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For the formal concept of computation, see computation. Computation is a general term for any type of Information processing.
For the magazine, see Computing (magazine). Computing is a weekly newspaper/magazine published by Incisive Media for IT managers and IT professionals in the United Kingdom.
RAM (Random Access Memory)
RAM (Random Access Memory)

Computing is the activity of developing and using computer technology, including computer hardware and software. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. Typical PC hardware A typical Personal computer consists of a case or chassis in a tower shape (desktop and the following parts Motherboard It is the computer-specific part of information technology. Information technology ( IT) as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA is "the study design development implementation support Computer science is the study of the theoretical foundations of computing and the application of the theories in computing. Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their

Computing Curricula 2005[1] defined computing:

In a general way, we can define computing to mean any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers. Thus, computing includes designing and building hardware and software systems for a wide range of purposes; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information; doing scientific studies using computers; making computer systems behave intelligently; creating and using communications and entertainment media; finding and gathering information relevant to any particular purpose, and so on. The list is virtually endless, and the possibilities are vast.

Contents

Definitions

The term computing has sometimes been narrowly defined, as in a 1989 ACM report on Computing as a Discipline[2]:

The discipline of computing is the systematic study of algorithmic processes that describe and transform information: their theory, analysis, design, efficiency, implementation, and application. The Association for Computing Machinery, or ACM, was founded in 1947 as the world's first scientific and educational Computing society The fundamental question underlying all computing is 'What can be (efficiently) automated?'

Computing Curricula 2005[1] also recognizes that the meaning of computing depends on the context:

Computing also has other meanings that are more specific, based on the context in which the term is used. For example, an information systems specialist will view computing somewhat differently from a software engineer. Regardless of the context, doing computing well can be complicated and difficult. Because society needs people to do computing well, we must think of computing not only as a profession but also as a discipline.

The term computing is also synonymous with counting and calculating. In earlier times it was used in reference to mechanical computing machines.

Science and theory

Hardware

See information processor for a high-level block diagram. Computer science (or computing science) is the study and the Science of the theoretical foundations of Information and Computation and their The theory of computation is the branch of Computer science that deals with whether and how efficiently problems can be solved on a Model of computation, using an DBLP ( Digital Bibliography & Library Project) is a Computer science Bibliography website hosted at Universität Trier, in Germany A computer scientist is a person that has acquired knowledge of Computer science, the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their application Computational science (or scientific computing) is the field of study concerned with constructing Mathematical models and numerical solution techniques and using computers Metacomputing is all Computing and computing-oriented activity which involves computing Knowledge (science and technology common for the research development An information processor or information processing system, as its name suggests is a System (be it Electrical, Mechanical or Biological

Instruction-level taxonomies

After the commoditization of memory, attention turned to optimizing CPU performance at the instruction level. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. Typical PC hardware A typical Personal computer consists of a case or chassis in a tower shape (desktop and the following parts Motherboard CPU design is the Design engineering task of creating a Central processing unit (CPU a component of Computer hardware. A computer network is a group of interconnected Computers. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. The history of computer hardware encompasses the hardware, its architecture, and its impact on software. Various methods of speeding up the fetch-execute cycle include:

Software

History of computing

Business computing

Human factors

Computer network

Wired and wireless computer network

Computing technology based wireless networking (CbWN)

