Citizendia
Your Ad Here

This article is about computer files and file systems in general terms. For a more detailed and technical discussion, see File system. In Computing, a file system (often also written as filesystem) is a method for storing and organizing Computer files and the data they contain to make

A computer file is a block of arbitrary information, or resource for storing information, which is available to a computer program and is usually based on some kind of durable storage. For the concept of arbitrariness in trademark law see Trademark distinctiveness. Information as a concept has a diversity of meanings from everyday usage to technical settings A resource, or system resource, is any physical or virtual component of limited availability within a computer system Computer programs (also software programs, or just programs) are instructions for a Computer. Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, refers to Computer components devices and recording media that retain digital A file is durable in the sense that it remains available for programs to use after the current program has finished. Computer files can be considered as the modern counterpart of paper documents which traditionally were kept in offices' and libraries' files, which are the source of the term. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. A document (noun is a bounded physical representation of body of Information designed with the capacity (and usually intent to Communicate. A filing cabinet (or file cabinet in the United States) is a piece of office equipment that is useful for temporary and permanent storage

Contents

File contents

Many modern operating system consider files as a collection of bytes. An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination At a higher level, where the content of the file is being considered, these binary digits may represent integer values or text characters, or anything else. The integers (from the Latin integer, literally "untouched" hence "whole" the word entire comes from the same origin but via French For other uses see Character. In Computer and machine-based Telecommunications terminology a character is a unit of It is up to the program using the file to understand the meaning and internal layout of information in the file and present it to a user as more meaningful information (like text, images, sounds).

At any instant in time, a file might have a size, normally expressed in bytes, that indicates how much storage is associated with the file. A byte (pronounced "bite" baɪt is the basic unit of measurement of information storage in Computer science. In most modern operating systems the size can be any whole number up to a system limit. However, the general definition of a file does not require that its instant size has any real meaning, unless the data within the file happens to correspond to data within a pool of persistent storage.

For example, the file to which the link /bin/ls points in a typical Unix-like system probably has a defined size that seldom changed. A Unix-like (sometimes shortened to *nix) Operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system while not necessarily conforming Compare this with /dev/null. In Unix-like Operating systems /dev/null or the null device is a Special file that discards all data written to it (but reports that This is a file, but its size may be open to question.

Information in a computer file can consist of smaller packets of information (often called records or lines) that are individually different but share some trait in common. For example, a payroll file might contain information concerning all the employees in a company and their payroll details; each record in the payroll file concerns just one employee, and all the records have the common trait of being related to payroll—this is very similar to placing all payroll information into a specific filing cabinet in an office that does not have a computer. A text file may contain lines of text, corresponding to printed lines on a piece of paper. Alternatively, a file may contain an arbitrary binary image (a BLOB) or it may contain an executable. A binary large object, also known as a blob, is a collection of Binary data stored as a single entity in a Database management system. In Computing, an executable (file causes a computer "to perform indicated tasks according to encoded instructions," as opposed to a file that only contains

The way information is grouped into a file is entirely up to the person designing the file. This has led to a plethora of more or less standardized file structures for all imaginable purposes, from the simplest to the most complex. Most computer files are used by computer programs. Computer programs (also software programs, or just programs) are instructions for a Computer. These programs create, modify and delete files for their own use on an as-needed basis. The programmers who create the programs decide what files are needed, how they are to be used and (often) their names.

In some cases, computer programs manipulate files that are made visible to the computer user. For example, in a word-processing program, the user manipulates document files that she names herself. The content of the document file is arranged in a way that the word-processing program understands, but the user chooses the name and location of the file, and she provides the bulk of the information (such as words and text) that will be stored in the file.

Many applications pack all their data files into a single file, using internal markers to discern the different types of information contained within. The data files used by games such as Doom and Quake are examples of this. Doom (officially cased DOOM) is a 1993 Computer game by Id Software that is a landmark title in the First-person shooter Quake is a First-person shooter Computer game that was released by Id Software on June 22, 1996.

