]
Music
Dr. Rice is an accomplished pianist and has performed in public since she was a young girl. At the age of 15, she played Mozart with the Denver Symphony, and to this day she plays regularly with a chamber music group in Washington[26]. She does not play professionally, but has performed at diplomatic events at embassies, and she has performed in public with cellist Yo-Yo Ma. This is an Anglicized version of the Chinese name "Ma Yo-yo" the family name is " Ma " She has stated that her favorite composer is Johannes Brahms, because she thinks Brahms's music is "passionate but not sentimental. Johannes Brahms ( pronounced ˈbʁaːms (May 7 1833 &ndash April 3 1897 was a German Composer "
Private sector
Rice headed Chevron's committee on public policy until she resigned on January 15, 2001, to become National Security Advisor to President George W. Bush. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Chevron honored Rice by naming an oil tanker Condoleezza Rice after her, but controversy led to its being renamed Altair Voyager. History The technology of oil transportation has evolved alongside the oil industry [27]
She also served on the board of directors for the Carnegie Corporation, the Charles Schwab Corporation, the Chevron Corporation, Hewlett Packard, the Rand Corporation, the Transamerica Corporation, and other organizations. The Carnegie Corporation of New York is a nonprofit organization in the United States. The Charles Schwab Corporation, based in San Francisco, California is a company founded as a traditional (brick-and-mortar Brokerage house, and which The RAND Corporation ( R esearch AN d D evelopment is a Nonprofit global policy Think tank first formed to offer research and analysis Transamerica Corporation is a holding company for various Life insurance companies and Investment firms doing business primarily in the United States.
In 1992 Rice founded the Center for New Generation, an after-school program created to raise the high school graduation numbers of East Palo Alto and eastern Menlo Park, California. East Palo Alto (often called EPA) is a city in San Mateo County, California, United States. Menlo Park is an affluent City in San Mateo County, in the San Francisco Bay Area of California [28]
Early political career
In 1986, while an international affairs fellow of the Council on Foreign Relations, Rice served as Special Assistant to the Director of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Council on Foreign Relations ( CFR) is an American Nonpartisan foreign policy membership organization founded in 1921 and based at 58 East 68th Street (at The Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS) is a group comprising the Chiefs of service of each major branch of the Armed services in the United States armed forces
From 1989 through March 1991 (the period of the fall of Berlin Wall and the final days of the Soviet Union), she served in President George H.W. Bush's administration as Director, and then Senior Director, of Soviet and East European Affairs in the National Security Council, and a Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs. The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer was a physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic (GDR ( East Germany) including The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 The White House National Security Council ( NSC) in the United States is the principal forum used by the President for considering National In this position, Rice helped develop Bush's and Secretary of State James Baker's policies in favor of German reunification. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs See also James Addison Baker James Addison Baker III (born April 28 1930) is a American attorney politician political German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung took place twice after 1945 first in 1957 the Saarland was permitted to join the Federal Republic of Germany She impressed Bush, who later introduced her to Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev as the one who "tells me everything I know about the Soviet Union. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician "[29]
In 1991, Rice returned to her teaching position at Stanford, although she continued to serve as a consultant on the former Soviet Bloc for numerous clients in both the public and private sectors. Late that year, California Governor Pete Wilson appointed her to a bipartisan committee that had been formed to draw new state legislative and congressional districts in the state. The Governor of California is the highest executive authority in the state government whose responsibilities include making annual "State of the State" addresses Peter Barton Wilson (born August 23 1933 is an American Politician from California.
In 1997, she sat on the Federal Advisory Committee on Gender-Integrated Training in the Military.
During George W. Bush's 2000 U.S. Presidential election campaign, Rice took a one-year leave of absence from Stanford University to help work as his foreign policy advisor. The United States presidential election of 2000 was a contest between Democratic candidate Al Gore, then Vice President, and Republican Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in The group of advisors she led called itself The Vulcans in honor of the monumental Vulcan statue, which sits on a hill overlooking her hometown of Birmingham, Alabama. The Vulcans is a nickname used to refer to Republican Presidential candidate George W The Vulcan statue is the largest Cast iron statue in the world and it the symbol of city of Birmingham Alabama, reflecting its roots in the iron Birmingham (ˈbɝmɪŋhæm is the largest City in the US state of Alabama and is the County seat of Jefferson County. Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. Rice would later go on to give a noteworthy speech at the 2000 Republican National Convention. The 2000 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States convened at the Wachovia Center (then the First Union Center The speech asserted that “…America's armed forces are not a global police force. They are not the world's 911. ”[30][31]
National Security Advisor (2001–2005)
On December 17, 2000, Rice was picked to serve as National Security Advisor and stepped down from her position at Stanford. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Colin Luther Powell, KCB (Honorary MSC, (born April 5, 1937) is a retired General in the United States Army. The United States Secretary of Defense ( SECDEF) is the head of the U Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9 1932 is a United States Businessman, Politician, the 13th Secretary of Defense under President The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Events 972 - Battle of Cedynia, the first documented victory of Polish forces takes place See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 546 - Gothic War (535–554: The Ostrogoths of King Totila 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA She was the first woman to occupy the post. Rice earned the nickname of “Warrior Princess,” reflecting strong nerve and delicate manners. [32]
During the summer of 2001, Rice met with CIA Director George Tenet on an almost daily basis to discuss the possibilities and prevention of terrorist attacks on American targets. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all George John Tenet (born January 5, 1953) was the Director of Central Intelligence for the United States Central Intelligence Agency Notably, on July 10, 2001, Rice met with Tenet in what he referred to as an "emergency meeting"[33] held at the White House at Tenet's request to brief Rice and the NSC staff about the potential threat of an al Qaeda attack. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Rice responded by asking Tenet to give a presentation on the matter to Secretary Rumsfeld and Attorney General John Ashcroft. The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement John David Ashcroft (born May 9 1942) is an American Politician who was the 79th United States Attorney General. [34]
When asked about the meeting in 2006, Rice asserted she did not recall the specific meeting, commenting that she had met repeatedly with Tenet that summer about terrorist threats. Moreover, she stated that it was "incomprehensible” to her that she ignored terrorist threats two months before the September 11 attacks. [33]
Rice was an outspoken proponent of the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia After Iraq delivered its declaration of weapons of mass destruction to the United Nations on December 8, 2002, Rice wrote an editorial for The New York Times entitled Why We Know Iraq Is Lying. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. A weapon of mass destruction ( WMD) is a weapon which can kill large numbers of humans and/or cause great damage to man-made structures (e The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Events 1609 - Biblioteca Ambrosiana opens its reading room the second public library of Europe. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. An editorial, leader (UK or leading article (UK is an article in a Newspaper or Magazine that expresses the opinion of the Editor [35][36]
In March 2004, Rice declined to testify before the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (the 9/11 Commission). 9/11 Commission ReportThe National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up on November 27, 2002 9/11 Commission ReportThe National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up on November 27, 2002 The White House claimed executive privilege under constitutional separation of powers and cited past tradition. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence In the United States government, executive privilege is the power ( Reserve power) claimed by the President of the United States and other members of Separation of powers, a term ascribed to French Enlightenment Political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu, is a model for the Governance Under pressure, Bush agreed to allow her to testify[37] so long as it did not create a precedent of Presidential staff being required to appear before United States Congress when so requested. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses Her appearance before the commission on April 8, 2004, was accepted by the Bush administration in part because she was not appearing directly before Congress. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " She thus became the first sitting National Security Advisor to testify on matters of policy. In April 2007, Rice rejected, on grounds of executive privilege, a House subpoena regarding the prewar claim that Iraq sought yellowcake uranium from Niger. [38]
Leading up to the 2004 U.S. Presidential election, Rice became the first National Security Advisor to campaign for an incumbent president. The United States presidential election of 2004 was held on Tuesday November 2, 2004, to elect the President of the United States. She stated that while: "Saddam Hussein had nothing to do with the actual attacks on America, Saddam Hussein's Iraq was a part of the Middle East that was festering and unstable, [and] was part of the circumstances that created the problem on September 11. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. "[39]
On January 18, 2003, the Washington Post reported that Rice was involved in crafting Bush's position on race-based preferences. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Rice has stated that "while race-neutral means are preferable," race can be taken into account as "one factor among others" in university admissions policies. [40]
In a January 10, 2003 interview with CNN's Wolf Blitzer, Rice made headlines by stating regarding Iraqi WMD: "The problem here is that there will always be some uncertainty about how quickly he can acquire nuclear weapons. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. But we don't want the smoking gun to be a mushroom cloud. "[41]
After the invasion, when Iraq turned out to have no WMD capability, critics called Rice's claims a "hoax," "deception" and "demagogic scare tactic. "[42][43] "Either she missed or overlooked numerous warnings from intelligence agencies seeking to put caveats on claims about Iraq's nuclear weapons program, or she made public claims that she knew to be false," wrote Dana Milbank and Mike Allen in the Washington Post[44]
Rice characterized the August 6, 2001 President’s Daily Brief, “Bin Laden to Strike in US" historical information. Rice indicated “It was information based on old reporting. ”[45] Sean Wilentz of Salon magazine suggested that the PDB contained current information based on continuing investigations, including that Bin Laden wanted to “bring the fighting to America". [46]
Secretary of State (2005–present)
On November 16, 2004, Bush nominated Rice to be Secretary of State. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs On January 26, 2005, the Senate confirmed her nomination by a vote of 85-13. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. The negative votes, the most cast against any nomination for Secretary of State since 1825, came from Senators who, according to Boxer, wanted "to hold Dr. Rice and the Bush administration accountable for their failures in Iraq and in the war on terrorism. " Their reasoning was that Rice had acted irresponsibly in equating Hussein's regime with Islamist terrorism and some could not accept her previous record. Islamism ( Islam + ism; Arabic: al-'islāmiyya) a set of ideologies holding that Islam is not only Senator Robert Byrd voted against Rice’s appointment, indicating that she “has asserted that the President holds far more of the war power than the Constitution grants him. Robert Carlyle Byrd (born November 20 1917 is the senior United States Senator from West Virginia and a member of the Democratic Party. ”[47]
On October 30, 2005, Rice attended a memorial service in Montgomery, Alabama, in Rice's home state, for Rosa Parks, an inspiration for the American Civil Rights Movement. Helen Elizabeth Clark (born 26 February 1950 is the 37th and current Prime Minister of New Zealand. The Prime Minister of New Zealand is New Zealand's Head of government consequent on being the leader of the party or coalition with majority support in Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D March 2007 is the third month of the year It began on a Thursday, and ended 31 days later on a Saturday. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Montgomery (məntˈgəmɜriː is the Capital, second most populous city and the 4th most populous metropolitan area in the Southern U Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4 1913 – October 24 2005 was an African American Civil rights activist whom the U The American Civil Rights Movement (1955–1968 refers to the reform movements in the United States aimed at abolishing racial discrimination against African Rice stated, that she and others who grew up in Alabama during the height of Parks's activism might not have realized her impact on their lives at the time, "but I can honestly say that without Mrs. Parks, I probably would not be standing here today as secretary of state. "[48]
As of April 7, 2008 Secretary Rice has visited 72 countries with a total 839,862 miles and 1774. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 98 hours (73. 96 days) of time. [49]
On October 1, 2007, Rice told children (at New York's Public School No. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. 154, the Harriet Tubman Learning Center) that she would not run for president, slept for 6 1/2 hours a night and was not afraid of war zones. Asked how it felt "to be a lady with such a powerful job", she said: "Sometimes you don't feel all that powerful. " Rep. Charlie Rangel, who was visiting the school with Rice, teasingly suggested Rice aim for the White House. Charles Bernard "Charlie" Rangel (born June 11, 1930) is an American Politician. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence [50]
Rice's senior advisor is Shirin R. Tahir-Kheli. Shirin R Tahir-Kheli is as of 2008 the senior advisor to the United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and a director for Democracy Human Rights and International [51] and a director for Democracy, Human Rights and International Operations.