The main of goal of CbWN is to optimize the system performance of the flexible wireless network. An instruction set is a list of all the instructions and all their variations that a processor can execute A complex instruction set computer ( CISC, pronounced like " sisk " is a Microprocessor Instruction set architecture (ISA in which A superscalar CPU architecture implements a form of parallelism called Instruction-level parallelism within a single processor Very Long Instruction Word or VLIW refers to a CPU architecture designed to take advantage of Instruction level parallelism (ILP Software engineering is the application of a systematic disciplined quantifiable approach to the development operation and maintenance of Software. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. Software patent does not have a universally accepted definition In Computing, firmware is a computer program that is Embedded in a hardware device for example a Microcontroller. An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination Application software is a subclass of Computer software that employs the capabilities of a computer directly and thoroughly to a task that the user wishes to perform A Computer Database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system A spreadsheet is a Computer application that simulates a paper worksheet A programming language is an Artificial language that can be used to write programs which control the behavior of a machine particularly a Computer. In Computer science, an interpreter normally means a Computer program that executes, i A compiler is a Computer program (or set of programs that translates text written in a computer language (the source language) into another Speech recognition (also known as automatic speech recognition or computer speech recognition) converts spoken words to machine-readable input (for example to keypresses The history of computer hardware encompasses the hardware, its architecture, and its impact on software. A tally (or tally stick) was an ancient memory aid device to record and document numbers quantities or even messages A quantum computer is a device for Computation that makes direct use of distinctively Quantum mechanical Phenomena, such as superposition The history of computer science began long before the modern discipline of Computer science that emerged in the twentieth century Before the advent of electronic Computers, data processing was performed using electromechanical devices called unit record equipment, electric accounting machines The IBM 700/7000 series was a series of large scale ( mainframe) Computer systems made by IBM through The IBM 1400 series were second generation ( Transistorized mid-range business Computers that IBM sold The IBM System/360 ( S/360) is a Mainframe computer system family announced by IBM on April 7, 1964. The invention of magnetic Disk storage, pioneered by IBM in the 1950s was a critical component of the Computer revolution Accounting software is Application software that records and processes Accounting transactions within functional modules such as Accounts payable, Computer-aided manufacturing ( CAM) is the use of computer-based software tools that assist engineers and machinists in manufacturing or prototyping product components Computer-assisted dispatch (also called CAD is a method of dispatching Taxicabs Couriers field service technicians or Emergency services assisted by computer Customer relationship management ( CRM) is a term applied to processes implemented by a company to handle its contact with its customers A data warehouse is a Repository of an organization's electronically stored data Decision support systems constitute a class of computer-based Information systems including knowledge-based systems that support Decision-making activities Bold textElectronic data processing ( EDP) can refer to the use of automated methods to process commercial data Enterprise resource planning ( ERP) is the planning of how business resources (materials employees customers etc Management Information System ( MIS) is a subset of the overall Internal controls of a business covering the application of people documents technologies and procedures Material Requirements Planning (MRP is a software based production planning and Inventory control system used to manage Manufacturing processes Strategic Enterprise Management refers to management techniques metrics and related tools that companies can use to make strategic decisions Supply chain management (SCM is the process of Planning, implementing and Controlling the operations of the Supply chain as efficiently as possible Product lifecycle management ( PLM) is the process of managing the entire lifecycle of a product from its conception through design and manufacture to service Utility computing is the packaging of computing resources, such as computation and storage as a metered service similar to a traditional Public utility (such In Human-computer interaction, computer accessibility (also known as Accessible computing) refers to the Accessibility of a Computer system to Human–computer interaction or HCI is the study of interaction between people ( users and Computers It is often regarded as the intersection of A computer network is a group of interconnected Computers. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics Wide Area Network ( WAN) is a Computer network that covers a broad area (i Metropolitan area network s or MAN s are large Computer networks usually spanning a city The concept of the Village Area Network or (VAN was coined to demonstrate the importance of a networked community of technology users in small villages throughout the Yukon A wireless LAN or WLAN is a Wireless Local area network, which is the linking of two or more computers or devices without using wires Mesh networking is a way to route data voice and instructions between nodes. A collaborative workspace or shared workspace is an inter-connected environment in which all the participants in dispersed locations can access and interact with each other The Internet is a global system of interconnected Computer networks Network management refers to the activities methods procedures and tools that pertain to the Operation, Administration, Maintenance, and Provisioning

Computer security

Data

Numeric data

Character data

Other data topics

Mechatronics

Data Protection Act

Classes of computers

Companies - current

Companies - historic

Organizations

Professional

Standards bodies

See also: Standardization and Standards organization

Open standards

See also Open standard

See also

References

  1. ^ a b The Joint Task Force for Computing Curricula 2005. In Computing, a fixed-point number representation is a Real data type for a number that has a fixed number of digits after (and sometimes also before the In Mathematics, a rational number is a number which can be expressed as a Ratio of two Integers Non-integer rational numbers (commonly called fractions The decimal ( base ten or occasionally denary) Numeral system has ten as its base. In Computing and electronic systems binary-coded decimal ( BCD) is an encoding for decimal numbers in which each digit is represented by its own binary Excess-3 Binary coded decimal (XS-3 also called biased representation or Excess-N, is a Numeral system used on some older computers that uses Bi-quinary coded decimal is a numeral encoding scheme used in many Abacuses and in some early computers including the Colossus. The binary numeral system, or base-2 number system, is a Numeral system that represents numeric values using two symbols usually 0 and 1. The octal Numeral system, or oct for short is the base -8 number system and uses the digits 0 to 7 The decimal ( base ten or occasionally denary) Numeral system has ten as its base. In Mathematics and Computer science, hexadecimal (also base -, hexa, or hex) is a Numeral system with a The term computer numbering formats refers to the schemes implemented in Digital computer and Calculator hardware and software to represent numbers A common For other uses see Character. In Computer and machine-based Telecommunications terminology a character is a unit of In Computer programming and some branches of Mathematics, a string is an ordered Sequence of Symbols. In Computing, plain text is a term used for an ordinary "unformatted" sequential file readable as textual material without much processing Serial Experiments Lain is an Anime series directed by Ryutaro Nakamura, original character design by Yoshitoshi ABe, screenplay written In Computing, plain text is a term used for an ordinary "unformatted" sequential file readable as textual material without much processing American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII) In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code ( EBCDIC) is an 8- Bit Character encoding ( Code page) used on IBM mainframe Operating Fieldata was a pioneering computer project run by the US Army Signal Corps in the late 1950s that intended to create a single standard for collecting and distributing Digital signal processing ( DSP) is concerned with the representation of the signals by a sequence of numbers or symbols and the processing of these signals Image processing is any form of Signal processing for which the input is an image such as photographs or frames of video the output of image processing can be either an image Data management comprises all the disciplines related to managing Data as a valuable resource Routing is the process of selecting paths in a network along which to send network traffic Mechatronics (or Mecha nical and Elec' tronics' Engineering) is the combination of Mechanical engineering, Electronic engineering A key punch is a device for entering data into Punched cards by precisely punching holes at locations designated by the keys struck by the operator Before the advent of electronic Computers, data processing was performed using electromechanical devices called unit record equipment, electric accounting machines An analog computer (spelt analogue in British English is a form of Computer that uses continuous physical phenomena such as electrical mechanical A calculator is device for performing mathematical calculations distinguished from a Computer by having a limited problem solving ability and an interface optimized for interactive A desktop computer is a Personal computer (PC in a form intended for regular use at a single location as opposed to a mobile Laptop or portable computer A desktop replacement computer ( dtr) is a Personal computer that provides the full capabilities of a Desktop computer while remaining portable A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. An embedded system is a special-purpose Computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions often with Real-time computing constraints A home computer was a class of Personal computer entering the market in 1977 and becoming common during the 1980s A laptop computer, also known as a notebook computer, is a small Personal computer designed for mobile use. Mainframes (often colloquially referred to as Big Iron) are Computers used mainly by large organizations for critical applications typically bulk data A minicomputer (colloquially mini) is a class of multi-user Computers that lies in the middle range of the computing spectrum in between the largest Multi-user microcomputer is a Computer with a Microprocessor as its Central processing unit. A personal computer ( PC) is any Computer whose original sales price size and capabilities make it useful for individuals and which is intended to be operated A portable computer is a Computer that is designed to be moved from one place to another A mobile device (also known as cellphone device, handheld device, handheld computer, "Palmtop" or simply handheld) is a pocket-sized A programmable logic controller ( PLC) or programmable controller is a Digital computer used for Automation of industrial processes such as A server is a Computer dedicated to providing one or more services over a computer network typically through a request-response routine A supercomputer is a Computer that is at the frontline of processing capacity particularly speed of calculation (at the time of its introduction A Tablet PC is a Notebook or slate-shaped Mobile computer, equipped with a Touchscreen or Graphics tablet/screen hybrid technology which allows A workstation, such as a Unix workstation, RISC workstation or Engineering workstation, is a high-end Microcomputer Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics Avaya Inc is a privately held Telecommunications company which specializes in enterprise Telephony and Call center technology The multinational technology company Dell Inc develops manufactures sells and supports Personal computers and other computer-related products is a Japanese company specializing in Semiconductors Computers ( Supercomputers Personal computers, servers, Telecommunications Gateway Incorporated is a Computer hardware company based in Irvine, California, which develops manufactures supports and markets a wide range of Groupe Bull (also known as Bull Information Systems or simply Bull) is a French owned Computer company headquartered in Les Clayes-sous-Bois () is a Multinational corporation specializing in high-technology and services headquartered in Marunouchi Itchome Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology Lenovo Group Limited (,) is China's largest and the world's fourth largest Personal computer manufacturer after Hewlett-Packard and Dell of the U Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer is a Japanese multinational IT company headquartered in Minato Tokyo, Japan. Novell Inc ( is a global Software Corporation based in the United States specializing in enterprise operating systems such as SUSE In Computing, Red Hat Inc ( is a company dedicated to Free and open source software, and a major Linux distribution vendor Silicon Graphics Inc (commonly initialised to SGI, historically sometimes referred to as Silicon Graphics Computer Systems or SGCS) is a company Sun Microsystems Inc ( is a multinational vendor of Computers computer components Computer software, and Information technology services Unisys Corporation ( based in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, United States, and incorporated in Delaware, is a global provider of information technology Acorn Computers was a British Computer company established in Cambridge, England, in 1978 Ing C Olivetti & Co SpA, known as Olivetti, is an Italian manufacturer of Computers printers and other business machines The Bendix Corporation was an American manufacturing and engineering company which during various times in its 60 year existence made brake systems aeronautical hydraulics The Burroughs Corporation began in 1886 as the American Arithmometer Company in St Sperry Corporation (1910-1986 was a major American equipment and Electronics company whose existence spanned more than seven decades of the twentieth century Unisys Corporation ( based in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, United States, and incorporated in Delaware, is a global provider of information technology Compaq Computer Corporation was an American Personal computer company founded in 1982 and is now a brand name of Hewlett-Packard. Control Data Corporation (CDC, was one of the pioneering Supercomputer firms Cray Inc ( is a Supercomputer manufacturer based in Seattle Washington. Data General was one of the first Minicomputer firms from the late 1960s Digital Equipment Corporation was a pioneering American company in the Computer industry Compaq Computer Corporation was an American Personal computer company founded in 1982 and is now a brand name of Hewlett-Packard. Digital Research Inc (aka DR or DRI; originally Intergalactic Digital Research) was the company created by Dr English Electric (EE was a British industrial manufacturer Founded in 1918 it initially specialised in industrial Electric motors and Transformers Its Ferranti or Ferranti International plc was a major UK Electrical engineering and equipment firm known primarily for defence Electronics and Honeywell ( is a major American multinational conglomerate company that produces a variety of consumer products engineering services and aerospace systems Groupe Bull (also known as Bull Information Systems or simply Bull) is a French owned Computer company headquartered in Les Clayes-sous-Bois Honeywell ( is a major American multinational conglomerate company that produces a variety of consumer products engineering services and aerospace systems Groupe Bull (also known as Bull Information Systems or simply Bull) is a French owned Computer company headquartered in Les Clayes-sous-Bois International Computers Ltd, or ICL, was a large British Computer hardware, Computer software and Computer services company that operated from The British LEO I ( L yons E lectronic O ffice I) Computer ran its first business application in 1951 Lisp Machines Inc was a company formed in 1979 by Richard Greenblatt of MIT 's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory to build Lisp machines The Marconi Company Ltd was founded by Guglielmo Marconi in 1897 as The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company (sometimes presented as Wireless Nixdorf Computer AG was a Computer company founded by Heinz Nixdorf in 1952 Ing C Olivetti & Co