Files on a computer can be created, moved, modified, grown, shrunk and deleted. In most cases, computer programs that are executed on the computer handle these operations, but the user of a computer can also manipulate files if necessary. For instance, Microsoft Word files are normally created and modified by the Microsoft Word program in response to user commands, but the user can also move, rename, or delete these files directly by using a file manager program such as Windows Explorer (on Windows computers). Microsoft Word is Microsoft 's flagship word processing software. A file manager or file browser is a Computer program that provides a User interface to work with File systems The most common operations used This article is about the Windows file system browser For the similarly named internet browser see Internet Explorer Windows Explorer is a

In Unix-like systems, user-space processes do not normally deal with files at all; the operating system provides a level of abstraction which means that almost all interaction with files from user-space is through hard links. A Unix-like (sometimes shortened to *nix) Operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system while not necessarily conforming An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination --> Abstraction is the process or result of generalization by reducing the information In Computing, a hard link is a directory reference or pointer to a file on a storage volume Hard links allow a name to be associated with a file (or they can be anonymous - and therefore temporary); files do not have names in the OS. For example, a user-space program cannot delete a file; it can delete a link to a file (for example, using the shell commands rm or mv or, in the anonymous case, simply by exiting), and if the kernel determines that there are no more existing links to the file, it may then delete the file. In computing a shell is a piece of software that provides an interface for users In fact, it really is only the kernel that deals with files, but it serves to handle all user-space interaction with (virtual) files in a manner that is transparent to the user-space programs.

Semantics

Although the way programs manipulate files varies according to the operating system and file system involved, the following operations are typical:

Identifying and organizing files

Files and folders arranged in a hierarchy
Files and folders arranged in a hierarchy

In modern computer systems, files are typically accessed using names (filenames). A filename is a special kind of string used to uniquely identify a file stored on the File system of a computer In some operating systems, the name is associated with the file itself. In others, the file is anonymous, and is pointed to by links that have names. In the latter case, a user can identify the name of the link with the file itself, but this is a false analogue, especially where there exists more than one link to the same file.

Files (or links to files) can be located in directories. However, more generally, a directory can contain either a list of files or a list of links to files. In Computing, a directory, catalog, folder or drawer is an entity in a File system, which contains a group of files and/or other directories Within this definition, it is of paramount importance that the term "file" includes directories. This permits the existence of directory hierarchies, i. e. , directories containing subdirectories. A name that refers to a file within a directory must be unique. In other words, there must be no identical names within a directory. However, in some operating systems, a name may include a specification of type that means a directory can contain an identical name for more than one type of object such as a directory and a file.

In environments in which a file is named, a file's name and the path to the file's directory must uniquely identify it among all other files in the computer system—no two files can have the same name and path. Where a file is anonymous, named references to it will exist within a namespace. In most cases, any name within the namespace will refer to exactly zero or one file. However, any file may be represented within any namespace by zero, one or more names.

Any string of characters may or may not be a well-formed name for a file or a link depending upon the context of application. Whether or not a name is well-formed depends on the type of computer system being used. Early computers permitted only a few letters or digits in the name of a file, but modern computers allow long names (some up to 255) containing almost any combination of unicode letters or unicode digits, making it easier to understand the purpose of a file at a glance. Some computer systems allow file names to contain spaces; others do not. Case-sensitivity of file names is determined by the file system. In Computing, a file system (often also written as filesystem) is a method for storing and organizing Computer files and the data they contain to make Unix file systems are usually case sensitive and allow user-level applications to create files whose names differ only in the case of characters. Microsoft Windows supports multiple file systems, each with different policies regarding case-sensitivity. Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. The common FAT file system can have multiple files whose names differ only in case if the user uses a disk editor to edit the file names in the directory entries. Templateinfobox filesystem whilst covering all 3 file systems please make any style changes to both at the same time A disk editor is a Computer program that allows its user to read edit and write raw data (at character or Hexadecimal, byte-levels) on disk User applications, however, will usually not allow the user to create multiple files with the same name but differing in case.

