Competition is the rivalry of two or more parties over something. Competition occurs naturally between living organisms which coexist in the same environment. Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. See also Nature The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a terminology that is comprised of all living and For example, animals compete over water supplies, food, and mates. In addition, humans compete for attention, wealth, prestige, and fame.
Competition can be remote, as in a free throw contest, or antagonistic, as in a standard basketball game. Main article Basketball moves In Basketball, free throws or foul shots are unopposed attempts to score points from a restricted Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m These contests are similar, but in the first one players are isolated from each other, while in the second one they are able to interfere with the performance of their competitors.
Competition gives incentives for self improvement. Improve means to make something Better. It may also refer to Improver Bread improver Improver Corporation Improver If two watchmakers are competing for business, they will lower their prices and improve their products to increase their sales. If birds compete for a limited water supply during a drought, the more suited birds will survive to reproduce and improve the population.
Rivals will often refer to their competitors as "the competition". The term can also be used as to refer to the contest or tournament itself. A tournament (IPA) is a Competition involving a relatively large number of competitors all participating in a Sport or Game.
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Etymology
The Latin root for the verb "to compete" is "competere", which means "to seek together" or "to strive together". [1] However, even the general definition stated above is not universally accepted. Social theorists, most notably Alfie Kohn (No Contest: The Case Against Competition [1986]), and cooperativists in general argue that the traditional definition of competition is too broad and too vague. Alfie Kohn (October 15 1957 is an American Lecturer and author in the fields of Education, Psychology and Parenting. Competition which originates internally and is biologically motivated can and should be defined as either amoral competition or simply survival instinct, behavior which is neither good nor bad but exists to further the survival of an individual or species (e. g. , hunting), or behavior which is coerced (e. g. , self-defense). Social Darwinists, however, state that competition is not only moral, but necessary to the survival of the species.
Sizes and levels
Competition may also exist at different sizes; some competitions may be between two members of a species, while other competitions can involve entire species. In an example in economics, a competition between two small stores would be considered small compared to competition between several mega-giants. Economics is the social science that studies the production distribution, and consumption of goods and services. As a result, the consequences of the competition would also vary- the larger the competition, the larger the effect.
In addition, the level of competition can also vary. At some levels, competition can be informal and be more for pride or fun. However, other competitions can be extreme and bitter; for example, some human wars have erupted because of the intense competition between two nations or nationalities. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units A nation is a Human Cultural and Social Community. In as much as most members never meet each other yet feel a common bond it may be considered Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty
Cooperative competition vs destructive competition
Destructive competition
Destructive competition seeks to benefit an individual/group/organism by damaging/eliminating competing individuals/groups/organisms; it opposes the desire for mutual survival - it is “winner takes all”. As commonly used, individual refers to a Person or to any specific object in a collection The rationale being that the challenge is a zero-sum game; the success of one group is dependent on the failure of the other competing groups. In Game theory and Economic theory, zero-sum describes a situation in which a participant's gain or loss is exactly balanced by the losses or gains of the other Destructive competition tends to promote fear, a first-strike mentality and embraces certain forms of trespass. Trespass (Fr trespas a crime properly a stepping across from Lat [2]
Cooperative competition
- Further information: coopetition
Cooperative competition is based upon promoting mutual survival - “everyone wins”. Coopetition or Co-opetition is a Neologism coined to describe cooperative Competition. Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” is a process where individuals compete to improve their level of happiness but compete in a cooperative manner through peaceful exchange and without violating other people. Adam Smith ( baptised 16 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of Political economy. The invisible hand is a Metaphor coined by the Economist Adam Smith. Cooperative competition focuses individuals/groups/organisms against the environment. [2]
Consequences
Competition can have both beneficial and detrimental effects. Many evolutionary biologists view inter-species and intra-species competition as the driving force of adaptation and ultimately, evolution. An adaptation is a characteristic of an Organism that has been favored by Natural selection and eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 However, some biologists, most famously Richard Dawkins, prefer to think of evolution in terms of competition between single genes, which have the welfare of the organism 'in mind' only insofar as that welfare furthers their own selfish drives for replication. Clinton Richard Dawkins, FRS, FRSL (born 26 March 1941 is a British ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and Popular science Some social Darwinists claim (controversially) that competition also serves as a mechanism for determining the best-suited group, politically, economically, and ecologically. Social Darwinism is a theory that competition among all individuals groups nations or ideas drives Social evolution in human societies
On the negative side, competition can cause injury to the organisms involved, and drain valuable resources and energy. Human competition can be expensive, as is the case with political elections, international sports competitions, and advertising wars. It can lead to the compromising of ethical standards in order to gain an advantage; for example, several athletes have been caught using banned steroids in professional sports in order to boost their own chances of success or victory. And it can be harmful for the participants, such as athletes who injure themselves exceeding the physical tolerances of their bodies, or companies which pursue unprofitable paths while engaging in competitive rivalries.
Economics and business
Merriam-Webster defines competition in business as "the effort of two or more parties acting independently to secure the business of a third party by offering the most favorable terms. Competition in economics is a term that encompasses the notion of individuals and firms striving for a greater share of a market to sell or buy goods and services " [1] Seen as the pillar of capitalism in that it may stimulate innovation, encourage efficiency, or drive down prices, competition is touted as the foundation upon which capitalism is justified. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where The term innovation means a new way of doing something It may refer to incremental radical and revolutionary changes in thinking products processes or organisations In Economics, x-efficiency is the effectiveness with which a given set of inputs are used to produce outputs Price in Economics and Business is the result of an exchange and from that trade we assign a numerical Monetary value to a good, According to microeconomic theory, no system of resource allocation is more efficient than pure competition. Microeconomics is a branch of Economics that studies how individuals households and firms and some states make decisions to allocate limited resources typically in markets Competition, according to the theory, causes commercial firms to develop new products, services, and technologies. This gives consumers greater selection and better products. The greater selection typically causes lower prices for the products compared to what the price would be if there was no competition (monopoly) or little competition (oligopoly). In Economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos, alone or single + polein, to sell exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient An oligopoly is a Market form in which a Market or Industry is dominated by a small number of sellers (oligopolists
However, competition may also lead to wasted (duplicated) effort and to increased costs (and prices) in some circumstances. For example, the intense competition for the small number of top jobs in music and movie acting leads many aspiring musicians and actors to make substantial investments in training which are not recouped, because only a fraction become successful. "Super Star" redirects here for the Sibel Tüzün song see Süper Star.
Three levels of economic competition have been classified:
1. The most narrow form is direct competition (also called category competition or brand competition), where products which perform the same function compete against each other. In Marketing, a product is anything that can be offered to a Market that might satisfy a want or need For example, a brand of pick-up trucks competes with several different brands of pick-up trucks. Sometimes two companies are rivals and one adds new products to their line so that each company distributes the same thing and they compete.
2. The next form is substitute or indirect competition, where products which are close substitutes for one another compete. For example, butter competes with margarine, mayonnaise, and other various sauces and spreads.
3. The broadest form of competition is typically called budget competition. Included in this category is anything on which the consumer might want to spend their available money. Consumers refers to individuals or households that use goods and services generated within the economy. Income, refers to consumption opportunity gained by an entity within a specified time frame which is generally expressed in monetary terms For example, a family which has $20,000 available may choose to spend it on many different items, which can all be seen as competing with each other for the family's available money.
Competition does not necessarily have to be between companies. For example, business writers sometimes refer to "internal competition". This is competition within companies. The idea was first introduced by Alfred Sloan at General Motors in the 1920s. Alfred Pritchard Sloan Jr ( May 23, 1875 – February 17, 1966) was a long-time President and Chairman of General General Motors Corporation ( GM) ( is a multinational automobile manufacturer founded in 1908 and headquartered in the United States. Sloan deliberately created areas of overlap between divisions of the company so that each division would be competing with the other divisions. For example, the Chevy division would compete with the Pontiac division for some market segments. Chevrolet (ˌʃɛvroʊˈleɪ - French origin (also known as Chevy) is a Brand of Automobile, produced by General Motors (GM Pontiac is a Brand of Automobiles produced by General Motors that has been sold in the United States, Canada and Mexico A market segment is a subgroup of people or organizations sharing one or more characteristics that cause them to have similar product needs Also, in 1931, Procter & Gamble initiated a deliberate system of internal brand versus brand rivalry. Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Procter & Gamble Co ( P&G,) is a Fortune 500, American global corporation based in Cincinnati Ohio, that manufactures a wide The company was organized around different brands, with each brand allocated resources, including a dedicated group of employees willing to champion the brand. A brand is a collection of Images and ideas representing an economic producer more specifically it refers to the descriptive verbal attributes and concrete symbols such as a Each brand manager was given responsibility for the success or failure of the brand and was compensated accordingly. This is known as intra-brand competition.
Finally, most businesses also encourage competition between individual employees. An example of this is a contest between sales representatives. The sales representative with the highest sales (or the best improvement in sales) over a period of time would gain benefits from the employer.
It should also be noted that business and economic competition in most countries is often limited or restricted. In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity Competition often is subject to legal restrictions. For example, competition may be legally prohibited as in the case with a government monopoly or a government-granted monopoly. In Economics, government monopoly (or public monopoly) is a form of Coercive monopoly in which a Government agency is the sole provider of a In Economics, a government-granted monopoly (also called a "de jure monopoly" is a form of Coercive monopoly by which a government grants exclusive privilege Tariffs, subsidies or other protectionist measures may also be instituted by government in order to prevent or reduce competition. For other uses of this word see Tariff (disambiguation. A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary In Economics, a subsidy (also known as a subvention is a form of financial assistance paid to a business or economic sector For the protectionist Australian political party from the 1880s to 1909 see Protectionist Party Depending on the respective economic policy, the pure competition is to a greater or lesser extent regulated by competition policy and competition law.
Competition between countries is quite subtle to detect, but is quite evident in the World economy. The world economy can be evaluated in various ways depending on the model used and this valuation can then be represented in various ways (for example in 2006 US dollars) Countries compete to provide the best business environment for multinational corporations. Multinational corporation ( MNC) or transnational corporation ( TNC) is a Corporation or enterprise that manages Production or delivers Such competition is evident by the policies undertaken by these countries to educate the future workforce. For example, East Asian economies like Singapore, Japan and South Korea tend to emphasize education by allocating a large portion of the budget to this sector, and by implementing programmes such as gifted education, which some detractors criticise as indicative of academic elitism. Gifted education (also known as Gifted and Talented Education ( GATE) Talented and Gifted ( TAG) or G/T) is a broad term for special Academic elitism is a charge sometimes levied at Academic institutions and academics more broadly use of the term " Ivory tower " often carries with it
See separate sub-markets principle.
Law
Competition law, known in the United States as antitrust law, has three main functions. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Firstly, it prohibits agreements aimed to restrict free trading between business entities and their customers. For example, a cartel of sport shops who together fix football jersey prices higher than normal is illegal. A cartel is a formal (explicit agreement among firms Cartels usually occur in an oligopolistic industry, where there is a small number of sellers and usually involve [3] Secondly, competition law can ban the existence or abusive behaviour of a firm dominating the market. One case in point could be a software company who through its monopoly on computer platforms makes consumers use its media player. In Economics, a monopoly (from Greek monos, alone or single + polein, to sell exists when a specific individual or enterprise has sufficient [4] Thirdly, to preserve competitive markets, the law supervises the mergers and acquisitions of very large corporations. Competition authorities could for instance require that a large packaging company give plastic bottle licenses to competitors before taking over a major PET producer. The verb license or grant license means to give permission The noun license is the document demonstrating that permission Uses PET can be semi-rigid to rigid depending on its thickness and is very lightweight [5] In this case, as in all three, competition law aims to protect the welfare of consumers by ensuring business must compete for its share of the market economy. Welfare economics is a branch of Economics that uses microeconomic techniques to simultaneously determine Allocative efficiency within an economy and the A market economy is a realized Social system based on the Division of labour in which the prices of Goods and Services are determined in a
In recent decades, competition law has also been sold as good medicine to provide better public services, traditionally funded by tax payers and administered by democratically accountable governments. Public services is a term usually used to mean services provided by Government to its Citizens, either directly (through the Public sector) or Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Hence competition law is closely connected with law on deregulation of access to markets, providing state aids and subsidies, the privatisation of state owned assets and the use of independent sector regulators, such as the United Kingdom telecommunications watchdog Ofcom. Privatization is the incidence or process of transferring ownership of business from the Public sector (government to the Private sector (business The Office of Communications (Y Swyddfa Gyfathrebiadau or as it is more often known Ofcom is the independent regulator and competition authority for the Communication Behind the practice lies the theory, which over the last fifty years has been dominated by neo-classical economics. Neoclassical economics is a term variously used for approaches to Economics focusing on the determination of prices outputs and income distributions in markets Markets are seen as the most efficient method of allocating resources, though sometimes they fail and regulation becomes necessary to protect the ideal market model. Market failure is a concept within economic theory wherein the allocation of goods and services by a Free market is not efficient. Behind the theory lies the history, reaching back further than the Roman Empire. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The business practices of market traders, guilds and governments have always been subject to scrutiny, and sometimes severe sanctions. A guild is an association of craftsmen in a particular trade The earliest guilds were formed as confraternities of workers Since the twentieth century, competition law has become global. The two largest, most organised and influential systems of competition regulation are United States antitrust law and European Community competition law. United States antitrust law is the body of Laws that prohibits anti-competitive behavior (monopoly and Unfair business practices. European Community competition law is one of the areas of authority of the European Union. The respective national authorities, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in the United States and the European Commission's Competition Directorate General (DGCOMP) have formed international support and enforcement networks. For animal rights group see Justice Department (JD The United States Department of Justice ( DOJ) is a Cabinet department The Federal Trade Commission ( FTC) is an independent agency of the United States government, established in 1914 by the Federal Trade Commission Act The Directorate-General for Competition ( COMP) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission, located in Brussels, Belgium. Competition law is growing in importance every day, which warrants for its careful study.
Politics
Competition is also found in politics. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions In democracies, an election is a competition for an elected office. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office In other words, two or more candidates strive and compete against one another to attain a position of power. The winner gains the seat of the elected office for a set amount of time, when another election is usually held to determine the next holder of the office.
In addition, there is inevitable competition inside a government. Because several offices are appointed, potential candidates compete against the others in order to gain the particular office. Departments may also compete for a limited amount of resources, such as for funding. Budget (from French bougette, purse generally refers to a list of all planned expenses and revenues Finally, where there are party systems, elected leaders of different parties will ultimately compete against the other party for laws, funding, and power. A party system is a concept in comparative Political science concerning the system of government by political parties. Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society Funding or financing is to provide capital (funds which means money for a project a person a business or any other private or public institutions Political power ( Imperium in Latin is a type of power held by a group in a Society which allows administration of some or all of
Finally, competition is also immanent between governments. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Each country or nationality struggles for world dominance, power, or military strength. In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty A military is an Organization authorized by its Nation to use force usually including use of Weapons in defending its Country (or by attacking For example, the United States competed against the Soviet Union in the Cold War for world power, and the two also struggled over the different types of government (in this case, representative democracy and communism). The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principles of the people's representatives Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The result of this type of competition often leads to worldwide tensions and may sometimes erupt into warfare. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units
Sports
While some sports, such as fishing, or hiking have been viewed as primarily recreational, most sports are considered competitive. For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. The word 'hiking' is understood in all English-speaking countries but there are differences in usage The majority involve competition between two or more persons, (or animals and/or mechanical devices typically controlled by humans as in horse racing or auto racing). This article is about the sport For other uses see Horserace (drinking game or Horse race (politics. Auto racing (also known as automobile racing, motor racing or car racing) is a Motorsport involving Racing Cars It For example, in a game of basketball, two teams compete against one another to determine who can score the most points. Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m While there is no set reward for the winning team, many players gain an internal sense of pride. In addition, extrinsic rewards may also be given. Athletes, besides competing against other humans, also compete against nature in sports such as whitewater kayaking or mountain climbing, where the goal is to reach a destination, with only natural barriers impeding the process. Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. Whitewater kayaking is the sport of paddling a Kayak on a moving body of water typically a Whitewater river “Alpinist” redirects here See also Alpinist (magazine Mountaineering is the Sport, Hobby or Profession of A regularly scheduled (such as annual) competition meant to determine the "best" competitor of that cycle is called a championship. "The Championship" redirects here For the English football competition see Football League Championship.
While professional sports have been usually viewed as intense and extremely competitive, recreational sports, which are often less intense, are considered a healthy option for the competitive urges in humans. Sport provides a relatively safe venue for converting unbridled competition into harmless competition, because sports competition is restrained. Competitive sports are governed by codified rules agreed upon by the participants. Violating these rules is considered to be unfair competition. Thus sports provide artificial not natural competition; for example, competing for control of a ball or defending territory on a playing field is not an innate biological factor in humans. Athletes in sports like gymnastics and competitive diving compete against each other to come closest to a conceptual ideal of a perfect performance, which incorporates measurable criteria and standards which are translated into numerical ratings and scores. Gymnastics is a Sport involving performance of exercises requiring physical strength agility and coordination Diving off a deck into the Great South Bay of Long Islandjpg|thumb|A man dives into the Great South Bay of Long Island.
Sports competition is generally broken down into three categories: individual sports, such as archery, dual sports, such as doubles tennis, or team sports competition, such as football. Archery is the practice of using a bow or Crossbow to shoot Arrows Archery has historically been used in Hunting and Combat and has Tennis is a sport played between two players ( singles) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles) Football is the word given to a number of similar Team sports all of which involve (to varying degrees kicking a Ball with the foot in an attempt to score a While most sports competitions are recreation, there exists several major and minor professional sports leagues throughout the world. Major is a Military rank the use of which varies according to country The Olympic Games, held every four years, is regarded as the international pinnacle of sports competition. The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games
Education
Competition is a factor in education. On a global scale, national education systems, intending to bring out the best in the next generation, encourage competitiveness among students by scholarships. A scholarship is an award of access to an institution or a financial aid award for an individual student scholar for the purpose of furthering their Education Countries like Singapore and England have a special education program which caters to special students, prompting charges of academic elitism. Special Education is the individually planned and systematically monitored arrangement of teaching procedures adapted equipment and materials accessible settings and other interventions Academic elitism is a charge sometimes levied at Academic institutions and academics more broadly use of the term " Ivory tower " often carries with it Upon receipt of their academic results, students tend to compare their grades to see who is better. For severe cases, the pressure to perform in some countries is so high that it results in stigmatization of intellectually deficient students or even suicide as consequence of failing the exams, Japan being a prime example (see Education in Japan). In successive international tests of Mathematics, Japanese children consistently rank at or near the top (see TIMSS) This has resulted in critical reevaluateion of examinations as a whole by educationists. Critics of competition as opposed to excellence as a motivating factor in education systems, such as Alfie Kohn, assert that competition actually has a net negative influence on the achievement levels of students and that it "turns all of us into losers. Excellence is the state or quality of excelling Particularly in the field of business and organizations excellence is considered to be an important value, and a Alfie Kohn (October 15 1957 is an American Lecturer and author in the fields of Education, Psychology and Parenting. " (Kohn 1986)
Competitions also make up a large proponent of extracurricular activities in which students participate. Extracurricular activities are activities performed by Students that fall outside the realm of the normal Curriculum of school or university education Such competitions include TVO's broadcast Reach for the Top competition, FIRST Robotics, Duke Annual Robo-Climb Competition (DARC) and the University of Toronto Space Design Contest. TVOntario, often referred to only as TVO, ( Call signs CICA, CICE, CICO) is a publicly-funded educational English language Reach for the Top is a Canadian Game show in which teams of High school students participate in local provincial and eventually national FIRST, or F or I nspiration and R ecognition of S cience and T echnology is an organization founded by inventor Dean Kamen Hosted by Duke University, the Duke Annual Robo-Climb Competition (DARC challenges students to create innovative wall-climbing Robots that can ascend vertical surfaces The University of Toronto Space Design Contest, or UTSDC is an annual contest for High school students founded in 2003 by Norman Goh In Texas the University Interscholastic League (UIL) has 22 High School level contests and 18 elementary and Junior High in subjects ranging from accounting to science to ready writing.
Biology and ecology
Competition within and between species is an important topic in biology, specifically in the field of ecology. Competition can be defined as an interaction between Organisms or Species, in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Competition between members of a species ("intraspecific") is the driving force behind evolution and natural selection; the competition for resources such as food, water, territory, and sunlight results in the ultimate survival and dominance of the variation of the species best suited for survival. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Ethology, Sociobiology and Behavioral ecology, the term territory refers to any sociographical area that an Animal of a particular Species Sunlight, in the broad sense is the total spectrum of the Electromagnetic radiation given off by the Sun. Competition is also present between species ("interspecific"). A limited amount of resources are available and several species may depend on these resources. Thus, each of the species competes with the others to gain the resources. As a result, several species less suited to compete for the resources may either adapt or die out. An adaptation is a characteristic of an Organism that has been favored by Natural selection and In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. According to evolutionary theory, this competition within and between species for resources plays a critical role in natural selection. Natural selection is the process by which favorable Heritable traits become more common in successive Generations of a Population of For example, a smaller tree will receive less sunlight from an adjacent tree which is larger than it in a rain forest. Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches The larger tree is competing with the smaller one.
The study of competition
Competition has been studied in several fields, including psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Psychology (from Greek grc ψῡχή psȳkhē, "breath life soul" and grc -λογία -logia) is an Academic and Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Social psychologists, for instance, study the nature of competition. Mental health professional A psychologist is a practitioner of Psychology, the systematic investigation of the mind including Behavior, Cognition, They investigate the natural urge of competition and its circumstances. They also study group dynamics to detect how competition emerges and what its effects are. Sociologists, meanwhile, study the effects of competition on society as a whole. Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge" In addition, anthropologists study the history and prehistory of competition in various cultures. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of They also investigate how competition manifested itself in various cultural settings in the past, and how competition has developed over time. Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic
Competitiveness
Many philosophers and psychologists have identified a trait in most living organisms which drive the particular organism to compete. Competitiveness is a comparative concept of the ability and performance of a firm sub-sector or country to sell and supply goods and/or services in a given Market Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Mental health professional A psychologist is a practitioner of Psychology, the systematic investigation of the mind including Behavior, Cognition, This trait, called competitiveness, is viewed as an innate biological trait which coexists along with the urge for survival. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles A trait is a distinct phenotypic character of an organism that may be inherited environmentally determined or somewhere in between Competitiveness, or the inclination to compete, though, has become synonymous with aggressivity and ambition in the English language. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States More advanced civilizations integrate aggressivity and competitiveness into their interactions as a way to distribute resources and adapt. A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements Interaction is a kind of action that occurs as two or more objects have an Effect upon one another Most plants compete for higher spots on trees to receive more sunlight.
The term also applies to econometrics. Econometrics is concerned with the tasks of developing and applying Quantitative or Statistical methods to the study and elucidation of economic principles Here it is a comparative measure of the ability and performance of a firm or sub-sector to sell and produce/supply goods and/or services in a given market. The two academic bodies of thought on the assessment of competitiveness are the Structure Conduct Performance Paradigm and the more contemporary New Empirical Industrial Organisation model. Predicting changes in the competitiveness of business sectors is becoming an integral and explicit step in public policy making. Within capitalist economic systems, the drive of enterprises is to maintain and improve their own competitiveness.
Hypercompetitiveness
The tendency toward extreme, unhealthy competition has been termed hypercompetitive. This concept originated in Karen Horney's theories on neurosis, specifically the highly aggressive personality type which is characterized as "moving against people. Karen Horney (pronounced "horn-eye" /hɔrnaɪ/ born Danielsen ( September 16, 1885 – December 4, 1952) was a German This article describes the term in psychology For the experimental metal band see Neurosis (band. " In her view, some people have a need to compete and win at any cost as a means of maintaining their self-worth. In Psychology, self-esteem reflects a Person 's overall evaluation or appraisal of her or his own worth These individuals are likely to turn any activity into a competition, and they will feel threatened if they find themselves losing. Researchers have found that men and women who score high on the trait of hypercompetitiveness are more narcissistic and less psychologically healthy than those who score low on the trait (Ryckman et al. Narcissism describes the trait of excessive Self-love, based on Self-image or Ego. 1994). Hypercompetitive individuals generally believe that "winning isn't everything; it's the only thing."
See also
- Competition regulator
- Biological interaction
- Competitor analysis
- Cooperative
- Cooperation
- Ecological model of competition
- Microeconomics
- Perfect competition
- Planned economy
- Monopolistic competition
- Imperfect competition
- Zero-profit condition
Notes
- ^ Dictionary website
- ^ a b To Alter Or To Abolish
- ^ JJB Sports v OFT [2004] CAT 17
- ^ in the E. Winning isn’t everything it’s the only thing is a well-known quote in sports A competition regulator is a Government agency, typically a statutory authority, sometimes called an economic regulator, which regulates and enforces Biological interactions result from the fact that Organisms in an Ecosystem interact with each other in the natural world no organism is an autonomous entity isolated Competitor analysis in Marketing and Strategic management is an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of current and potential Competitors This analysis Distinguish from Corporation. Cooperation, co-operation, or coöperation is the process of working or acting together The ecological model of competition is a reassessment of the nature of Competition in the economy. Microeconomics is a branch of Economics that studies how individuals households and firms and some states make decisions to allocate limited resources typically in markets In Neoclassical economics and Microeconomics, perfect competition describes a market in which no buyer or seller has Market power. A planned economy or directed economy is an Economic system in which the Government or Workers' councils manages the Economy. Monopolistic competition is a common Market form. Many markets can be considered monopolistically competitive often including the markets for Restaurants, Cereal In economic theory imperfect competition is the competitive situation in any market where the conditions necessary for Perfect competition are not satisfied In economic Competition theory the zero-profit condition describes the condition that occurs when an industry or type of business has an extremely low (near-zero U. side of the saga, see Case T-201/04 Microsoft v. Commission Order, 22 December 2004
- ^ Case C-12/03 P, Commission v. Tetra Laval
References
- Kohn, Alfie (1986). Alfie Kohn (October 15 1957 is an American Lecturer and author in the fields of Education, Psychology and Parenting. No Contest – The Case Against Competition. Boston New York London: Houghton Mifflin Co. . ISBN 0-395-63125-4.
- Ryckman, R. M. , Thornton, B. , Butler, J. C. (1994). Personality correlates of the hypercompetitive attitude scale: Validity tests of Horney's theory of neurosis. Journal of Personality Assessment, 62, 84-94. [2]
External links
Dictionary
competition
-noun
- (uncountable) The action of competing.
- (countable) A contest for a prize or award.
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