SpA, known as Olivetti, is an Italian manufacturer of Computers printers and other business machines The Osborne Computer Corporation (OCC was founded by Adam Osborne in 1980 based on a product of not just Personal computers but Portable Packard Bell is a name used by two different consumer electronics companies Prime Computer was a Natick Massachusetts -based producer of Minicomputers from 1972 until 1992 Raytheon Company ( is a major American Defense contractor and industrial corporation with core Manufacturing concentrations in Defense systems Royal McBee was the name of the computer manufacturing and retail division of Royal Typewriter which made the early computers RPC 4000 and RPC 9000. RCA Corporation, founded as Radio Corporation of America, was an electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986 Scientific Data Systems, or SDS, was an American Computer company founded in September 1961 by Max Palevsky, a veteran of Packard Bell Xerox Corporation ( (name ˈziːrɒks is a global document management company which manufactures and sells a range of color and black-and-white printers, multifunction Sinclair Research Ltd is a consumer electronics company founded by Sir Clive Sinclair in Cambridge, England (originally as Sinclair Radionics in 1961 to The Sinclair ZX Spectrum is an 8-bit personal Home computer released in the United Kingdom in 1982 by Sinclair Research Ltd The Sinclair ZX80 was a Home computer brought to market in 1980 by Sinclair Research of Cambridge England The Sinclair ZX81 Home computer, released by Sinclair Research in 1981, was the follow up to the company's ZX80. The US company SWTPC started in 1964 as DEMCO (Daniel E Meyer Company Motorola Inc ( is an American, multinational Fortune 100, Telecommunications company based in Schaumburg Illinois. The 6800 is an 8-bit Microprocessor produced by Motorola and released shortly after the Intel 8080 in late 1974 The Motorola 6809 is an 8-bit (arguably an 8/ 16-bit) Microprocessor CPU from Motorola, introduced circa 1979 Sperry Corporation (1910-1986 was a major American equipment and Electronics company whose existence spanned more than seven decades of the twentieth century UNIVAC serves as the catch-all name for the American manufacturers of the lines of mainframe computers by that name which through mergers and acquisitions underwent The Burroughs Corporation began in 1886 as the American Arithmometer Company in St Unisys Corporation ( based in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, United States, and incorporated in Delaware, is a global provider of information technology Symbolics is a privately held company that acquired the assets of the now-defunct Computer manufacturer Symbolics Inc UNIVAC serves as the catch-all name for the American manufacturers of the lines of mainframe computers by that name which through mergers and acquisitions underwent Varian Data Machines was a division of Varian Associates which sold Minicomputers It entered the market in 1966, but met stiff competition and was bought Varian Associates was a company founded in 1948 by Russell H and Sigurd F Wang Laboratories was a computer company founded in 1951 by Dr The Association for Computing Machinery, or ACM, was founded in 1947 as the world's first scientific and educational Computing society The British Computer Society ( BCS) is a professional body that represents those working in Information Technology. The Canadian Information Processing Society (CIPS is the Information Technology professional society in Canada. The Computer Measurement Group (CMG, founded in 1974, is a worldwide Non-profit organization of Data processing professionals whose work involves measuring The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (read eye-triple-e) is an international Non-profit, professional organization IEEE Computer Society is an organizational unit of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE The Institution of Electrical Engineers or IEE (pronounce I-double-E or I-E-E was a British professional organisation for Electronics, The International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC) is a not-for-profit, non-governmental international Standards organization that prepares and publishes Standardization (or standardisation) is the process of developing and agreeing upon technical standards. A standards organization, standards body, standards development organization or SDO is any entity whose primary activities are developing coordinating The International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC) is a not-for-profit, non-governmental international Standards organization that prepares and publishes The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (read eye-triple-e) is an international Non-profit, professional organization An open standard is a Standard that is publicly available and has various rights to use associated with it Application Response Measurement ( ARM) is an open standard published by the Open Group for monitoring and diagnosing performance bottlenecks within complex enterprise This is a list of the origins of computer-related terms or terms used in the computing world (i In UNIX Computing, the system load is a measure of the amount of work that a computer system is doing Computing Curricula 2005: The Overview Report (pdf)
  2. ^ Computing as a Discipline (pdf)

Dictionary

computing

-verb

  1. Present participle of compute.

-noun

  1. Action of using a computer.
  2. The study of computers and computer programming.
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