Most computers organize files into hierarchies using folders, directories, or catalogs. (The concept is the same irrespective of the terminology used. ) Each folder can contain an arbitrary number of files, and it can also contain other folders. These other folders are referred to as subfolders. Subfolders can contain still more files and folders and so on, thus building a tree-like structure in which one "master folder" (or "root folder" — the name varies from one operating system to another) can contain any number of levels of other folders and files. Folders can be named just as files can (except for the root folder, which often does not have a name). The use of folders makes it easier to organize files in a logical way.

When a computer allows the use of folders, each file and folder has not only a name of its own, but also a path, which identifies the folder or folders in which a file or folder resides. In the path, some sort of special character—such as a slash—is used to separate the file and folder names. For example, in the illustration shown in this article, the path /Payroll/Salaries/Managers uniquely identifies a file called Managers in a folder called Salaries, which in turn is contained in a file called Payroll. The folder and file names are separated by slashes in this example; the topmost or root folder has no name, and so the path begins with a slash (if the root folder had a name, it would precede this first slash).

Many (but not all) computer systems use extensions in file names to help identify what they contain, also known as the file type. A filename extension is a suffix to the name of a Computer file applied to indicate the encoding convention ( File format) of its contents On Windows computers, extensions consist of a dot (period) at the end of a file name, followed by a few letters to identify the type of file. An extension of . txt identifies a text file; a . doc extension identifies any type of document or documentation, commonly in the Microsoft Word file format; and so on. Microsoft Word is Microsoft 's flagship word processing software. A file format is a particular way to encode information for storage in a Computer file. List of file formats (alphabeticalThis is a list of File formats organized by type as can be found on Computers Filename extensions are usually noted in Even when extensions are used in a computer system, the degree to which the computer system recognizes and heeds them can vary; in some systems, they are required, while in other systems, they are completely ignored if they are present.

Protecting files

Many modern computer systems provide methods for protecting files against accidental and deliberate damage. Computers that allow for multiple users implement file permissions to control who may or may not modify, delete, or create files and folders. Most modern File systems have methods of administering permissions or access rights to specific users and groups of users A given user may be granted only permission to modify a file or folder, but not to delete it; or a user may be given permission to create files or folders, but not to delete them. Permissions may also be used to allow only certain users to see the contents of a file or folder. Permissions protect against unauthorized tampering or destruction of information in files, and keep private information confidential by preventing unauthorized users from seeing certain files.

Another protection mechanism implemented in many computers is a read-only flag. When this flag is turned on for a file (which can be accomplished by a computer program or by a human user), the file can be examined, but it cannot be modified. This flag is useful for critical information that must not be modified or erased, such as special files that are used only by internal parts of the computer system. Some systems also include a hidden flag to make certain files invisible; this flag is used by the computer system to hide essential system files that users should not alter.

Storing files

The discussion above describes a file as a concept presented to a user or a high-level operating system. However, any file that has any useful purpose, outside of a thought experiment, must have some physical manifestation. That is, a file (an abstract concept) in a real computer system must have a real physical analogue if it is to exist at all.

In physical terms, most computer files are stored on some type of data storage device. For example, there is a hard disk, from which most operating systems run and on which most store their files. A hard disk drive ( HDD) commonly referred to as a hard drive, hard disk, or fixed disk drive, is a Non-volatile storage device An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination Hard discs are the most ubiquitous form of non-volatile storage at the start of the 21st century. Non-volatile memory, nonvolatile memory, NVM or non-volatile storage, is Computer memory that can retain the stored information Where files contain only temporary information, they may be stored in RAM.

In Unix-like operating systems, many files have no direct association with a physical storage device: /dev/null is a prime example, as are just about all files under /dev, /proc and /sys. In Unix-like Operating systems /dev/null or the null device is a Special file that discards all data written to it (but reports that These can be accessed as files in user space. They are really virtual files that exist, in reality, as objects within the operating system kernel.