Major initiatives
As Secretary of State, Rice has championed the expansion of democratic governments. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Rice stated that 9/11 was rooted in “oppression and despair” and so, the US must advance democratic reform and support basic rights throughout the greater Middle East. [52] Rice has also reformed and restructured the department, as well as US diplomacy as a whole. "Transformational Diplomacy" is the goal that Rice describes as "work[ing] with our many partners around the world . Transformational Diplomacy is a Diplomacy initiative championed by United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice for reinvigorating American Foreign . . [and] build[ing] and sustain[ing] democratic, well-governed states that will respond to the needs of their people and conduct themselves responsibly in the international system. "[53]
Rice's Transformational Diplomacy involves five core elements:
- Relocating American diplomats to the places in the world where they are needed most, such as China, India, Brazil, Egypt, Nigeria, Indonesia, South Africa, and Lebanon. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية
- Requiring diplomats to serve some time in hardship locations such as Iraq, Afghanistan, Sudan, and Angola; gain expertise in at least two regions; and become fluent in two foreign languages, such as Chinese, Arabic, or Urdu. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central Arabic (ar الْعَرَبيّة (informally ar عَرَبيْ) in terms of the number of speakers is the largest living member of the Semitic language Urdu ( ur '''{{Nastaliq اردو}}''' trans Urdū, historically spelled Ordu) is a Central Indo-Aryan language Urdu is a standardised
- Focusing on regional solutions to problems like terrorism, drug trafficking, and diseases. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global Black market consisting of the cultivation manufacture distribution and sale of illegal Drugs
- Working with other countries on a bilateral basis to help them build a stronger infrastructure, and decreasing foreign nations's dependence on American hand-outs and assistance.
- Creating a high-level position, Director of Foreign Assistance, to oversee US foreign aid, thus de-fragmenting US foreign assistance.
Rice said that these moves were needed to help "maintain security, fight poverty, and make democratic reforms" in these countries and would help improve foreign nations's legal, economic, healthcare, and educational systems. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency [53][54]
Another aspect of Transformational Diplomacy is the emphasis on finding regional solutions. Rice also pressed for finding transnational solutions as well, stating that "in the 21st century, geographic regions are growing ever more integrated economically, politically and culturally. This creates new opportunities but it also presents new challenges, especially from transnational threats like terrorism and weapons proliferation and drug smuggling and trafficking in persons and disease. "[53]
Another aspect of the emphasis on regional solutions is the implementation of small, agile, "rapid-response" teams to tackle problems like disease, instead of the traditional approach of calling on experts in an embassy. A diplomatic mission is a group of people from one State or an international Inter-governmental organization (such as the United Nations) present in Rice explained that this means moving diplomats out of the "back rooms of foreign ministries" and putting more effort into "localizing" the State Department's diplomatic posture in foreign nations. The Secretary emphasized the need for diplomats to move into the largely unreached "bustling new population centers" and to spread out "more widely across countries" in order to become more familiar with local issues and people. [53]
Rice restructured US foreign assistance, naming Randall L. Tobias, an AIDS relief expert, as administrator of USAID (U. Randall L Tobias (born March 20, 1942) is a former chief executive officer of Eli Lilly and Company who became the first United States Director of The United States Agency for International Development (or USAID) is the United States federal government organization responsible for most non- military S. Agency for International Development). Tobias, as a deputy secretary of state, had the job of focusing foreign assistance efforts and de-fragmenting the disparate aid offices to improve effectiveness and efficiency. [54]
Rice says these initiatives are necessary because of the highly "extraordinary time" in which Americans live. She compares the moves to the historic initiatives taken after World War II, which she claims helped stabilize Europe as it is known today. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Rice states that her Transformational Diplomacy is not merely about "influencing" or "reporting on" governments, but "changing people's lives" through tackling the issues like AIDS, the education of women, and the defeat of violent extremism. [53]
In early 2007, Rice indicated that State Department employees were volunteering in large numbers, yet Defense Secretary Gates expressed concerns regarding a request from Rice that military personnel fill jobs in Iraq that are the responsibility of the State Department. [55]
Regional issues
Gaza withdrawal
Rice worked to persuade Israel to withdraw from Palestinian territories and free up commerce and travel between the two areas. Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods and services from producer to final consumer Travel is the change in location of people on a trip through the means of Transport from one location to another During the summer of 2005, Rice encouraged Israeli leadership to withdraw from settlements in Gaza and the West Bank. Gaza (غزة, עַזָּה ʕazzā is the largest city in the Gaza Strip and the Palestinian territories. The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria Rice spent April 2005 raising support among Arab leaders. [56] In July, she visited the region to "help bring the weight of the United States" to the discussions. [57] In September, Rice hailed the successful withdrawal as a victory for both Israel and Palestine, saying, "This is an historic moment for both sides, and the commitment of both sides to a successful disengagement process has been impressive. "[58] Gaza is now under Palestinian control once again. However, Palestinians complained that they were not able to travel through border crossings in and out of Gaza, which had stifled commerce. [57]
Border Crossings Deal
In November 2005, Rice renegotiated an opening of the Gaza border crossings. [59] Secretary Rice extended her visit to Jerusalem for a mediation session November 14, meeting alternately with Israel and Palestinian delegations. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Rice negotiated differences between Israel and Palestine that included a proposed blacklist of Palestinians that had been detained by Israel and a concern that future violence would induce a renewed closure of the border crossings. By November 15, Rice announced an agreement to open Gaza's borders, with a system of transportation between Gaza and the West Bank, defining operations for transporting cargo and people across the border and allowing Gaza to reopen its international airport and begin work on a seaport. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. This included the Rafah border crossing, Palestine's only land link to a country other than Israel. Rafah (رفح is a Palestinian town in the Gaza Strip, on the Egyptian border and a nearby town on the Egyptian side of the border on the Sinai It also included monitoring of the crossings by officials from the European Union. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in [60]
Gideon Levy, reporter for an Israeli newspaper, complained Rice had accomplished little: "in what was considered the "achievement" of the current visit, Israel also promised to open the Karni crossing. Karni will be open, one can assume, only slightly more than the "safe passage," which never opened following the previous futile visit. "[61]
Israeli-Palestinian conflict
Rice pushed for peaceful, democratic elections in Palestine following the death of Yasser Arafat. Mohammed Abdel Rahman Abdel Raouf Arafat al-Qudwa al-Husseini ( Arabic: محمد عبد الرؤوف عرفات القدوة الحسيني (August 24 1929 – November 11 Rice asserted that "there should be the ability of Palestinian people to participate in the elections" and claimed that democratic elections would represent "a key step in the process of building a peaceful, democratic Palestinian state. " Rice, alluding to the US-labeled terrorist organization Hamas, stated that "there should be no place in the political process for groups or individuals who refuse to renounce terror and violence, recognize Israel's right to exist, and disarm," saying, "You cannot have one foot in politics and the other foot in terror. Ḥamas (ar حركة حماس acronym ar حركة المقاومة "[62]
Rice persuaded a reluctant Israel to allow Israeli Palestinians in East Jerusalem to vote in the Palestinian Authority elections. East Jerusalem refers to the part of Jerusalem captured by Jordan in the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, and subsequently by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War. Israel allowed Palestinians in East Jerusalem to vote in the January 25, 2006 parliamentary elections, while banning Hamas, which officially calls for Israel's destruction, from campaigning there. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Rice lauded the turnout and congratulated President Abbas, while informing the victorious Hamas that it would "have to make some difficult choices," saying, "Those who win elections have an obligation to govern democratically … It now inherits the obligations of a Palestinian government, authority, that go back now for more than a decade to recognize the right of Israel to exist, to renounce violence, to disarm militias, as is the case in the roadmap, and to find a peaceful solution in two states. "[63]
In response to the Hamas victory, Israel withheld funds belonging to the Palestinian Authority, and reinforced restrictions on movement in and out of the Gaza Strip and within the West Bank. Rice stated: “Clearly, [Hamas] cannot govern in a circumstance in which they cannot represent a responsible government before the international system. ” Rice told her Israeli counterpart that “the economic boycott on the Hamas-led Palestinian government is effective and in the international community will continue to maintain the boycott. ”[64]
George Soros faulted Rice for refusing to deal with Hamas. "[N]o progress is possible as long as the Bush administration and the Ehud Olmert government persist in their current position of refusing to recognize a unity government that includes Hamas. The recent meeting between Condoleezza Rice, Abbas, and Olmert turned into an empty formality," said Soros. This was playing into the hands of the hard-liners in Hamas, increasing the influence of Syria and Iran, and would escalate the fighting, Soros said. [65]
Immediately following Hamas's victory in the elections, Rice attempted to garner international support in demanding that Hamas recognize Israel's right to exist. By April, Hamas officials appeared to publicly state that they are willing to work toward recognizing Israel. Under their terms, Israel would have to fully withdraw from disputed territories, including Gaza, the West Bank, and East Jerusalem. [66] Many saw this as a positive starting point for negotiations that would allow the "roadmap" process to continue. The statement was verified by Hamas leaders such as Mohammed Ghazal, a Hamas militia official, who stated that Hamas may be willing to amend its charter to recognize Israel, saying, "The charter is not the Quran. The Qur’an ( القرآن, literally "the recitation" also sometimes transliterated as Qur’ān, Koran, Alcoran " Ghazal went on to state that while he agreed with Hamas's positions, "we’re talking now about reality, about political solutions … The realities are different. "[67]
Rice stated February 21, 2008 that Hamas rocket attacks against Israel "need to stop," demanding an end to the escalating violence that has rocked the Gaza Strip and set back efforts of the United States to promote a Middle East peace deal. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The Gaza Strip (قطاع غزة, רצועת עזה Retzu'at 'Azza) is a coastal strip of land along the Mediterranean Sea, bordering Egypt on the south-west The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. [68] Rice arrived in Cairo, Egypt, March 4, 2008, in the latest diplomatic effort to revive a Middle East peace process sidetracked by violence between Israelis and Palestinians. Cairo () which means "the Vanquisher" or "the Triumphant" is the capital and largest city of Egypt. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. [69] Rice was scheduled to meet with Israeli Defense Minister Ehud Barak and Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert on March 5, 2008. Ehud Barak (אֵהוּד בָּרָק born Ehud Brog on 12 February 1942) is an Israeli politician former Prime Minister, and Ehud Olmert (אהוד אולמרט ɛˈhud ˈolmeʁt born September 30, 1945) is the 12th and current Prime Minister of Israel and the former leader Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common [70]
2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict
In mid-July 2006, the Middle East peace process encountered a new obstacle on a different front when Hezbollah fighters from Lebanon launched rocket attacks into Israel and ambushed Israeli convoys, kidnapping two soldiers and killing three, sparking what has become known as the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict. Hezbollah (حزب الله, literally " party of God " is a Shi'a Islamic political and Paramilitary organisation Rice immediately condemned the act, calling Hezbollah a "terrorist organization" and saying that the action "undermines regional stability and goes against the interests of both the Israeli and Lebanese people," specifically calling on Syria to "use its influence to support a positive outcome. Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية "[71] That day, Rice was one of the first to speak directly to UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, Lebanese Prime Minister Fouad Siniora and Israeli Foreign Minister Tzipi Livni concerning the incident. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The Secretary-General of the United Nations is the head of the Secretariat, one of the principal organs of the United Nations. Kofi Atta Annan, GCMG (born 8 April 1938 is a Ghanaian Diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations Fouad Siniora (alternative spellings Fouad Sanyoura Fuad Siniora Fouad Saniora Fouad Seniora ( فؤاد السنيورة, Fu'ād As-Sanyūrah is the Prime The Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel (שר החוץ Sar HaHutz) is the political head of the Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Tzipora Malka "Tzipi" Livni (ציפורה מלכה "ציפי" לבני born 8 July 1958 in Tel Aviv, Israel) is Foreign Affairs Minister Israel initiated aerial bombardments against Lebanon on July 13 and sent in land troops on July 23 to take out rocket launching sites that were shelling Northern Israeli cities, as well as to look for and recover the two kidnapped Israeli soldiers. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
During the conflict, Rice supported Israel's right to defend itself from Hezbollah attacks, she repeatedly cautioned Israel to be responsible in minimizing collateral damage. Collateral damage is damage that is unintended or incidental to the intended outcome Before the major fighting began, Rice demanded that both Israel and Lebanon "act with restraint to resolve this incident peacefully and to protect innocent life and civilian infrastructure. " She also continued to pressure Syria to take a more active positive role throughout the crisis, accusing Syria of "sheltering the people who have been perpetrating these acts" and calling on it "to act responsibly and stop the use of its territory for these kinds of activities[,] to bring all pressure on those that it is harbouring to stop this and to return these soldiers and to allow the situation to be de-escalated. "[72]
When Rice arrived in the Middle East in July 2006, one of her first moves was an unannounced visit to Lebanese Prime Minister Siniora to praise Siniora's "courage and steadfastness" and show US support for the Lebanese people. [73] Rice stated that the conflict was part of "the birth pangs of a new Middle East," stating that Israel, Lebanon, and the international community had to "be certain that we're pushing forward to the new Middle East not going back to the old one. "[74]
At a time when progress appeared possible in the region, the Israeli military launched an airstrike on a suspected Hezbollah hideout in Qana, Lebanon, that killed 20–60 civilians. Qana also spelled Cana (in قـانـا) is a village in Southern Lebanon located southeast of the city of Tyre and north of the border with The airstrike seemed to sour support for Israel's endeavor and Lebanon cancelled a visit by Rice as a result. The 2006 Qana airstrike was an attack by the Israel Air Force (IAF on a three-story building in the small community of al-Khuraybah near the South Lebanese village Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية [75] While the tragedy was a setback in the negotiation process, it seemed to be a turning point for Israel, who, afterward, began taking a path toward a cease-fire. Before Rice left the region on July 27, she was able to negotiate a 48-hour halt on Israeli air-raids. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England.
Rice returned to the Mideast on July 29, where the outlines of the ceasefire to come began to take shape. Rice demanded that the global community do what it could to ensure that the Mideast region would never again return to the "status quo ante. " Rice saw the situation as an opportunity to create a new environment in which Israel and Lebanon could live in peace, and in which Lebanon could have full control over all its territories without Hezbollah acting as a "state within a state," being able to launch terrorist attacks on Israel. Building on the two resolutions that came out of the G8 Conference and the steps that had been taken at the conference in Rome, Italy in late July, Rice worked with other leaders at the United Nations to pass UN Security Council Resolution 1701 on August 11, 2006, which sought to resolve the crisis. The 32nd summit of the G8 group of industrialised nations took place from July 15 to July 17, 2006 outside Saint Petersburg, Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701 is a resolution intended to resolve the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation The ceasefire went into effect on August 14. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures The ceasefire that Rice helped broker provided for a full cessation of hostilities, a Lebanese-led international force to take the place of the Israeli forces, the disarmament of Hezbollah, full control of the Lebanese government to Lebanon, and an absence of paramilitary forces (including and implying Hezbollah) south of the Litani River; it also emphasizes the need for the immediate release of the two kidnapped Israeli soldiers. The Litani River (نهر الليطاني transliterated: Nahr al-Līţānī classical name Leontes is an important waterway in southern Lebanon Rice lauded the outcome and expressed pleasure that the hostilities in the area had been brought to an end. Though there were sporadic, but small, spurts of violence after the ceasefire took effect, it has ultimately sustained, while international peacekeeping forces began to replace Israeli forces. On October 2, 2006, the last Israeli forces were withdrawn, allowing the UN and the Lebanese military to take over. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [76]
She had a 30-minute meeting with Walid Muallem, her Syrian counterpart on May 3, 2007 — the first such talks at this level since 2005. Walid al Muallem (born 1941) is the current Foreign minister of Syria and a long-time diplomat for that country Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [77]
Egypt
In February 2005, Rice abruptly postponed a visit to Egypt, reflecting displeasure at the jailing of a leading opposition figure, Ayman Nour. Ayman Abd El Aziz Nour (أيمن عبد العزيز نور (born 10 October 1964) is an Egyptian Politician, a former member of that country's Nour, head of the liberal Tomorrow Party, was reported to have been brutally interrogated. [78] Nour was freed by Egyptian authorities in March 2005, and began a campaign for the Egyptian presidency. [79]
In June 2005, Rice addressed democracy in the Middle East at the American University in Cairo. She stated: “There are those who say that democracy leads to chaos, or conflict, or terror. In fact, the opposite is true. … Ladies and Gentlemen: Across the Middle East today, millions of citizens are voicing their aspirations for liberty and for democracy …demanding freedom for themselves and democracy for their countries. To these courageous men and women, I say today: All free nations will stand with you as you secure the blessings of your own liberty”[80]
Nour finished second in Egypt's presidential race, held in 2005. In December 2005, Egypt imprisoned Nour on forgery charges that were disputed by human-rights groups. In February 2006, Rice visited Hosni Mubarak yet never spoke Nour's name publicly. When asked about him at a news conference, she referred to his situation as one of Egypt's setbacks. Days later, Mubarak told a government newspaper that Rice "didn't bring up difficult issues or ask to change anything. "[81] Mohammed Habib, an Egyptian Brotherhood official, stated: “Hamas's victory made the U. S. take a contrary position to promoting democracy in Egypt and favor a hereditary succession. ”[82]
In 2005, Egypt acknowledged that the US had transferred 60 detainees to Egypt as part of the war on terror. In 2007, Amnesty International reported that Egypt had become an international center for interrogation and torture for other countries. [83]
The second largest recipient of US Foreign Aid is Egypt, with $1. 8 billion scheduled for fiscal 2006. [84] Edward Walker, former ambassador to Egypt noted "Aid offers an easy way out for Egypt to avoid reform. They use the money to support antiquated programs and to resist reforms. "[85]
Rice has worked in the Middle East, including Israel, the Palestinian territories, and its immediate neighbors, especially Lebanon. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Name There are differences of opinion as to what the Palestinian territories should be called Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Rice has supported Israel, defended Israel's right to protect itself, and promoted the "roadmap for peace," which includes the establishment of a sovereign Palestinian state. The "road map" for peace is a Plan to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict proposed by a " quartet " of international entities the On August 29, 2006, she stated that the Middle East "should be a Middle East in which there is a Palestinian state in which Palestinians can have their own aspirations met, one that is not corrupt, one that is democratic, [and] one in which there is only one authority. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "[86]
Saudi Arabia
In May 2005, Rice indicated that many Mid East states would “have to answer their people's call for genuine reform. ” She said “[a]nd even Saudi Arabia has held multiple elections. ”[87] In April 2007, the New York Times reported that “more than half the decisions made by the councils have not been carried out. Most of the others have been in support of the central government. ”[88]
In November 2005, the State Department issued a report critical of restrictions on religion in Saudi Arabia, noting among other things that all citizens were required to be Muslims. Rice has not sanctioned Saudi Arabia, saying she wants “additional time for a continuation of discussions leading to progress on important religious freedom issues. ”[89] Criticisms in the report include a 2002 incident in which Saudi religious police stopped students from leaving a burning building because they were not wearing mandated Islamic dress; 15 schoolgirls perished. [90]
Iran
Though the US does not hold formal diplomatic relations with Iran, Rice has been quite entrenched in issues pertaining to Iran, especially in regards to its democratic progress and humanitarian record, Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's threatening statements toward Israel, and its pursuit of nuclear technology. Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Humanitarianism is an active belief in Humanism (the idea of the value of human life whereby Humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans The President of Iran is the highest elected official in the Islamic Republic of Iran, second only to the Supreme Leader. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (محمود احمدینژاد; born October 28, 1956) is the sixth and current President of the Islamic Republic of Iran For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Nuclear technology is technology that involves the reactions of atomic nuclei.
Rice criticized Iran's human rights record and democratic principles. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled On February 3, 2005, Rice said the Iranian regime's treatment of its people is "something to be loathed. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. " She also stated: "I don't think anybody thinks that the unelected mullahs who run that regime are a good thing for either the Iranian people or for the region. "[91]
In October 2005, Ahmadinejad stated that "Israel must be wiped off the map,"[92] to which Rice responded: "When the president of one country says that another country should be wiped off the face of the map, in violation of all of the norms of the United Nations, where they sit together as members, it has to be taken seriously. " Rice then went on to name Iran as "probably the world's most important state sponsor of terrorism," whose people live "without freedom and without the prospect of freedom because an unelected few are denying them that. "[93]
In February 2006, Rice addressed the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and called for funding to aid democratic reform in Iran through television and radio broadcasting, through helping pay for Iranians to study in America, and through supporting pro-democracy groups within the country. US Senate Committee on Foreign Relations is a standing committee of the United States Senate. For the band see Broadcast (band Broadcasting is the distribution of audio and/or Video signals which transmit [94] Senator Boxer expressed concern that the administration appeared surprised when radical Islamist Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was elected president of Iran, when Iranian affiliated groups won a majority in Iraq, and when the militant Hamas won a majority. Rice said that the Bush administration should not be blamed for trouble areas and said that the burden was on Hamas to change. [95]
In recent years, Iran has also begun to pursue nuclear technology through uranium enrichment, which has been one of the most pertinent issues that Rice has dealt with during her tenure at the State Department. Enriched uranium is a kind of Uranium in which the percent composition of Uranium-235 has been increased through the process of Isotope separation. Iran maintains that its nuclear program only seeks to develop the capacity for peaceful civilian nuclear power generation. Nuclear power is any Nuclear technology designed to extract usable Energy from atomic nuclei via controlled Nuclear reactions [96] Rice, along with other nations, has contended that Iran's record of sponsoring terrorism and threatening the safety of other nations, along with its defiance of its treaty obligations, of the United Nations Security Council, and of the International Atomic Energy Agency, have not proven Iran to be responsible enough to conduct uranium enrichment without outside supervision. The International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its Under Rice, the official State Department consensus on the matter is that "[t]he United States believes the Iranian people should enjoy the benefits of a truly peaceful program to use nuclear reactors to generate electric power . . . [and] support[s] the Iranian people’s rights to develop nuclear energy peacefully, with proper international safeguards. "[97]
On September 9, 2005, Rice declared the refusal of Iran to halt its nuclear program unacceptable and called on Russia, China and India to join in threatening United Nations sanctions, and on June 2, 2006, a committee of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council and Germany, announced their plan to convince Iran to cease its nuclear activities. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Rice represented the United States in the negotiation of the diplomatic initiative. [98]
On February 14, 2006, Iran restarted its uranium enrichment program despite calls from the international community not to do so. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Iran's traditional foe, Iraq, offered no resistance because Iraq's leadership had been transformed to Shiite control. Rice responded by asserting that "[t]here is simply no peaceful rationale for the Iranian regime to resume uranium enrichment. " Speaking on behalf of the United States and the European Union, Rice said they were "gravely concerned by Iran's long history of hiding sensitive nuclear activities from the IAEA, in violation of its obligations, its refusal to cooperate with the IAEA's investigation, its rejection of diplomatic initiatives offered by the EU and Russia and now its dangerous defiance of the entire international community. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in "[99] In May of 2006, Rice came up with a new approach for dealing with Iran: direct negotiation between Iran and the United States (alongside their European allies) and the possibility for "a package of economic incentives and some kind of longer-term relationship with the United States" in exchange for the suspension of uranium enrichment within Iran. [100] Iran responded by saying that it will "never give up its legitimate rights, so the American preconditions are just unacceptable. "[100]
On July 12, 2006, Rice, along with the foreign ministers of China, France, Germany, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the European Union, announced that, as a result of Iran's refusal to suspend their uranium enrichment program, they had agreed to seek a UN Security Council Resolution against Iran under Article 41 of Chapter VII of the UN Charter. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A United Nations Security Council Resolution is a United Nations resolution voted on by the fifteen members of the United Nations Security Council; the United The United Nations Charter is the Treaty that forms and establishes the International organization called the United Nations. [101] Article 41 gives such a resolution the power to interrupt or sever Iran's economic, transportational, telecommunicative, and diplomatic relations. [102]
Though the United States and Iran disagree on key issues, the State Department has offered aid to Iran on many different occasions. After a deadly earthquake struck the Iranian province of Lorestan in March of 2005, Rice offered humanitarian aid to the country during a visit to England. A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. Lorestān ( Persian and Luri لرستان also Luristan) comprises a province and a historic territory of western Iran amidst the England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Rice said her "thoughts and prayers" were with the victims. [103]
Rice said on April 30, 2007 that she does not rule out talks with her Iranian counterpart, Foreign Minister Manouchehr Mottaki. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Manouchehr Mottaki ( born 12 May 1953 in Bandar Gaz) is the Iranian Minister of Foreign Affairs appointed by President [104] On May 3, 2007, Rice "exchanged pleasantries" with Mottaki. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. [77]
Most recently, a letter alluding to Iran which was addressed to U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice from the Head of Government of Puerto Rico, Aníbal Acevedo Vilá, accused the United States of having deceived the United Nations and the international community in 1953, when it succeeded in having the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico recognized as a provisional decolonized status subject to continued monitoring; Acevedo-Vila claimed that it was ironic that this is the position taken by the Government of Iran and that the Governor of Puerto Rico may soon feel forced to publicly accept Iran's claims regarding the US government's alleged-hypocritical position with regards to Puerto Rico's "colonial status". The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The international community is a vague term used in International relations to refer to all the countries of the world or to a group of them Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} [105][106]
Iraq
In January 2000, Rice addressed Iraq in an article for Foreign Affairs magazine. “As history marches toward markets and democracy, some states have been left by the side of the road. Iraq is the prototype. Saddam Hussein's regime is isolated, his conventional military power has been severely weakened, his people live in poverty and terror, and he has no useful place in international politics. He is therefore determined to develop WMD. Nothing will change until Saddam is gone, so the United States must mobilize whatever resources it can, including support from his opposition, to remove him. "[107]
In August 2003, Rice encouraged rejection of "condescending voices", who say that Africans and Middle Easterners are not interested in freedom and are "culturally just not ready for freedom or they just aren't ready for freedom's responsibility. " She continued: "We've heard that [blacks aren't ready] argument before, and we, more than any, as a people, should be ready to reject it. The view was wrong in 1963 in Birmingham, and it is wrong in 2003 in Baghdad and in the rest of the Middle East. "[108]
In October 2003, Rice was named to run the Iraq Stabilization Group, to “quell violence in Iraq and Afghanistan and to speed the reconstruction of both countries. ”[109]
In August 2003, Rice compared experiences in Iraq to post-War Germany stating that “the road we traveled was very difficult. 1945 through 1947 was an especially challenging period. Germany was not immediately stable or prosperous. SS officers — called 'werewolves' — engaged in sabotage and attacked both coalition forces and those locals cooperating with them — much like today's Baathist and Fedayeen remnants. " Daniel Benjamin responded, stating that in “practice, Werwolf amounted to next to nothing. ”[110]
In June 2005, Rice stated: “And at each phase, more Iraqis are involved in this process. Sunni and Shia and Kurds and other Iraqis are concentrating politically on building a united Iraq. That is why I think the insurgency must think that its last days are eventually going to come because the Iraqis are turning to their politics to serve their future. [111]
On September 30, 2005, Rice declared that the Iraq War was "set out to help the people of the Middle East transform their societies. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign "[52]
In 2005, when asked how long US troops will stay in Iraq, Rice said, "I don't want to speculate. I do know that we are making progress with what the Iraqis themselves are capable of doing. And as they are able to do certain tasks, as they are able to hold their own territory, they will not need us to do that. " Rice further added, "I think that even to try and speculate on how many years from now there will be a certain number of American forces is not appropriate. "[112] Rice stated: “I have no doubt that as the Iraqi security forces get better — and they are getting better and are holding territory, and they are doing the things with minimal help — we are going to be able to bring down the level of our forces. ” "I have no doubt that that's going to happen in a reasonable time frame. "[113]
Rice lauded Iraq's voter turnout and peaceful transition into a sovereign government in 2005, and compared the reconstruction of Iraq to that of Europe after World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Rice wrote:
"Iraq . . . in the face of a horrific insurgency has held historic elections, drafted and ratified a new national charter, and will go to the polls again in coming days to elect a new constitutional government. At this time last year, such unprecedented progress seemed impossible. One day it will all seem to have been inevitable. This is the nature of extraordinary times, which former Secretary of State Dean Acheson understood well and described perfectly in his memoirs. Dean Gooderham Acheson ( April 11, 1893 — October 12, 1971) was an American statesman and lawyer as United States 'The significance of events,' he wrote, 'was shrouded in ambiguity. We groped after interpretations of them, sometimes reversed lines of action based on earlier views, and hesitated long before grasping what now seems obvious. ' When Acheson left office in 1953, he could not know the fate of the policies he helped to create. He certainly could never have predicted that nearly four decades later, war between Europe's major powers would be unthinkable, or that America and the world would be harvesting the fruits of his good decisions and managing the collapse of communism. But because leaders such as Acheson steered American statecraft with our principles when precedents for action were lacking, because they dealt with their world as it was but never believed they were powerless to change it for the better, the promise of democratic peace is now a reality in all of Europe and in much of Asia. "[114]
In 2006, Rice compared US commitment in Iraq to the Civil War, indicating “I'm sure there are people who thought it was a mistake to fight the Civil War to its end and to insist that the emancipation of slaves would hold. " BET. com commented “If you’re against the war in Iraq, you might as well consider yourself pro-slavery, according to Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. ”[115]
On January 11, 2007, Rice addressed the Senate Foreign Relations Committee regarding the President’s Iraq Strategy. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Rice asserted that insurgents were mainly responsible for American casualties; Senator Chuck Hagel stated, "Madame Secretary, your intelligence and mine is a lot different. Charles Timothy " Chuck " Hagel (born October 4, 1946) is the senior United States Senator from Nebraska. "[116] Senator Benjamin Cardin asked Rice troop increases were adequate given the state of the Iraqi conflict. Benjamin Louis "Ben" Cardin (born October 5 1943) is a Democratic member of the United States Senate representing the state of Rice responded “if you were trying to quell a civil war, you would need much larger forces” but that the augmentation was appropriate for the mission. [117]
In January 2007, the National Intelligence Estimate was issued; key judgements included: “The Intelligence Community judges that the term civil war does not adequately capture the complexity of the conflict in Iraq, which includes extensive Shia-on-Shia violence, Al Qaeda and Sunni insurgent attacks on coalition forces, and widespread criminally motivated violence. Nonetheless, the term civil war accurately describes key elements of the Iraqi conflict, including the hardening of ethno-sectarian identities, a sea change in the character of the violence, ethno-sectarian mobilization, and population displacements. “[118]
In February 2007, it was reported that Rice encouraged lawmakers to support President Bush's troop increase by saying it would be a mistake to micromanage the Iraq war. [119]
In December 2007, Rice made her eighth visit as Secretary of State to Iraq, making an unscheduled stop in Kirkuk before proceeding to Baghdad, where she called on Iraqi leaders to urgently implement a national reconciliation roadmap. Kirkuk (also spelled Karkuk or Kerkuk; Kurdish: كهركووك Kerkûk; Arabic: كركوك Turkish:Kerkük; Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous [120]
On January 15, 2008, Rice took a detour to Baghdad from a Middle East trip with President Bush, where she congratulated Iraqi leaders. Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. She said the process of reconciliation was coming along "quite remarkably. " At a news conference, she welcomed a decision to let Saddam Hussein supporters return to government jobs, saying: "A democratic and unified Iraq is here to stay. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 And while it may have challenges, it has passed through some very difficult times and is now moving forward in a way that is promising, yet still fragile. " Rice's visit came as Iraq's defense minister told the New York Times he envisioned US security help until 2018 or later. [121]
China
Rice criticized the Chinese government April 3, 2008 for sentencing human rights activist Hu Jia to jail and said the United States will launch new human rights talks with Beijing. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Hu Jia may refer to Hu Jia (diver, a Chinese Olympic diver Hu Jia (activist, a Chinese democracy and AIDS activist The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [122]
North Korea
Rice has focused international attention on North Korea's nuclear weapons program. Beginning in 2003, a series of talks featuring China, North Korea, South Korea, the United States, Russia, and Japan, dubbed "The Six Party talks," have been aimed at denuclearization. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The six-party talks aim to find a peaceful resolution to the security concerns as a result of the North Korean nuclear weapons program.
On February 10, 2005, North Korea withdrew from the talks after President Bush's 2005 State of the Union Address, in which he stated that North Korea's nuclear program must be dismantled and pledged to go on the offensive against tyranny in the world. Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. [123] North Korea complained that the United States harbored a "hostile policy" toward their country and stated that they were permanently withdrawing from the Six-party talks. The six-party talks aim to find a peaceful resolution to the security concerns as a result of the North Korean nuclear weapons program. [124] In the following months, there was uncertainty over whether Rice could convince Kim Jong-Il to re-enter the negotiations, but in July 2005, North Korea announced that they had been convinced to return to the discussion. Kim Jong-il (also written as Kim Jong Il) (born 16 February 1941 Vyatskoye, Soviet Union; official biographies state 16 February 1942 Baekdu
After the first phase of the 5th round of talks, which took place November 9–11, 2005, North Korea suspended its participations in the negotiations because the United States would not unfreeze some of its financial assets in a Macau bank. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Macau topics. [125] Rice has consistently called for the regime to return to the talks. On May 1, 2006, Rice stated that North Korea needs "to return expeditiously to the talks without preconditions, to dismantle its nuclear programs in a complete, verifiable and irreversible manner, and to cease all illicit and proliferation activities. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. "[126]
On June 19, 2006, matters with North Korea were further complicated when it finished fueling an intercontinental ballistic missile that the regime said it would test fire. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. North Korea had previously self-imposed a missile-firing moratorium, but threatened to launch the missile anyway. Rice stated that "it would be a very serious matter and indeed a provocative act" for the North to follow through on the act, and that if the North decided to do so, "it would be taken with utmost seriousness. "[127]
On July 5, 2006, North Korea test-fired seven rockets, including the infamous Taepodong-2,[128] sparking international backlash. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Two rounds of North Korean missile tests were conducted on July 5, 2006. The Taepodong-2 (TD-2 also spelled as Taep'o-dong 2) ( Korean: 대포동 2호 is a designation used to indicate a Rice, in a press conference held on the same day, stated that she couldn't even begin to try to judge what motivated the North Koreans to act in such a way. Rice felt that North Korea had "miscalculated that the international community would remain united [in their opposition to the missile test-firing]" and "whatever they thought they were doing, they've gotten a very strong reaction from the international community. " Following the missile test, the United Nations Security Council held an emergency meeting and strongly condemned the actions, though no official sanctions resulted at the time. [129]
Then, in early October 2006, North Korea claimed that it was preparing to test a nuclear explosive device. [130] While the rumors could not be substantiated by satellite surveillance beforehand, the test was actually carried out on October 9, 2006 with only twenty minutes warning. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [131] The nuclear detonation test was, purportedly, in response to the United States's decision to not hold direct bilateral talks with the regime, as well as America's increasing pressure on the government, which North Korea claims is evidence that the United States wishes to attack or invade their country. The 2006 North Korean nuclear test was the detonation of a nuclear device conducted on October 9, 2006 by the Democratic People's Republic Rice disputes North Korea's claim that the nuclear test was committed to deter America from invading, saying, "We shouldn't even allow them such an excuse. . . . It's just not the case. . . . [T]here is no intention to invade or attack them. [T]hey have that guarantee. "[132]
Rice has also repeatedly offered direct negotiations with North Korea in the context of the Six Party Talks, but she has held her ground in her decision not to hold bilateral talks with the dictatorship, stating, "We've been through bilateral talks with the North Koreans in the 1994 agreed framework. It didn't hold. . . . The North Koreans cheated [by] pursuing another path to a nuclear weapon, the so-called 'highly enriched uranium' path. Enriched uranium is a kind of Uranium in which the percent composition of Uranium-235 has been increased through the process of Isotope separation. . . . [I]f [Kim Jong-Il] wants a bilateral deal, it's because he doesn't want to face the pressure of other states [nearer to him] that have leverage. It's not because he wants a bilateral deal with the United States. He doesn't want to face the leverage of China or South Korea or others. "[132]
Following the nuclear test, Rice made numerous calls to foreign leaders to consolidate support for taking punitive action against North Korea. Rice was able to draw condemnations from even some of North Korea's closest defenders, including China, who admitted the test was "flagrant" and "brazen. "[133] On the same day as the nuclear detonation, the United Nations Security Council convened another emergency meeting, where a clear consensus was apparent in favor of sanctions against the regime, with even China saying that it supported punishing the regime,[134] changing its position from July, 2006, when it vetoed any sanctions on North Korea following its missile tests. On October 14, 2006, Rice worked with allies to pass a UN Security Council resolution against North Korea that demanded North Korea destroy all of its nuclear weapons, imposed a ban on tanks, warships, combat aircraft and missiles in the country, imposed an embargo on some luxury items that government officials enjoy while the general populace starves, froze some of the country's weapons-related financial assets, and allows for inspections of North Korean cargo. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [135] Rice called the resolution "the toughest sanctions on North Korea that have ever been imposed" and hailed the unanimous passage of the sanctions, which even North Korean-friendly China supported. [136]
But Nobel Laureate and cold-war nuclear strategist Thomas Schelling criticized Rice for organizing a punitive response, when she should have encouraged Taiwan, South Korea and Japan to reaffirm the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. Thomas Crombie Schelling (born 14 April 1921) is an American Economist and professor of Foreign affairs, National security The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, also Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty ( NPT or NNPT) is a Treaty to limit the spread [137]
While Rice consistently affirms that the United States will not preemptively invade, attack, or topple the North Korean regime, she emphatically assured Japan during an October 18, 2006, visit that "the United States has the will and the capability to meet the full range — and I underscore full range — of its deterrent and security commitments to Japan," which many have interpreted to mean that America would not hesitate to use its military might should North Korea attack one of America's allies. Preemptive war (or a preemptive strike) is waged in an attempt to repel or defeat a perceived inevitable offensive or Invasion, or to gain a strategic advantage in Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The United States Armed Forces are the overall unified military forces of the United States [138]
Japan
Rice expressed hope February 27, 2008 that the arrest of a U.S. Marine on suspicion of raping a 14-year-old girl on the southern Japanese island of Okinawa would not damage Washington's relations with Tokyo. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common is one of Japan 's southern prefectures, and consists of hundreds of the Ryukyu Islands in a chain over 1000 km long which extends southwest from Kyūshū Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. [139]
Russia
In April 2005, Rice went to Russia to meet President Vladimir Putin. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952 in Leningrad, USSR; now Saint Petersburg, Russia was the second President of Russia On the plane trip over, she related comments critical of Russia's democratic progress to reporters. "Trends have not been positive on the democratic side," said Rice. "There have been some setbacks, but I do still think there is a considerable amount of individual freedom in Russia, which is important. "[140] In person Rice told Putin: "We see Russia as a partner in solving regional issues, like the Balkans or the Middle East. Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952 in Leningrad, USSR; now Saint Petersburg, Russia was the second President of Russia "
In late 2005, there was a dispute between Russia and Ukraine after Russia decided to quadruple the price of energy being provided to the Ukrainian market[141] (Ukraine was receiving heavily subsidized prices for gas from Russia, the increase would have made the price equal to that of the current market price). Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. [142] Rice subsequently criticised Russia's actions, accusing Russia of using its gas wealth as a political weapon. She called on Russia to behave as a responsible energy supplier and stated that the act did not show the international community "that it is now prepared to act … as an energy supplier in a responsible way. " Rice insisted, "When you say you want to be a part of the international economy and you want to be a responsible actor in the international economy, then you play by its rules … I think that kind of behavior is going to continue to draw comment about the distance between Russian behavior and something like this and what would be expected of a responsible member of the G8. "[143]
Though there was some question over whether or not Rice could convince Russia not to block the United States's move to refer Iran to the United Nations Security Council in early 2006 (because of Russia's economic and diplomatic ties to Iran), Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov eventually called Rice to confirm that Russia had agreed to allow the move. An economy is the realized social system of production exchange distribution and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area This page lists foreign ministers of Russian Empire, Soviet Union, and Russian Federation: Heads of Posolsky Prikaz, 1549-1699 Sergey Viktorovich Lavrov (Серге́й Ви́кторович Лавро́в born March 21, 1950, in Moscow) is the Foreign Minister [144]
In February 2006, Rice described the United States's relationship with Russia as "very good," saying, "In general, I think we have very good relations with Russia. Probably the best relations that have been there for quite some time. We cooperate in the war on terror. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U We cooperate in a number of areas. Obviously we have some differences, too. But on the Iranian situation, we've actually had very good cooperation with the Russians. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. "
In February 2007, Putin criticized US plans to expand European missile defenses. “Who needs the next step of what would be, in this case, an inevitable arms race?” Putin also characterized US military action as illegitimate, indicating “They bring us to the abyss of one conflict after another. 'Political solutions are becoming impossible. [145] Rice soon responded “"Everybody understands that with a growing Iranian missile threat, which is quite pronounced, that there need to be ways to deal with that problem and that we are talking about long lead times to be able to have a defensive counter to offensive-missile threats”[146] In April 2007, Rice indicated that Russia’s concerns over the missile defense system were “ludicrous;” Putin responded by suggesting imposing a moratorium on an arms control treaty that NATO countries had long refused to ratify. [147]
Equatorial Guinea
Rice has worked to support and expand relations with the oil-rich African nation. In April 2006, Rice welcomed dictator-President Obiang to a press conference and stated, "You are a good friend and we welcome you. Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo (born June 5, 1942) has been the President of Equatorial Guinea since 1979 " The welcome was extended 35 days after the State Department issued a report noting instances of "torture, arbitrary arrest, judicial corruption, child labor, forced labor, and ‘severe restrictions' on freedoms of speech and press. "[148]
Kenya
During a six-day tour of the African continent in February 2008, President Bush directed Rice, who was with him, to break off to go to Kenya, where Kofi Annan, the former United Nations secretary general, was trying to broker a power-sharing deal. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. The Republic of Kenya is a country in East Africa. It is bordered by Ethiopia to the north Somalia to the northeast Tanzania to the south Kofi Atta Annan, GCMG (born 8 April 1938 is a Ghanaian Diplomat who served as the seventh Secretary-General of the United Nations A senior administration official said that the main purpose of Rice’s trip would be to step up pressure on Kenya’s president, warning him that he risked losing American support if he did not compromise. The message, the official said, was, “If you can’t make a deal, you’re not going to have good relations. ”[149]
Venezuela
The Bush administration has been particularly critical of the leadership of Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, and brands the country an "outlaw country in the drug war. The Presidency of George W Bush began on his inauguration on January 20, 2001 as the 43rd and current President of the United States of America Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (ˈuɰo rafaˈel ˈtʃaβ̞es ˈfɾias (born July 28 1954 is the current President of Venezuela. "[150] During Rice's confirmation hearings, she commented on Chávez: "We are very concerned about a democratically elected leader who governs in an illiberal way, and some of the steps he's taken against the media, against the opposition, I think are really very deeply troubling. "
Venezuela actively campaigned for a non-permanent seat in the 2006 United Nations Security Council election. The 2006 United Nations Security Council election began on 16 October 2006 during the 61st session of the United Nations General Assembly Rice, however, directed a global lobbying campaign by US envoys in foreign capitals, contending that Venezuela did not belong on the Security Council. [151] On November 1, after 47 rounds of deadlocked voting, Panama was selected as a compromise. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. [152]
Pakistan
Condoleezza Rice played an important role in bringing democracy to Pakistan. When President Pervez Musharaff imposed a state of emergency in November 2007, it was rumored that she called General Musharaff and asked him not to impose a state of emergency. General (ret Pervez Musharraf ( (born 11 August 1943 NI(M, HI(M, TBt, is the former Military dictator and President of For the time being the General listened to the advice. However, on November 3, 2007 General Musharaff imposed a state of emergency despite opposition from Condoleezza Rice. [153]
In the aftermath of the defeat of Musharaff's own PML-Q in the election of February 18, 2008, Condoleezza Rice stated the US position saying that "How they arrange their coalition is really a Pakistani affair. The Pakistan Muslim League (Q or officially Pakistan Muslim League (پاکستان مسلم لیگ ق is a centrist conservative Political party in Pakistan Events 3102 BC - Epoch (origin of the Kali Yuga. 1229 - The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II Holy The President of Pakistan is Pervez Musharraf. . . And so, of course, we will deal with him. We will continue to pursue the American interests, which are for a stable and democratic Pakistan. "[154]
Speculation on bid for 2008 Presidential Campaign
There had been previous speculation that Rice would run for the Republican nomination in the 2008 primaries, which she ruled out on Meet the Press. Meet the Press is a weekly American television news/interview program produced by NBC. On February 22, 2008, Rice played down any suggestion that she may be on the Republican vice presidential ticket, saying, "I have always said that the one thing that I have not seen myself doing is running for elected office in the United States. "[155] During an interview with the editorial board of the Washington Times on March 27, 2008, Rice said she was "not interested" in running for vice president. The Washington Times is a daily Broadsheet Newspaper published in Washington D [156] However, in a Gallup poll from March 24 to 27, 2008, Rice was mentioned by eight percent of Republican respondents to be their first choice to be Senator John McCain's Republican Vice-Presidential running mate, slightly behind Mike Huckabee and Mitt Romney. Michael Dale "Mike" Huckabee (born August 24 1955 is a former Republican governor of Arkansas from 1996 to 2007 and a political Commentator [157]
Republican strategist Dan Senor said on ABC's This Week on April 6, 2008, that "Condi Rice has been actively, actually in recent weeks, campaigning for" the vice presidential nomination. Daniel Samuel Senor (born November 6, 1971) is a founding parter of Rosemont Capital LLC and Rosemont Solebury Capital Management He based this assessment on her attendance of Grover Norquist's Americans for Tax Reform conservative leader's meeting on March 26, 2008. Grover Glenn Norquist (born October 19, 1956) is president of anti- Tax Lobbying group Americans for Tax Reform. Americans for Tax Reform is an Interest group seeking to reduce the overall level of Taxation in the United States, at the federal state and local level [158] In response to Senor's comments, Rice's spokesperson denied that Rice is seeking the vice presidential nomination, saying, "If she is actively seeking the vice presidency, then she's the last one to know about it. "[159]
Political positions
Terrorism
Rice's policy as Secretary of State views counterterrorism as a matter of being preventative, and not merely punitive. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs In an interview that took place on December 18, 2005, Rice stated: "We have to remember that in this war on terrorism, we're not talking about criminal activity where you can allow somebody to commit the crime and then you go back and you arrest them and you question them. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. If they succeed in committing their crime, then hundreds or indeed thousands of people die. That's why you have to prevent, and intelligence is the long pole in the tent in preventing attacks. "[160]
Rice has also been a frequent critic of the intelligence community's inability to cooperate and share information, which she believes is an integral part of preventing terrorism. Dr Rangin Dadfar Spanta (born 1954 in Herat) is the Foreign minister of Afghanistan. In 2000, one year after Osama bin Laden told Time “[h]ostility toward America is a religious duty,”[31] and a year before the September 11 terrorist attacks, Rice warned on WJRDetroit: "You really have to get the intelligence agencies better organized to deal with the terrorist threat to the United States itself. WJR (760 AM) is a Radio station in Detroit, Michigan, United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the One of the problems that we have is a kind of split responsibility, of course, between the CIA and foreign intelligence and the FBI and domestic intelligence. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all " She then added: "There needs to be better cooperation because we don't want to wake up one day and find out that Osama bin Laden has been successful on our own territory. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March "[161]
Rice also has promoted the idea that counterterrorism involves not only confronting the governments and organizations that promote and condone terrorism, but also the ideologies that fuel terrorism. In a speech given on July 29, 2005, Rice asserted that "[s]ecuring America from terrorist attack is more than a matter of law enforcement. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. We must also confront the ideology of hatred in foreign societies by supporting the universal hope of liberty and the inherent appeal of democracy. "[162]
In January 2005, during Bush's second inaugural ceremonies, Rice first used the term "outposts of tyranny" to refer to countries felt to threaten world peace and human rights. Inauguration Day is the day every four years on which the President of the United States is sworn in and takes office. Outposts of tyranny was a term used in 2005 by United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and subsequently by others in the U This term has been called a descendant of Bush's phrase, "Axis of Evil," used to describe Iraq, Iran and North Korea. Definition President Bush's exact statement was as follows second goal is to prevent regimes (terrorist that sponsor terror from threatening America or our friends and For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, She identified six such "outposts" in which she said the United States has a duty to foster freedom: Cuba, Zimbabwe, Burma and Belarus, as well as Iran and North Korea. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la See also Great Zimbabwe National Monument. For information about the March and June 2008 presidential elections see Zimbabwean presidential election Burma, officially the Union of Myanmar ( pjìdàunzṵ mjàmmà nàinŋàndɔ̀ is the largest country by geographical area in mainland Southeast Asia. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east
Abortion
Rice said "If you go back to 2000 when I helped the president in the campaign. I said that I was, in effect, kind of libertarian on this issue. And meaning by that, that I have been concerned about a government role in this issue. I am a strong proponent of parental choice -of parental notification. I am a strong proponent of a ban on late-term abortion. These are all things that I think unite people and I think that that's where we should be. I've called myself at times mildly pro-choice. "[163] She would not want the federal government "forcing its views on one side or the other. "[164]
Rice said she believes President Bush "has been in exactly the right place" on abortion, "which is we have to respect the culture of life and we have to try and bring people to have respect for it and make this as rare a circumstance as possible" However, she added that she has been "concerned about a government role" but has "tended to agree with those who do not favor federal funding for abortion, because I believe that those who hold a strong moral view on the other side should not be forced to fund" the procedure. [164]
Public perception and criticisms
Rice has been criticised for her involvement in the George W. Bush administration both in the United States and abroad. The Presidency of George W Bush began on his inauguration on January 20, 2001 as the 43rd and current President of the United States of America Protesters have sought to exclude her from appearing at schools such as Princeton University[165] and Boston College,[166] which prompted the resignation of an adjunct professor at Boston. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. For similarly-named academic institutions see Education in Boston MA. The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies There has also been an effort to protest her public speeches abroad. [167]
Time and Forbes magazines
Rice has appeared on Time magazine's list of the world's 100 most influential people four times. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and The Time 100 is an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world as assembled by Time. Rice is one of only seven people in the entire world considered influential enough to have made the list so frequently. However Time magazine has also accused her of squandering her influence, stating in February 1, 2007, that her "accomplishments as Secretary of State have been modest, and even those have begun to fade" and that she "has been slow to recognize the extent to which the U. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen S. 's prestige has declined. "[168] However, in its March 19, 2007 issue it followed up stating that Rice was "executing an unmistakable course correction in U. Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. S. foreign policy. "[169]
In 2004 and 2005, she was ranked as the most powerful woman in the world by Forbes magazine and number two in 2006 (following the Chancellor of Germany, Angela Merkel). Forbes is an American Publishing and media company Its flagship publication Forbes magazine is published bi-weekly The Head of government of Germany is called Chancellor (Kanzler (ˈaŋɡela doʁoˈteːa ˈmɛɐ̯kəl (born Angela Dorothea Kasner, 17 July 1954 in Hamburg, West Germany) is the Chancellor of Germany. [170]
Criticisms from Senator Boxer
California Democratic Senator Barbara Boxer has also criticized Rice in relation to the war in Iraq: "I personally believe — this is my personal view — that your loyalty to the mission you were given, to sell the war, overwhelmed your respect for the truth. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Barbara Levy Boxer (born 11 November 1940 is an American Democratic Politician and the current junior U The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign "[171]
On January 11, 2007, Boxer, in a debate over the war in Iraq, said, "Now, the issue is who pays the price, who pays the price? I’m not going to pay a personal price. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign My kids are too old, and my grandchild is too young. You’re not going to pay a particular price, as I understand it, within immediate family. So who pays the price? The American military and their families, and I just want to bring us back to that fact. ”
The New York Post and White House Press Secretary Tony Snow considered this an attack on Rice's status as a single, childless female and referred to Boxer's comments as "a great leap backward for feminism. The New York Post is the 13th-oldest Newspaper published in the United States and generally acknowledged as the oldest to have been published continually The White House Press Secretary is a senior White House official with a rank one step below Presidential Cabinet level Robert Anthony Snow ( June 1 1955 – July 12 2008) was an American Political commentator, Television news "[172] Rice later echoed Snow's remarks, saying "I thought it was okay to not have children, and I thought you could still make good decisions on behalf of the country if you were single and didn’t have children. " Boxer responded to the controversy by saying "They’re getting this off on a non-existent thing that I didn’t say. I’m saying, she’s like me, we do not have families who are in the military. "[173]
Views within the black community
Rice's ratings saw decreases following a heated battle for her confirmation as Secretary of State and following Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest in the history of the United States Rice's rise within the George W. Bush administration initially drew a largely positive response from many in the black community. The Presidency of George W Bush began on his inauguration on January 20, 2001 as the 43rd and current President of the United States of America In a 2002 survey, then National Security Advisor Rice was viewed favorably by 41% of black respondents, but another 40% did not know Rice well enough to rate her and her profile remained comparatively obscure. [174] As her role increased, some black commentators began to express doubts concerning Rice's stances and statements on various issues. In 2005, Washington Post columnist Eugene Robinson asked, "How did [Rice] come to a worldview so radically different from that of most black Americans?"[175]
Other writers have also noted what they perceive to be a distance between Rice and the black community. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Eugene H Robinson (born 1955) is a newspaper columnist and assistant managing editor for The Washington Post. The Black Commentator magazine described sentiments given in a speech by Rice at a black gathering as "more than strange — they were evidence of profound personal disorientation. The Black Commentator is an online weekly publication based in Jenkintown Pennsylvania. A black woman who doesn’t know how to talk to black people is of limited political use to an administration that has few black allies. "[176] When Rice invoked the civil rights movement to clarify her position on the invasion of Iraq, Margaret Kimberley, another writer for The Black Commentator, felt that her use of the rhetoric was "offensive. See also Protests of 1968 Historically the civil rights movement was a concentrated period of time around the world of approximately twenty years (1960-1980 in The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia " Stan Correy, an interviewer from the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, characterized many blacks involved with civil rights and politics as viewing this rhetoric as "cynical. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation, commonly abbreviated to the 'ABC' is Australia's national public broadcaster. "[177] Rice was also described by Bill Fletcher, Jr. , the former leader of the TransAfrica Forum, a foreign policy lobbying organization in Washington, D.C., as "very cold and distant and only black by accident. TransAfrica Forum is a Non-profit, Global justice organization focusing on conditions in Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America. Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American Magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P Lobbying includes all attempts to influence Legislators and officials whether by other legislators constituents or organized groups Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D "[174] In August 2005, American musician, actor, and social activist Harry Belafonte, who serves on the Board of TransAfrica, referred to blacks in the Bush administration as "black tyrants. A musician is a person who plays or writes Music. Musicians can be classified by their roles in creating or performing music An instrumentalist plays a An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works Activism, in a general sense can be described as intentional action to bring about social or political change Harold George Belafonte Jr (born March 1 1927 is an American musician actor and Social activist. "[178] Belafonte's comments received mixed reactions. [174]
Rice has defended herself from such criticisms on several occasions. During a September 14, 2005 interview, she said, "Why would I worry about something like that? . Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. . . The fact of the matter is I've been black all my life. Nobody needs to tell me how to be black. "[179]
Notable black commentators have defended Rice from across the aisle, including Mike Espy,[180] Andrew Young, C. Delores Tucker (chair of the National Congress of Black Women),[181] Clarence Page,[182] Colbert King,[183] Dorothy Height (chair and president emerita of the National Council of Negro Women)[183] and Kweisi Mfume (former Congressman and former CEO of the NAACP). Alphonso Michael Espy, usually called Mike Espy, (born November 30 1953 was a United States political figure This page is about Congressman and Ambassador Andrew Young For other men with the same name see Andrew Young (disambiguation. C DeLores Tucker (née Cynthia DeLores Nottage) ( October 4, 1927 - October 12, 2005) was a U Clarence Page (born June 2, 1947) is a Journalist, syndicated Columnist and member of the Editorial board for the Chicago Colbert I King (born 1939-09-20) is a Pulitzer Prize -winning columnist for the Washington Post. Dorothy Irene Height (born March 24, 1912) is an African American administrator, Educator, social activist, and a recipient The National Council of Negro Women (NCNW is a Non-profit organization with the mission to advance the opportunities and the quality of life for African American women their Kweisi Mfume (born Frizzell Gerald Gray, October 24, 1948, in Baltimore Maryland) is the former President / CEO of The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, usually abbreviated as NAACP, is one of the oldest and most influential Civil rights organizations [184]
Notes
- ^ http://www.millennium.az:8101/mcaccount.htm
- ^ Sullivan, Andrew. Bush-Rice 2004? The rise and rise of Condi, The Sunday Times, March 24, 2002. The Sunday Times is a Sunday Broadsheet Newspaper distributed in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland.
- ^ "Condoleezza Rice Notable Biography", Encyclopedia of World Biography (Thomson-Gale), online posting, notablebiographies. com, accessed March 26, 2007. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c d e f Felix, Antonia Condi: The girl who cracked the ice. Times Online. November 21, 2004. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved February 21, 2006. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "Birmingham native Condoleezza Rice confirmation vote delayed as next U. S. Secretary of State" Birmingham Times January 20, 2005. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Chestnut 2005. Chestnut, J. L. , Jr. "Condi Rice's Disdain for the Civil Rights Movement. " Black Commentator. Retrieved August 2, 2006. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Chestnut, J. L. Jr. . Condi Rice's disdain for Civil Rights movement Catholic New Times, December 18, 2005. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved April 12, 2007. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Profile: Condoleezza Rice. BBC News. September 25, 2001. Events 303 - On a voyage preaching the Gospel, Saint Fermin of Pamplona is beheaded in Amiens, France Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved August 2, 2006. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Russakoff, Dale Lessons of Might and Right: How Segregation and an Indomitable Family Shaped National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice Washington Post Magazine Published September 9, 2001. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved April 2, 2007. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Stan Correy. Condoleezza, Condoleezza. Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Radio National, April 3, 2005. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved July 26, 2006. Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Derrick Z. Jackson. A lesson from Condoleezza Rice. November 20, 2002. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved February 21, 2006. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ B. Denise Hawkins. Condoleezza Rice's Secret Weapon. Christianity Today, Sept/Oct 2002. Retrieved June 29, 2006. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Mad About Music: Condoleezza Rice. WNYC, January 2, 2005. Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved February 22, 2006. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Ma jams with Condoleezza Rice at awards ceremony. BBC News, April 24, 2002. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved March 18, 2006. Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Michael Dobbs. Josef Korbel's Enduring Foreign Policy Legacy. The Washington Post, December 28, 2000. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved July 11, 2006. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Condoleezza Rice (1981). The Politics of Client Command: Party-Military Relations in Czechoslovakia, 1948–1975. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. PhD dissertation, University of Denver.
- ^ Maki Becker. You probably didn't know this about Condoleezza Rice. New York Daily News, April 4, 2004. The Daily News of New York City is the fifth most-widely circulated daily Newspaper in the United States with a daily circulation of 703137 Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved March 18, 2006. Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "On Politics: Text: Condoleezza Rice at the Republican National Convention", The Washington Post, August 1, 2000. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved October 13, 2006. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Deborah Solomon. Over Life on the Hill. New York Times, January 8, 2006. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b c d e Baker, Russell (3). "Condi and the Boys". New York Review of Books LV (5): pp. 9–11. ISSN 0028-7504. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication.
- ^ Condoleezza Rice profile. Forbes, October 18, 2001. Forbes is an American Publishing and media company Its flagship publication Forbes magazine is published bi-weekly Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ CNN Black History article on Dr. Rice.
- ^ Casper selects Condoleezza Rice to be next Stanford provost
- ^ James Robinson Velvet-glove forcefulness: Six years of provostial challenges and achievements. Stanford Report Online, June 9, 1999. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved July 10, 2006. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Barabak, Mark. Not Always Diplomatic in Her First Major Post, Condoleezza Rice About to Become Secretary of State was a Divisive Figure at Stanford. Los Angeles Times.
- ^ "Condoleezza Rice on Piano", The New York Times, 2006-04-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Retrieved on 2008-03-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor
- ^ Carla Marinucci. Chevron redubs ship named for Bush aide. Condoleezza Rice drew too much attention. San Francisco Chronicle, May 5, 2001. The San Francisco Chronicle was founded in 1865 as The Daily Dramatic Chronicle by teenage brothers Charles de Young and Michael H Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved February 29, 2008. Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Palo Alto Online : Condoleezza Rice to visit program she started
- ^ Steve Kettmann, "Bush's secret weapon" Salon.com March 20, 2000. Saloncom, part of Salon Media Group ( often just called Salon, is an online Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved 21 February 2006
- ^ Text: Condoleezza Rice at the Republican National Convention: On Politics. August 1, 2000. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved October 13, 2006. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b "Exclusive Interview: Conversation with Terror", Time, January 11, 1999. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved February 21, 2007. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ #1 Condoleezza Rice Secretary of state U.S. November 2005. Retrieved April 17, 2007. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b New York Times Records Show Tenet Briefed Rice. Retrieved October 3, 2006. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ McClatchy Washington BureauRumsfeld, Ashcroft received warning of al Qaida attack before 9/11. October 2, 2006. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved October 12, 2006. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Condoleezza Rice. Why We Know Iraq Is Lying. New York Times, January 23, 2003. Events 393 - Roman Emperor Theodosius I proclaims his nine year old son Honorius co-emperor Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved July 11, 2006. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Iraq: The War Card. The Center for Public Integrity. Retrieved on 2008-02-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed
- ^ Transcript of Rice's 9/11 commission statement CNN. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Retrieved January 16, 2007. Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Lee, Mathew. Rice says Saddam questions answered The Washington Times. Published April 26, 2007. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved April 30, 2007. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Rice defends decision to go to war in Iraq. CNN, October 22, 2004. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved from the Wayback Machine on November 27, 2004. The Internet Archive ( IA) is a Nonprofit organization dedicated to maintaining an on-line Library and archive of Web and Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
- ^ Rice says race can be 'one factor' in considering admissions. CNN, January 18, 2003. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved February 21, 2006. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Search for the smoking gun. CNN, January 10, 2003. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved May 8, 2006. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ [1] Report: No WMD stockpiles in Iraq
- ^ [2] Condoleezza Rice at the Center of the Plame Scandal
- ^ [3]. Iraq Flap Shakes Rice's Image, Washington Post, July 27, 2003
- ^ Excerpts from April 8, 2004 Testimony of Dr. Condoleezza Rice Before the 9/11 Commission Pertaining to The President's Daily Brief of August 6, 2001. Retrieved March 1, 2007. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Don't know much about history. Retrieved March 1, 2007. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Byrd, Senator Robert [4] Standing for the Founding Principles of the Republic: Voting No on the Nomination of Dr. Rice as Secretary of State Published January 25, 2005. Retrieved March 12, 2007. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Ecumenical News International. Rosa Parks honored, to be laid to rest in Detroit. 1 November 2005. Retrieved February 29, 2008. Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Travels With the Secretary
- ^ Reuters, Rice questioned about her sleep, fears and dreams
- ^ "Biography of Shirin Tahir-Kheli -- Senior Advisor to the Secretary of State," White House
- ^ a b Rice, Condoleezza. Princeton University's Celebration of the 75th Anniversary Of the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence September 30, 2005. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b c d e Office of the Spokesman. Transformational Diplomacy. January 18, 2006. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Georgetown University address. January 18, 2006. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b Diplomats Will Be Shifted to Hot Spots. January 19, 2006. Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Text THE STRUGGLE FOR IRAQ: DIPLOMATIC MEMO; You Want Me to Go Where? Few Veteran Diplomats Accept Mission to Iraq. February 19, 2007. Events 197 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved February 21, 2007. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Rice Conducts Telephone Diplomacy on Israel's Gaza Withdrawal Plans. April 12, 2005. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b "Rice Mediates Gaza Disputes", The Washington Post, July 24, 2005. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Completion of Israeli Withdrawal From Gaza. September 12, 2005. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Rice: Gaza Border-Crossings Deal 'In Sight'. November 14, 2005. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "Rice Negotiates Deal to Open Gaza Crossings", The Washington Post, November 16, 2005. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ The mystery of America By Gideon Levy, Haaretz, Oct. 17, 2006
- ^ "Rice on Palestinian Elections", Voice of America, January 18, 2006, News. Voice of America ( VOA) is the official external radio and Television broadcasting service of the United States federal government. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "Rice Lauds Peaceful Palestinian Elections, Decries Terrorism", usinfo. state. gov, January 30, 2006. Events 1648 - Eighty Years' War: The Treaty of Münster is signed ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Geoffrey Aronson, "A Bush policy of 'Après moi, le deluge’", Daily Star Egypt, October 16, 2006. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved March 15, 2007. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ George Soros, "On Israel, America and AIPAC", New York Review of Books, April 12, 2007. George Soros (ˈsɔroʊs or /ˈsɔrəs/ Hungarian ˈʃoroʃ (born August 12, 1930, in Budapest, Hungary, as György Schwartz) is The New York Review of Books (or NYREV or NYRB) is a semimonthly Magazine on Literature, Culture, and current Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Hamas 'willing' to recognise Israel. April 12, 2006. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "Hamas: We could one day recognize Israel", MSNBC, September 21, 2005. MSNBC is a 24-hour cable television news channel based in the United States and available in Canada. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "Rice: Hamas rockets need to stop", CNN, February 27, 2008. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Rice in Middle East hoping to jump-start peace talks", CNN, March 4, 2008. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Rice to meet with Olmert, Barak", CNN, March 5, 2008. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Actions in Northern Israel and Southern Lebanon", United States Department of State, online posting, state. gov, July 12, 2006. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "US's Rice urges Israel to exercise restraint", July 14, 2006, oneindia. Events 1223 - Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father Philip II of France. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Rice holds key talks in Lebanon. July 24, 2006. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "Special Briefing on Travel to the Middle East and Europe", United States Department of State, online posting, state. gov, July 21, 2006. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Israel strike kills at least 54, Lebanon shuns Rice. July 30, 2006. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "Israel Leaves Lebanon to UN", online posting, metro. co. uk, July 24, 2006. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b "Progress as Rice talks to Syria and chats with Iran", Times Online, May 3, 2007. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Kessler, Glen Rice Drops Plans for Visit to Egypt Washington Post February 26, 2005. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved March 15, 2007. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Daniel Williams, "Egypt Frees An Aspiring Candidate Presidential Hopeful Is Released on Bail", The Washington Post, March 13, 2005. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved March 20, 2007. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Fred Kaplan, "Waking Up to Reality: Condi makes nice in the Middle East", Slate, January 16, 2007. Slate is an English-language online current affairs and culture Magazine created in 1996 by former New Republic editor Michael Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved March 15, 2007. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Christine Spolar, "Egypt Reformer Feels Iron Hand of the Law". The Chicago Tribune, March 6, 2006. The Chicago Tribune is a major daily Newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and owned by the Tribune Company Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved March 20, 2007. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Cohen, Roger Confronting Democracy as an Era Ends in Egypt International Herald Tribune Published:November 15, 2006
- ^ Egypt torture centre, report says BBC News. Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. April 11, 2007. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved April 11, 2007. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ McMahon, Robert. Transforming U.S. Foreign Aid Council on Foreign Relations March 17, 2006. Events 45 BC - In his last victory Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved April 12, 2007. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Levinson, Charles. $50 billion later, taking stock of US aid to Egypt: Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak meets with President Bush Sunday in Crawford, Texas The Christian Science Monitor April 12, 2004. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved April 12, 2007. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Middle East Peace", United States Department of State, online posting, state. gov, August 29, 2006. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Rice, Condoleezza. htm Remarks at the American Israel Public Affairs Committee's Annual Policy Conference Published May 23, 2005. Retrieved April 25, 2007. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ After Saudis’ First Steps, Efforts for Reform Stall New York Times. Published April 26, 2007. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved April 26, 2007. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Paraipan, Manuela. Religious Freedom: A Taboo in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Worldpress. org Published December 6, 2005. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved April 25, 2007. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Saudi police 'stopped' fire rescue BBC. Published March 15, 2002. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved April 25, 2007. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Iran human rights record 'to be loathed' -- Rice. Iran Focus. February 3, 2005. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved July 11, 2006. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Ahmadinejad: Wipe Israel Off Map. Al Jazeera. October 26, 2005. Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved July 11, 2006. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Rice denounces Iranian president's call for Israel to be 'wiped off the map'. Iran Focus. October 29, 2005. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved July 11, 2006. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Anne Gearan. Rice asks for $75M for democracy in Iran. Iran Focus. February 15, 2006. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved July 11, 2006. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Tully, Andrew. U.S.: Senators Ask Rice Tough Questions On Iraq, Iran, Hamas Radio Free Europe. Published February 15, 2006. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved April 23, 2007. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Nuclear Power Plants Will Generate 6,000MW by 2010. Iran Daily. Retrieved on 2006-04-25. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar.
- ^ Iran at a Crossroads: An Historic Opportunity for A Better Future. U. S. State Department. June 20, 2006. Events 451 - Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius ' defeats Attila the Hun. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ World Powers Agree on Deal, Wait on Iran. Deutsche Welle. Deutsche Welle ('Welle' pronounced with a 'v' sound IPA /'vɛlə/ or DW, is Germany's international broadcaster. June 2, 2006. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved June 2, 2006. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ On-the-Record Briefing by Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. U. S. State Department. January 12, 2006. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b Hirsh, Michael. "Diplo-Dancing With Iran. " Newsweek. June 12, 2006: 32. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ P5 + 1 Statement: Negotiations With Iran. 12 July 2006. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ CHAPTER VII: ACTION WITH RESPECT TO THREATS TO THE PEACE, BREACHES OF THE PEACE, AND ACTS OF AGGRESSION. Retrieved July 12, 2006. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "Rice Offers Humanitarian Aid to Quake-hit Iran", IranMania 31 March 2006. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved July 11, 2006. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Rice 'not ruling out Iran talks'. BBC News. April 30, 2007. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved April 30, 2007. Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ [5] Prensa Latina, Nestor Rosa-Marbrell, November 20, 2007. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved December 1, 2007. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ El Gobernador pide a Rice que enmiende el informe sobre el estatus político de P.Rico Yahoo News November 19, 2007. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved December 1, 2007. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Leopold, Jason Iraq and 9/11: The Truth is Out The Black Commentator September 14, 2006. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved March 18, 2007. Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ King, Colbert I. Baghdad, Birmingham and True Believers The Washington Post September 20, 2003. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved March 18, 2007. Events 37 - The Roman Senate annuls Tiberius ' will and proclaims Caligula emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ David Sanger, "White House to Overhaul Iraq and Afghan Missions", New York Times, October 26, 2003. David Sanger is the name of David Sanger (organist (born 1947 David Sanger (drummer David E Events 740 - An Earthquake strikes Constantinople, causing much damage and death Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved March 24, 2008. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Daniel Benjamin, " Condi's Phony History, Sorry, Dr. Rice, Postwar Germany Was Nothing like Iraq", online posting, August 29, 2003. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved March 13, 2007. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Interview on ABC's This Week with George Stephanopoulos — Secretary Condoleezza Rice June 19, 2005. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved April 17, 2007. Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Rice Makes Clear US Objectives in Iraq", xinhuanet. com, October 20, 2005. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Transcript of Senator Barbara Boxer and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, The New York Times, January 11, 2007. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved March 9, 2007. Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Condoleezza Rice, "The Promise of Democratic Peace", The Washington Post, December 11, 2005. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ [6] Rice: Being Anti-War Is Being Pro-Slavery Posted September 6, 2006. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved March 12, 2007. Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Ann Kornblut, "The Reach of War, Devastating Criticism by Both Parties", The New York Times, January 12, 2007. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved March 24, 2008. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearing with Secretary of State Rice Cspan. org January 11, 2007. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved April 10, 2007. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ The Analysis: On the ‘Polarization’ of Iraqis and Their “Ready Recourse to Violence’ New York Times February 3, 2007. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved March 24, 2008
- ^ "Rice: Congress Shouldn't Micromanage War", NewsMax. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common com, February 25, 2007. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Rice pushes "roadmap" as Turkish troops enter Iraq", Reuters, 2007-12-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the
- ^ "News Summary for January 15, 2008", PBS Online NewsHour, January 15, 2008. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved February 1, 2008. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Rice criticizes China for sentencing rights activist", CNN, April 3, 2008. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved April 4, 2008. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ State of the Union Address. February 2, 2005. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "N. Korea Agrees To Rejoin Talks", The Washington Post, July 10, 2005. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ N Korea offers nuclear talks deal. April 13, 2006. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "Joint Statement by Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld, Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs Taro Aso, and Japanese Minister of State for Defense Fukushiro Nukaga", United States Department of State, online posting, state. gov, May 1, 2006. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "U.S.: North Korea Readies Missile for Test", FOX News, June 19, 2006. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ North Korea test-fires 7th missile. July 5, 2006. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "Remarks with Deputy Prime Minister Abdullah Gul After Their Meeting", United States Department of State, online posting, state. gov, July 5, 2006. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "North Korea Threatens Nuke Test", The National Post, online posting, Canada. The National Post is a Canadian English-language national Newspaper based in Don Mills, Ontario, a district of com, October 3, 2006. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Defiant North Korea conducts nuke test. October 10, 2006. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ a b Transcript of Interview with Wolf Blitzer of CNN, United States Department of State, online posting, state. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner gov, October 10, 2006. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ China backs punishing N. Korea. October 11, 2006. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "U.S. Aircraft Keeps Watch for N. Korean Nuke Test", Fox News, October 11, 2006. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ U.N. Adopts Resolution Against N. Korea October 14, 2006. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Transcript of Interview on Fox News Sunday with Chris Wallace, United States Department of State, online posting, state. gov, October 15, 2006. Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Michael Spence, "Mr. Counterintuition", The Wall Street Journal, February 17, 2007. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Remarks With Japanese Foreign Minister Taro Aso After Their Meeting", United States Department of State, online posting, state. gov, October 18, 2006. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "Rice tries to soothe Japan outrage", CNN, February 27, 2008. Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Rice Attacks Russia On Democracy", Herald Sun, April 21, 2005. The Herald Sun is a morning Tabloid Newspaper based in Melbourne, Australia Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved February 29, 2008. Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ "Russia-Ukraine Gas Row Heats Up", BBC News, December 27, 2005. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ CNN.com - Ukraine warms to Putin gas deal - Dec 31, 2005
- ^ "Rice: Russia Uses Energy Wealth as Political Weapon", Fox News, January 5, 2006. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "Russia Won't Block U.S. on Iran", The Washington Post, January 12, 2006. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Speech at the 43rd Munich Conference on Security Policy 02/10/2007. Retrieved February 21, 2007. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Rice Deplores Russian Comment On Missile Shield", The Washington Post, February 21, 2007. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved February 23, 2007. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Danilova, Maria. Putin Threatens Pullout From Arms Pact Los Angeles Times. Published April 26, 2007. Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved April 27, 2007. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Silverstein, Ken. Our Friend Teodoro: DEPARTMENT Washington Babylon 2006-04-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Retrieved 2007-04-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
- ^ Sheryl Gay Stolberg, "Bush, in Africa, Emphasizes Successes", New York Times online edition February 17, 2008. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Accessed February 16, 2008. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ Jackson, Jesse Dilemma of horns: Stop calling people, or nations, the devil. Chicago Sun-Times. September 26, 2006. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Varner, Bill Chavez's Push for UN Council Seat Sets Up a Showdown With U.S.. Bloomberg. October 11, 2006. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "Panama agreement ends UN seat row", BBC News, November 2, 2006
- ^ "Musharraf imposes emergency rule", BBC News, November 3, 2007
- ^ ", US to continue to keep in touch with Musharraf: Rice , February 23, 2008
- ^ "Rice says has no plan to run for vice president", Reuters, 2008-02-22. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Retrieved on 2008-03-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. "I have always said that the one thing that I have not seen myself doing is running for elected office. "
- ^ "Transcript of Secretary Condoleezza Rice's Interview with the Washington Times Editorial Board", The Washington Times, United States Department of State, 2008-03-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Retrieved on 2008-03-28. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Question: "And would you consider vice president?" Rice: "Not interested. "
- ^ "Gallup Polls on GOP VP Preferences", Gallup, 2008-04-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I.
- ^ "Dan Senor: Condoleezza Rice Is Pursuing the VP Spot", ABC News, 2008-04-06. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus
- ^ Kessler, Glenn. "Rice: Still Not Running for VP". The Washington Post. 2008-04-07. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor Spokesperson Sean McCormack: 'I think if you look back at her tenure, in terms of her activities, you will find all of these activities perfectly normal and consistent with the way she has done her job over the past three years or so . . . If she is actively seeking the vice presidency, then she's the last one to know about it. '
- ^ U. S. State Department Interview on Fox News Sunday With Chris Wallace. December 18, 2005. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Rice Quotes Contradict Clarke Account. NewsMax. March 24, 2004. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
- ^ U. S. State Department Remarks With Senator Richard Lugar on the U.S. Department of State and the Challenges of the 21st century. July 29, 2005. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Washington Post, March 2005
- ^ a b Washington Times, March 2005
- ^ Michael Juel-Larsen. Students, community members protest Rice's visit. Daily Princetonian, September 30, 2005. Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Steve Almond. Condoleezza Rice at Boston College? I quit. The Boston Globe, May 12, 2006. The Boston Globe (and Boston Sunday Globe) is the most widely circulated daily Newspaper in Boston and in New England, Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Rice visit meets with protests BBC News, March 31, 2006. Events 307 - After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, the daughter of the retired Roman Emperor Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. February 9, 2006. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "Rice's Toughest Mission", Time, February 1, 2007. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ "Cheney In Twilight", Time, March 19, 2007. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and Events 1279 - A Mongolian victory in the Battle of Yamen ends the Song Dynasty in China. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ MacDonald, Elizabeth and Chana R. Schoenberger. "The World's Most Powerful Women", Forbes, September 1, 2006.
- ^ Why the Crass Remarks About Rice?. The Washington Post, January 22, 2005. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "White House Spokesman Blasts Sen. Boxer's Exchange With Secretary Rice", FOX News, January 12, 2006. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ "Exchange Turns Into Political Flashpoint", The New York Times, January 12, 2007
- ^ a b c Jonathon Tilove. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. For Black America, The Thrill of Powell and Rice Is Gone. Newhouse News Service, March 11, 2004. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
- ^ Eugene Robinson. What Rice Can't See. The Washington Post, October 25, 2005. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Condoleezza's Crimes. The Black Commentator, April 1, 2004. The Black Commentator is an online weekly publication based in Jenkintown Pennsylvania. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne
- ^ Stan Correy. Condoleezza, Condoleezza. ABC Radio National, April 3, 2005. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Marc Merano. Harry Belafonte Calls Black Republicans 'Tyrants'. Cybercast News Service, August 8, 2005
- ^ Interview with Bill O'Reilly of the O'Reilly Factor on Fox News. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. September 14, 2005. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Mrs President. October 25, 2005. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Susan Jones. Black Democrats Don't Like Senate's Treatment of Rice. CNS News, January 26, 2005. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Page, Clarence. "Why Condi's star is rising", Chicago Tribune, 2006-01-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Retrieved on 2006-07-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat (English)
- ^ a b King, Colbert. "Why the Crass Remarks About Rice?", Washington Post, 2005-01-22, p. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 565 - Eutychius is deposed as Patriarch of Constantinople by John Scholasticus. A17. Retrieved on 2006-08-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) (English)
- ^ Associated Press. NAACP: Calling Rice ‘Aunt Jemima’ is wrong. November 22, 2004. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again "
References
- Felix, Antonia. "Condi: The girl who cracked the ice". Times. (November 21, 2004)
- Nordlinger, Jay. Events 164 BC - Judas Maccabaeus, son of Mattathias of the Hasmonean family restores the Temple in Jerusalem. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " "Star-in-waiting: meet George W.'s foreign-policy czarina". National Review. (August 30, 1999)
- Plotz, David. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) "Condoleezza Rice: George W. Bush's celebrity adviser". Slate. (May 12, 2000)
- author unknown. Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. "Smart, savvy, strong-willed Rice charts her own course". CNN. (2001)
- Marinucci, Carla. "Critics knock naming oil tanker Condoleezza". San Francisco Chronicle. (April 5, 2001)
- Marinucci, Carla. Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. "Chevron redubs ship named for Bush aide". San Francisco Chronicle. (May 5, 2001)
- Marinucci, Carla. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. "Security adviser Rice weighs run for governor". San Francisco Chronicle. (February 27, 2003)
- author unknown. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. "Rice says race can be 'one factor' in considering admissions". CNN. (January 18, 2003)
- Sullivan, Andrew. Events 350 - Generallus Magnentius deposes Roman Emperor Constans and proclaims himself Emperor Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Bush-Rice 2004?. London Sunday Times. (March 24, 2002)
- Cornwell, Rupert From the axis of evil to the outposts of tyranny. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. The Independent. (January 20, 2005)
- Richter, Paul "Rice Reshaping Foreign Policy" Los Angeles Times. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. (March 15, 2005)
- Richter, Paul. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Under Rice, Powell's Policies Are Reborn". Los Angeles Times. (October 11, 2005)
- Lemann, Nicholas. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "Without a Doubt: Has Condoleezza Rice changed George W. Bush, or has he changed her?" New Yorker. (October 14, 2002)
Further reading
Primary sources
- Rice, Condoleezza with Zelikow, Philip D. Germany Unified and Europe Transformed: A Study in Statecraft. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Philip D Zelikow (born 1954 was the executive director of the 9/11 Commission. Harvard University Press. hardcover (1995), 520 pages, ISBN 0-674-35324-2; trade paperback, 1997, 520 pages, ISBN 0-674-35325-0.
- Rice, Condoleezza & Dallin, Alexander (eds. The late Professor Alexander Dallin served as Raymond A Spruance Professor of International History in the Center for Russian and East European Studies (CREES at Stanford ) (1986). The Gorbachev Era. Stanford Alumni Association, trade paperback (1986), ISBN 0-916318-18-4; Garland Publishing, Incorporated, hardcover (1992), 376 pages, ISBN 0-8153-0571-0.
- Rice, Condoleezza (1984). The Soviet Union and the Czechoslovak Army: Uncertain Allegiance. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-06921-2
- Rice, Condoleezza, "Campaign 2000: Promoting the national interest" in Foreign Affairs, 2000. Foreign Affairs is an influential American Journal on International relations published by the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR [7]
Academic studies
- John P. Burke; "Condoleezza Rice as NSC Advisor A Case Study of the Honest Broker Role" Presidential Studies Quarterly v 35 #3 pp 554+.
- James Mann. Rise of the Vulcans: The History of Bush's War Cabinet (2004)
Popular books and commentary
- Cunningham, Kevin (2005). Condoleezza Rice: U. S. Secretary Of State (Journey to Freedom) Child's World ISBN 1-59296-231-9
- Ditchfield, Christin (2003). Condoleezza Rice: National Security Advisor (Great Life Stories) middle school audience Franklin Watts ISBN 0-531-12307-3
- Felix, Antonia (2002). Condi: The Condoleezza Rice Story. Newmarket Press. ISBN 1-55704-539-9
- Flanders, Laura. (2004). Bushwomen: Tales of a Cynical Species (Verso) ISBN 978-1859845875
- Kessler, Glenn (2007). The Confidante: Condoleezza Rice and the Creation of the Bush Legacy. [8] ISBN 978-0312363802
- Kettmann, Steve. Bush's Secret Weapon Salon.com
- Morris, Dick with Eileen McGann. Dick Morris is an American political Author and commentator who previously worked as a Pollster, political campaign consultant (2005) Condi vs. Hillary: The Next Great Presidential Race Regan Books ISBN 0-06-083913-9
- Ryan, Bernard, Jr. (2003). Condoleezza Rice: National Security Advisor and Musician (Ferguson Career Biographies) Facts on File ISBN 0-8160-5480-0
- Wade, Linda R. (2002). Condoleezza Rice: A Real-Life Reader Biography (Real-Life Reader Biography) Mitchell Lane Publishers ISBN 1-58415-145-5, middle school audience
- Wade, Mary Dodson (2003). Condoleezza Rice: Being The Best Millbrook Press Lerner Books ISBN 0-7613-1927-1, middle school audience
External links
- Biography from the U. S. Department of State
- Biography from the White House
- Biography from the Hoover Institution
- Profile from BBC News
- Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice discusses U. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence The Hoover Institution on War Revolution and Peace is a libertarian Public policy Think tank and Library founded in 1919 by U S. Policy in Northeast Asia at the Heritage Foundation on October 25, 2006
- Condi and the Boys Russell Baker essay on Rice from The New York Review of Books'
| Academic offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Gerald J. The Heritage Foundation is an American conservative Think tank. Russell Wayne Baker (born August 14, 1925) is an American Pulitzer Prize -winning writer known for his satirical commentary and self-critical The New York Review of Books (or NYREV or NYRB) is a semimonthly Magazine on Literature, Culture, and current Lieberman |
Provost of Stanford University 1993–1999 |
Succeeded by John L. Hennessy |
| Legal offices | ||
| Preceded by Sandy Berger |
United States National Security Advisor 2001–2005 |
Succeeded by Stephen Hadley |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by Colin Powell |
United States Secretary of State Served Under: George W. Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in For other people named John Hennessy see John Hennessy. John LeRoy Hennessy is an American computer scientist and academic Samuel Richard "Sandy" Berger (born October 28, 1945) served as the 19th United States National Security Advisor under President The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA Stephen John Hadley (born February 13, 1947, in Toledo Ohio) is the current (21st U Colin Luther Powell, KCB (Honorary MSC, (born April 5, 1937) is a retired General in the United States Army. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Bush 2005 – present |
Succeeded by Incumbent |
| Order of precedence in the United States of America | ||
| Preceded by Robert Byrd President Pro Tempore of U. The United States Order of precedence is a nominal and symbolic hierarchy of important positions within the government of the United States. Robert Carlyle Byrd (born November 20 1917 is the senior United States Senator from West Virginia and a member of the Democratic Party. S. Senate |
United States Presidential Line of Succession 4th in line |
Succeeded by Henry Paulson Secretary of Treasury |
| Preceded by U. The presidential line of succession defines who may become or act as President of the United States upon the incapacity death resignation or removal from office (by Impeachment Henry Merritt "Hank" Paulson Jr (born March 28 1946 is the United States Treasury Secretary and member of the International Monetary Fund Board of Governors S. ambassadors (while at their posts); otherwise Bill Clinton |
United States order of precedence as of 2007 |
Succeeded by Ambassadors Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of foreign states; next fixed is Betty Ford |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Rice, Condoleezza |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Rice, Condi |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | American Republican politician; U. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States The United States Order of precedence is a nominal and symbolic hierarchy of important positions within the government of the United States. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Elizabeth Anne Bloomer Warren Ford (born April 8 1918 is the widow of former United States S. Secretary of State; political scientist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | November 14, 1954 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Birmingham, Alabama |
| DATE OF DEATH | |
| PLACE OF DEATH | |
Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar) Birmingham (ˈbɝmɪŋhæm is the largest City in the US state of Alabama and is the County seat of Jefferson County. Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America.
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