A community college is a type of educational institution. Types of educational institution include Higher education College Career college The term has different meanings in different countries.

In Canada and the United States, a community college, sometimes called a county college, junior college, technical college, or a city college, is an educational institution providing higher education and lower-level tertiary education, granting certificates, diplomas, and in the United States associate's degrees; in Canada, the associates' degree is rare and community colleges increasingly offer limited selections of specialized bachelor's degrees. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Higher education is Education that is provided by universities, vocational universities, Community colleges Liberal arts colleges Tertiary education, also referred to as third stage third level and' post-secondary education', is the educational level following the completion of a school providing A certificate is an official Document affirming some fact For example a Birth certificate or Death certificate testifies to basic facts regarding A diploma (from Greek δίπλωµα diploma, meaning "folded paper" is a Certificate or Deed issued by an educational institution An associate degree is an Academic degree awarded by Community colleges Junior colleges four-year Universities, Business colleges A bachelor's degree is usually an Undergraduate Academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three four or in some cases and The name derives from the fact that community colleges primarily attract and accept students from the local community, and are often supported by local tax revenue. In biological terms a community is a group of interacting Organisms sharing an environment.

In the UK, community college is a name given to a secondary school, usually offering extended services of some sort, for example by having achieved a status as a technology college or by providing adult education courses. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Secondary school is a term used to describe an educational Institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling known as Secondary education, takes Adult education is the practice of teaching and educating adults Community colleges in the UK grant General Certificates of Secondary Education and if the college incorporates a Sixth Form, A-levels or sometimes other vocational qualifications (eg GNVQs). The General Certificate of Secondary Education ( GCSE) is the name of an academic qualification awarded in a specified subject generally taken in a number of subjects by The sixth form, in the English, Welsh and Northern Irish education systems Commonwealth West Indian countries such as Barbados, Belize The A-level, short for Advanced Level, is a General Certificate of Education qualification in England, Northern Ireland and Wales, A General National Vocational Qualification, or GNVQ (sometimes humorously defined as "Going Nowhere Very Quickly" or "Generally Not Very Qualified" was

Contents 1 Terminology 1.1 United States 1.2 Canada 1.3 Malaysia 2 History 3 Governance 4 Enrollment 5 Educational offerings 6 Community colleges offering bachelor's degrees 7 Advantages of community colleges 8 Disadvantages of community colleges 9 Community college libraries 10 Timeline of important events 11 See also 11.1 North American community college systems 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links

Terminology

Community colleges were at one time (before the 1970s and '80s) more commonly referred to as junior colleges, and that term is still used at some institutions. The term junior college refers to different educational institutions in different countries However, the term "junior college" has evolved to describe private two-year institutions, whereas the term "community college" has evolved to describe publicly-funded two-year institutions. For the film of this title see Private School (film. Private schools, or Independent schools are Schools not administered Based on this evolution in terminology, the main governance body of community colleges changed its name in 1992 to the "American Association of Community Colleges" from the "American Association of Junior Colleges". Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar)

United States

In New Jersey, slightly more than half of the state's nineteen community colleges are called county colleges, not merely in name but also in descriptive speech. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. This is because there is one community college, often with satellite branches, dedicated to each county of the state. A county is a Land area of Regional Government within a larger State. The term is also used by some community colleges in Texas (where community colleges are funded by county residents via property taxes assessed by a special "community college district"), Michigan and Illinois. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Property tax, or millage tax, is an Ad valorem tax that an owner pays on the value of the property being taxed Michigan ( is a Midwestern state of the United States of America. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union.

In several California cities (including Los Angeles, San Francisco, and San Diego), New York City, and Chicago, community colleges are often called "city colleges," since they were municipally-funded and designed to serve the needs of the residents of the city in which they are situated. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city The City of New York Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The City University of New York is arguably the best known example of a municipally-funded community college system, although the system includes both junior and senior (4-year) colleges, in addition to graduate programs. The City University of New York (CUNY Acronym ˈkjuːni is the public University system of New York City. The Los Angeles Community College District is the largest community college system in the United States. The Los Angeles Community College District (LACCD is the Community college district serving Los Angeles California and some of its neighboring cities The Maricopa Community College District in the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area, is the largest community college district in the United States in terms of enrollment. The Maricopa County Community College District, in Maricopa County Arizona, is one of the largest Community college districts in the Phoenix (ˈfiːˌnɪks O'odham Skikik, Yavapai Wasinka, Western Apache Fiinigis, Navajo Hoozdo,

In California, a large number of community colleges do not have the word "community" in their name, nor did they ever have the word "junior. " This is because Calvin Flint, who supervised the founding of three such colleges during his career, famously opposed the term "junior" or any kind of qualifier as unnecessarily pejorative. His colleges "would not be junior to anyone. "^[1] Flint served as the first Superintendent and President of Monterey Peninsula College as well as both Foothill and De Anza Colleges. De Anza College is a 112-acre (453000 m² Community college located in Cupertino California. Flint Center at De Anza College is named in his honor.

Canada

In Canada, community colleges are usually simply referred to as "colleges". In the province of Quebec, they are called Cégeps for Collège d'enseignement général et professionnel, meaning "College of General and Vocational Education"

Malaysia

Main article: Community college (Malaysia)

Community colleges in Malaysia are a network of educational institutions whereby vocational and technical skills training could be provided at all levels for school leavers before they entered the workforce. A CEGEP (ˈseɪʒɛp or /ˈsiːʤɛp/ French: Cégep) is a post-secondary education institution exclusive to the province of Quebec in The community college (Kolej Komuniti system in Malaysia provides a wide range of vocational and technical Post-secondary education courses The community colleges also provide an infrastructure for rural communities to gain skills training through short courses as well as providing access to a post-secondary education.

At the moment, most community colleges award qualifications up to Level 3 in the Malaysian Qualifications Framework (Certificate 3) in both the Skills sector (Sijil Kemahiran Malaysia or the Malaysian Skills Certificate) as well as the Vocational and Training sector but the number of community colleges that are starting to award Level 4 qualifications (Diploma) are increasing. The Malaysian Qualifications Framework (Kerangka Kelayakan Malaysia or the MQF is a unified system of Post secondary qualifications offered on a national basis in This is two levels below a Bachelor's degree (Level 6 in the MQF) and students within the system who intend to further their studies to that level will usually seek entry into Advanced Diploma programs in public universities, polytechnics or accredited private providers.

History

Many events have contributed to the development and continued growth of community colleges. The social and economic climate of the early twentieth century led to vocal activists for a two year educational alternative to four year higher education institutions. Several different groups advocated for community colleges in the early twentieth century, including students and parents, educators, businesses, state universities, and government officials. Events like urbanization, industrialization, and economic development caused changes in society. is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one One of education’s responses to a country in transition was the junior college.

Several different movements supported the creation of community colleges, including local community support of public and private two year institutions, the expansion of the public education system, increased professional standards for teachers, the vocational education movement, and an expanding demand for adult and community education. Numerous colleges and universities advocated for the development of junior colleges. Leadership felt small, private liberal arts colleges and high schools could provide the first two years of college while larger universities could focus resources on research and junior and senior level students.

Many of the early community colleges were an extension of high schools, like the first established in Joliet, Illinois in 1901. High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution Joliet is a city in Will county in the US state of Illinois, located 40 miles southwest of Chicago. This was a two year system compared to one year high school extension. These initial community colleges generally were very small, usually less than 200 students and focused on a liberal arts education with the goal of transferring students to four year institutions. College transfer is the movement of students from one Higher education institution to another and the process by which Academic credits are accepted or not accepted They were more reflective of high school needs and lacked a definite identity. Many of the early community colleges were normal schools and prepared teachers. normal school was a school created to train high school graduates to be teachers Primary emphasis was placed on traditional middle class values and developing responsible citizens.

During the 1920s and 1930s there was a shift in the purpose of community colleges to developing a workforce, which was influenced by wide unemployment during the Great Depression. Developing "semiprofessionals" became dominant national language to describe junior college students and was used until after WWII. A two-year, terminal education, was seen as more socially efficient for students who could advance past high school but not attain bachelor's degrees. This national vocational movement was seen to give junior colleges a target population, but numerous students wanted more than a semiprofessional education; many maintained a desire to transfer. Throughout this time period, there was a move for more public two-year institutions along with a trend to separate from high schools and affiliate with higher education. With the change in affiliation came a new status which encouraged junior colleges to develop additional credibility through the creation of professional criteria and use of scientific methods.

After WWII, skilled jobs were needed and the G.I. Bill afforded more educational opportunity to veterans which resulted in increased enrollments. The GI Bill (officially titled Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 PL346 58 Statutes at Large 284 provided for college or vocational education for returning Another factor that led to growth was the rise of adult and community education. After WWII, community colleges were seen as a good place to house continuing education programs. The 1947 Truman Commission was a very important national document for community colleges. It suggested a network of public community colleges that would provide education to a diverse group of students at little or no cost along with serving community needs through a comprehensive mission.

This national network exploded in the 1960s with 457 community colleges and the enrollment of baby boomers. Baby boomer is a term used to describe a person who was born during the Post-World War II baby boom between 1946 and 1964 A series of grants through the Kellogg Junior College Leadership Programs helped train many community college leaders during this decade. Growth continued during the 1970s when many enrolled to escape the Vietnam era draft. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The 1970s also marked a shift to faculty development, including more instructional training for the unique student body and mission of community colleges. During the 1980s, community colleges began to work more closely with high schools to prepare students for vocational and technical two year programs.

In recent history, a debate between the advocates and critics of community colleges has gained strength. Advocates argue community colleges serve the needs of society through providing college opportunity to students who otherwise cannot go to college, training and retraining mid level skilled workers, and preserving the academic excellence of four year universities. The Post Secondary Transition For High School Students with Disabilities refers to the ordinance that every public school district in the United States must provide all A skilled worker is any worker who has some special skill, Knowledge, or (usually acquired ability in his work. Critics argue community colleges continue a culture of privilege through training business workers at public expense, not allowing working class children to advance in social class, protecting selective admissions at four year institutions for the nation's elite, and discouraging transfer through "cooling out. " Whether community colleges give opportunity or protect privilege, their century-long history has developed a distinctive aspect of higher education. Although the growth of community colleges has stabilized in recent history, enrollment continues to outgrow four year institutions. A total of 1,166 loosely linked community colleges face challenges of new technological innovations, distance learning, funding constraints, community pressure, and international influence.

Governance

Most community colleges are operated either by special districts that draw property tax revenue from the local community, as a division of a state university, or as a sister institution within a state-wide higher education system. There are two types of special-purpose districts in the United States school districts and special districts Property tax, or millage tax, is an Ad valorem tax that an owner pays on the value of the property being taxed In all cases, community colleges are governed by a board of trustees, appointed by the state governor or elected from the community. Depending on the operational system, the board of trustees may directly govern the college or may govern the college through a university or system-level office. Depending upon the locus of control, the board may or may not be subject to control by a state agency that supervises all community college districts or all higher education institutions within the state.

The board of trustees selects a president or chancellor of the community college to serve as the chief executive officer and lead the faculty and staff. President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. A chief executive officer ( CEO) or chief executive is typically the highest-ranking corporate officer ( executive) or administrator

Enrollment

In North America, community colleges operate under a policy of "open admission". That is, anyone with a high school diploma or GED may attend, regardless of prior academic status or college entrance exam scores. The term College entrance exam may refer to any standardized test which is needed in order for one to be considered eligible for application by a post-secondary institution Although community colleges have an open admission policy, students have to take assessment tests before enrolling at the college, due to not all courses being open admission. In California, students who have reached the age of 18 are not required to have completed secondary education; instead, they must simply show an "ability to benefit" from a college's educational program. Under certain circumstances, community colleges will also accept high school students or dropouts.

The open admission policy results in a wide range of students attending community college classes. Students range in age from teenagers in high school taking classes under a concurrent, or dual, enrollment policy (which allows both high school and college credits to be earned simultaneously) to working adults taking classes at night to complete a degree or gain additional skills in their field to students with graduate degrees who enroll to become more employable or to pursue lifelong interests. High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution "Reverse transfers" (or those transferring from a university) constitute one of the fastest growing new community college cohorts.

One threat to enrollment at community colleges is the rapidly increasing popularity of for-profit e-learning and online universities, such as the University of Phoenix, which is now the 16th-largest university in the world. The University of Phoenix ( UPX) is a for-profit educational institution that specializes in Adult education. Market research firm Eduventures estimates that 10% of college students will be enrolled in an online degree program by 2008^[2] Many community colleges have supplemented their offerings with online courses to stave off competition from exclusively e-learning schools. For example, Northern Virginia Community College's Extended Learning Institute [1] has been offering distance learning courses for over thirty years. Texas offers the Virtual College of Texas whereby a student at any community college in the state can attend classes from any of the state's 51 community colleges or four Texas State Technical College campuses, paying local tuition plus a VCT fee of around $40. Texas State Technical College System ( TSTC) is a system of two-year Technical schools in Texas.

California has the lowest community college enrollment fees in the nation, currently set at $20 per unit.

Educational offerings

Community colleges generally offer three types of programs.

The first type of study is toward an associate's degree, in which a student takes necessary courses needed to earn a degree that will allow for entry into jobs requiring some level of college education but not a full four-year degree. An associate degree is an Academic degree awarded by Community colleges Junior colleges four-year Universities, Business colleges The associate's degree program also allows students who wish to eventually obtain a bachelor's degree at a four-year college to complete the necessary "core" requirements to attend the college of their choice. A bachelor's degree is usually an Undergraduate Academic degree awarded for a course or major that generally lasts for three four or in some cases and Some states have mandated that the community college's curriculum be structured so as to satisfy "core curriculum" requirements at the state's public universities or private universities.

Many community colleges have arrangements with nearby four-year institutions, where a student obtaining an associate's degree in a field will automatically have his/her classes counted toward the bachelor's degree requirement. For example, a community college associate's degree in hotel and restaurant management, computers or accounting would count toward the four-year school's core requirement for a Business Administration degree. Some have gone one step further by arrangements with a four-year college for the student to obtain the bachelor's degree from the four-year college while taking all the courses via distance learning or other non-traditional modes, thus reducing the number of physical visits to the four-year school. Distance education, or distance learning, is a field of education that focuses on the Pedagogy and Andragogy, technology and instructional systems design

The second type of study is towards certification in an area of training (such as nursing, computer repair, allied health, law enforcement, firefighting, or welding), which require preparation for a state or national examination, or where certification would allow for hiring preference or a higher salary upon entering the workforce. The term training refers to the acquisition of knowledge skills and competencies as a result of the teaching of vocational or practical skills and knowledge Licensed practical nurses (LPNs are also known as licensed vocational nurses (LVNs in California and Texas and as registered practical nurses (RPNs in Ontario Allied health professions are clinical Healthcare professions distinct from Medicine and Nursing. Police are agents or agencies usually of the executive, empowered to enforce the law and to effect public and social order through the legitimatized use of force Distinguish from a Firefight, which means a battle with firearms Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials usually Metals or Thermoplastics by causing coalescence. These courses are often geared toward the needs of the local or area business community.

The third type offers services of local interest to members of the community, such as job placement, adult continuing education classes (either for personal achievement or to maintain certification in specialized fields), and developmental classes for children. Some community colleges offer opportunities for high school dropouts to return to school and earn a high school diploma or obtain a GED.

Community colleges offering bachelor's degrees

A growing trend in the United States is for community colleges to begin offering bachelor's degrees. At least fourteen states have authorized them to do so and others are considering the issue. ^[3] Many large community colleges, such as Miami-Dade College and St. Petersburg College, in Florida have even completely dropped the words "community" or "junior" from their names as they have added bachelor's degree programs in limited fields and have started their evolution into four-year colleges while retaining their local commitments. Miami Dade College, or simply Miami Dade, is a Public College with its main campus in Miami Florida and with seven other campuses throughout St Petersburg College (commonly referred to as SPC, formerly known as St Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Even some smaller community colleges, such as Northern New Mexico College in Española, New Mexico, have dropped community from their names and now offer six or more bachelor's degrees. Northern New Mexico College, formerly known as Northern New Mexico Community College, is a two-year and four-year degree granting institution with campuses in Española ^[4] Others such as Manatee Community College, in Florida, have chosen not to go beyond the associate's degree. Manatee Community College (MCC with the main campus based in Bradenton Florida, is a two-year Community college accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the ^[5] In more rural communities, community colleges may host branches of the local state university, and community colleges with specialized programs may offer four year degrees in conjunction with other schools, some miles away. For instance, Southern Illinois University offers aviation management bachelor's degrees at Mt. San Antonio College and Palomar College in Southern California. Southern Illinois University is a state university located in Southern Illinois with two institutions and multiple campuses Mt San Antonio College (commonly called Mt SAC; pronounced as the word "sack" is a Community college located in the Los Angeles Suburb Palomar College is a Community college with one campus and eight satellite centers in San Diego County California.

Advantages of community colleges

• Community colleges are geared toward local students and local needs. ^[6] Students who could not afford campus or off-site housing at a four-year college, or for other reasons cannot relocate, can attend courses while staying in their local community (though some colleges do offer student housing). Also, community colleges can work with local businesses to develop customized training geared toward local needs, whereas a four-year institution generally focuses on state-wide or national needs. ^[7] Some community colleges have "concurrent enrollment" programs, allowing local high school students to "jump start" their college career by taking classes at the community college that count both toward their high school diploma and as college credit (mainly in core areas such as history and political science). History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems Policies and classes offered vary with different agreements existing between the community college and high schools.
• The "open enrollment" policy benefits students with mediocre high school academic records, students who dropped out of high school or were expelled and later obtained a GED, students who recognized the benefits of college education relatively late in life, and students whose personal obligations or limited financial resources prevented them from attending college on the traditional schedule. General Educational Development (or GED) tests are a group of five tests which (when passed certifies that the taker has American or Canadian High
• In North America, tuition and fees are substantially lower than those of traditional four-year public or private institutions. Students from low-income families, those having to work to pay for their education, or those simply wishing to reduce the total cost of a planned four year education benefit from the reduced costs. ^[8] In addition, many colleges offer and accept scholarships or educational grants.
• Community colleges have little or no time limits on when classes must be taken or a degree must be earned; in contrast, many four-year schools, tired of "professional students" taking up limited space, have imposed limits on when a degree can be earned. A Professional student has two uses in the University setting In the United States and Canada, if not elsewhere a professional student Students who cannot take a full-time load for whatever reason (family, job, etc. ), are thus not under pressure to complete courses in a limited timeframe.
• Four-year colleges often give priority to students transferring from community colleges, citing their demonstrated preparedness for junior and senior college-level work. Students who may not have been able to attend a particular college after high school (whether for academic, financial, or personal reasons) may now be able to attend the college of their choice. Several states have regulations requiring the associate's degree in a particular field to be automatically credited towards the core curriculum for a four-year degree at another state university or private university.
• Community college professors are solely dedicated to teaching, and classes are generally small. In comparison, a four-year college course may be taught to 300 students by a teaching assistant, while the professor is concentrating on research. Outside of those teaching in the technical and vocational fields, most instructors at community colleges have master's degrees and many hold doctoral degrees. A doctorate is an Academic degree that indicates the highest level of academic achievement In addition, community college professors can help students achieve their goals, work more closely with them, and offer them support, while at a four-year college, a professor's primary mission is to conduct academic research, with most of their remaining attention focused on mentoring graduate students. A graduate school or ("grad school" is a school that awards advanced degrees such as doctoral degrees with the general requirement that students must have earned
• A number of community colleges have athletic programs; certain colleges also serve as incubators for college athletes, particularly in basketball and football. Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m College football is American football played by teams of student athletes fielded by American universities, Colleges and military academies A talented player who would not meet the academic or athletic standards of a major college program may be able to play for two years in junior college, establishing an academic record in the process, and then transfer to the major college. ^[9] In addition, many baseball players at community colleges have gone to play for major colleges and/or the major leagues. Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each Others offer no athletic programs.
• Research shows that there is no learning or income penalty for individuals who start at a community college and transfer to a four-year institution. Additionally, research indicates that students who begin their higher education career at a community college are more likely to transfer to a higher quality four-year institution than if they had started at a four-year college.
• Holders of a two-year associates degree have more immediate earning potential than students with >2 years of higher education but did not earn a degree. An associate degree is an Academic degree awarded by Community colleges Junior colleges four-year Universities, Business colleges

Disadvantages of community colleges

• Transferring credits can sometimes be a problem, as each four-year college has its own requirements as to what is and isn't required for enrollment. A credit is a unit that gives weighting to the value level or time requirements of an academic course. However, many four-year colleges (usually near the community college) have made arrangements, known as articulation agreements, allowing associate degrees to qualify for transfer, and in some cases allowing the student to complete the bachelor's degree via distance learning from the community college campus. Distance education, or distance learning, is a field of education that focuses on the Pedagogy and Andragogy, technology and instructional systems design Some states have passed rules whereby certain associate's degrees in a field will automatically transfer to state universities as the core curriculum for specified bachelor's degrees. Minnesota has created a statewide "transfer curriculum" allowing credits to be transferred to any other public university and almost all of the private colleges. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers The North Carolina system has a similar agreement, whereby specific courses are designated for mandatory transfer credit to all statewide public four-year institutions. Illinois' I-transfer program program aids students in transferring credits across the state. California has a system known as Assist[2] which labels course equivalencies between all California Community Colleges and California public four-year colleges. In Arizona, the completion of the Arizona General Education Curriculum, or AGEC, at any Arizona community college guarantees residents of Arizona admission to any public university in the state of Arizona. And in Florida, students earning associate degrees from community colleges actually receive preferential admissions treatment, in comparison to all other students transferring to state universities.
• It is frequent for many courses to be taught by part-time lecturers holding a master's degree (or bachelor's degree) in the field, although there is little evidence, other than anecdotal, to indicate that taking a class from a full-time college instructor leads to higher order learning outcomes. Lecturer is a term of Academic rank. In the United Kingdom lecturer is the name given to University Teachers in their first permanent Research conducted by the University of Washington's Labor Center, however, has suggested that community colleges relying on a higher part-time (adjunct) faculty workforce have lower graduation rates than those with a full-time workforce - see http://insidehighered.com/news/2006/10/16/parttime. According to federal statistics, 42% of public community college freshmen take remedial courses, and further studies show that 79% of remedial courses are taught by part-time faculty. ^[10]
• Many community colleges lack on-campus housing (most common in urban area colleges; rural area colleges are more likely to offer such housing due to the overall lack of housing in such areas). Rural areas can be large and isolated (also referred to as "the country" and/or "the countryside over the course of time This creates so-called 'commuter campuses', in which nearly all students commute to class only, with the campus completely deserted during off-hours. This makes participation in group collaboration exercises and study groups difficult to coordinate, and extracurricular activities suffer as well. In turn, the social benefits of college are essentially lost, which can adversely affect future professional employment opportunities.
• Research shows individuals with Associate's degrees earn less than those with Bachelor's degrees. However, because a correlation exists between years of education and earnings, this says more about years of schooling than the value of Associate's degrees or certificates.
• Community colleges typically have smaller libraries than universities, possibly reducing the research opportunities of their students (though libraries may be part of an interlibrary loan agreement with other libraries at universities). A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects This is also somewhat less of an issue today due to the proliferaton of online academic databases, for which community college students may share equal access with their bigger State University cousins and/or private universities. Unlike Public universities, private universities generally do not receive direct operational funding from national or subnational governments and thus rely on private
• Community colleges might have fewer sections available for students to enroll. For example, there might be only one section in higher physics while a four-year college might have four or five sections of its equivalent. Some equivalent lower-division classes required for the major may not be offered. However, many community colleges have concurrent enrollment programs with local universities which permits students to complete the required lower division courses prior to transferring.
• There is a historic connotation that community colleges are often considered the schools of last resort, because of their open-admissions policies, which may reflect poorly upon students who were unable to receive admission to a college offering a wider variety of degree programs. ^[11] Their open-admissions policies have been the subject of sarcastic humor. ^[12]

Community college libraries

Community college libraries, sometimes called learning resource centers, have evolved over their existence. These libraries often include traditional library services such as book checkout, online research tools, and research help, but they also have included multimedia technology expertise, video centers, tutor centers and support services. Community college libraries play a significant role in the college curriculum by supporting information literacy across campus. The librarians spend a significant amount of their work week in the classroom teaching students to select research tools, to evaluate search results, and to use their results in papers, speeches, or in other projects. For this reason, community college librarians are considered full faculty members at most institutions. If sufficient funding is provided, community college libraries may be at the cutting edge of research services and may be able to change faster than their larger cousins at major research institutions.

Timeline of important events

1901 – Joliet, IL added fifth and sixth year courses to the high school curriculum leading to the development of the first public junior college. Joliet Junior College (JJC a comprehensive Community college based in Joliet Illinois, was the first public Community college founded in the United ^[13]

1920 – American Association of Junior Colleges established.

1930 – First publication of the Community College Journal.

1947 – Publication of Higher Education for American Democracy by the President's Commission on Higher Education (the 1947 Truman Commission).

1965 – Higher Education Act of 1965 established grant programs to make higher education more accessible. The Higher Education Act of 1965 (Pub L No 89-329 (the "HSA" was legislation signed into United States law on November 8, 1965 as part of

1992 – The American Association of Junior Colleges change their name to the American Association of Community Colleges. The American Association of Community Colleges (AACC headquartered in the National Center for Higher Education in Washington D

See also

• Adult education
• Adult high school
• Continuing education
• Distance learning
• E-learning
• Folk high school
• Lifelong learning
• Vocational university
• Vocational education
• Higher vocational education
• Articulation (education)

In Australia:

• Technical and Further Education
• Workers' Educational Association also in the UK

In the UK:

• Further Education

North American community college systems

• California Community Colleges system
• Colorado Community College System
• Community College of Baltimore County, Maryland
• Houston Community College System, Houston, Texas
• Illinois Community College System
• Ivy Tech Community College, Indiana Community College System
• North Carolina Community College System
• Nova Scotia Community College system
• Ontario Colleges
• Quebec CEGEPs
• St. Louis Community College system
• Washington Community and Technical Colleges, Washington State Board for Community and Technical Colleges
• Wisconsin Technical College System
• Kentucky Community and Technical College System
• Virginia Community College System
• South Carolina Technical College System
• The Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education
• List of community colleges in the USA

Notes

References

• Baker, G. A. III (1994). A handbook on the community college in America: Its history, mission, and management. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
• Cohen, A. M. , Brawer, F. B. (2003) The American Community College, 4th edition. San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
• Dougherty, K. J. (1994). The contradictory college: The conflicting origins, impacts, and futures of the community college. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
• Floyd, D. L. , Skolnik, M. L. , & Walker, K. P. , eds. (2005). The Community College Baccalaureate: Emerging Trends and Policy Issues. Sterling VA: Stylus Publishing.
• Frye, J. H. (1992). The vision of the public junior college, 1900-1940. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
• Kasper, H. T. (2002). The changing role of community college. Occupational Outlook Quarterly, 46(4), 14-21.
• Murray, J. P. (2002). The current state of faculty development in two-year colleges. New Directions for Community Colleges, 118, 89-97.

External links

• American Association of Community Colleges
• Association of Community College Trustees
• Association for Community Colleges - a new European movement
• American Association of University Professors - Contingent Faculty
• League for Innovation
• Getting Results: Professional Development for Community College Educators from The League for Innovation
• The Instructional Role of the Two-Year College Learning Resources Center
• Center for Community College Policy
• The Community College Baccalaureate Association
• The Economic Outcomes of Community College Attendance
• Council for the Study of Community Colleges
• Community College Review
• Building an Instructional Framework for Effective Community College Developmental Education
• The Role of Scholarship in the Community College
• Internationalizing the Community College: Examples of Success
• Institutional Effectiveness at a Community College
• NISOD (The University of Texas)
• Encarta: Famous Community College Alumni
• Encarta: Myths about Community Colleges
• MSN: College for Half-Price
• Comprehensive Literature Review
• List of Community Colleges by State

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