Computer files may be stored on magnetic tape. Files can also be stored on other media in some cases, such as writeable compact discs, Digital Versatile Discs, Zip drives, USB flash drives, etc. A Compact Disc (also known as a CD) is an Optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is The Zip drive is a medium-capacity removable Disk storage system introduced by Iomega in late 1994

Backing up files

When computer files contain information that is extremely important, a back-up process is used to protect against disasters that might destroy the files. In Information technology, backup refers to making copies of Data so that these additional copies may be used to restore the original after a Backing up files simply means making copies of the files in a separate location so that they can be restored if something happens to the computer, or if they are deleted accidentally.

There are many ways to back up files. Most computer systems provide utility programs to assist in the back-up process, which can become very time-consuming if there are many files to safeguard. Files are often copied to removable media such as writable CDs or cartridge tapes. Copying files to another hard disk in the same computer protects against failure of one disk, but if it is necessary to protect against failure or destruction of the entire computer, then copies of the files must be made on other media that can be taken away from the computer and stored in a safe, distant location.

The Grandfather-Father-Son method automatically makes three back ups, the grandfather file is the oldest copy of the file and the son is the current copy.

File systems and file managers

The way a computer organizes, names, stores and manipulates files is globally referred to as its file system. In Computing, a file system (often also written as filesystem) is a method for storing and organizing Computer files and the data they contain to make Most computers have at least one file system. Some computers allow the use of several different file systems. For instance, on newer MS Windows computers, the older FAT-type file systems of MS-DOS and old versions of Windows are supported, in addition to the NTFS file system that is the normal file system for recent versions of Windows. MS-DOS (short for M icro' s' oft D isk O perating S ystem is an Operating system commercialized by Microsoft. NTFS (New Technology File System Is the standard File system of Windows NT, including its later versions Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Each system has its own advantages and disadvantages. Standard FAT allow only eight-character file names (plus a three-character extension) with no spaces, for example, whereas NTFS allows much longer names that can contain spaces. You can call a file Payroll records in NTFS, but in FAT you would be restricted to something like payroll. dat (unless you were using VFAT, a FAT extension allowing long file names).

File manager programs are utility programs that allow you to manipulate files directly. A file manager or file browser is a Computer program that provides a User interface to work with File systems The most common operations used They allow you to move, create, delete and rename files and folders, although they do not actually allow you to read the contents of a file or store information in it. Every computer system provides at least one file-manager program for its native file system. Under Windows, the most commonly used file manager program is Windows Explorer.

History

A punched card file
A punched card file
The twin disk files of an IBM 305 system
The twin disk files of an IBM 305 system

The word "file" appears in the context of computer storage as early as 1952, referring to information stored on punched cards. Disk storage is a general category of a Computer storage mechanisms in which data is recorded on planar round and rotating surfaces ( disks, discs, or The IBM 305 RAMAC was the first commercial computer that used a moving head hard disk drive (magnetic Disk storage) for Secondary storage. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [1] In early usage people regarded the underlying hardware (rather than the contents) as a file. For example, the IBM 350 disk drives were called "disk files. The invention of magnetic Disk storage, pioneered by IBM in the 1950s was a critical component of the Computer revolution "[2] Systems like the 1962 Compatible Time-Sharing System featured file systems, which gave the appearance of several "files" on one storage device, leading to the modern usage of the term. File names in CTSS had two parts, a user-readable "primary name" and a "secondary name" indicating the file type. [3][4] This convention remains in use by several operating systems today, including Microsoft Windows. Microsoft Windows is a series of Software Operating systems and Graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Although the current term "register file" shows the early concept of files, it has largely disappeared. A register file is an array of Processor registers in a central processing unit (CPU.

Notes

  1. ^ Robert S. Casey, et al. Punched Cards: Their Applications to Science and Industry, 1952. ISBN.
  2. ^ Martin H. Weik. Ballistic Research Laboratories Report #1115. March 1961. pp. 314-331.
  3. ^ Fernando J. Corbató et al. "An Experimental Time-Sharing System. " May 3, 1962.
  4. ^ Jerome H. Saltzer CTSS Technical Notes. Project MIT-LCS-TR016

See also

External links and references

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic