Communist Party of the Netherlands
Political leader	David Wijnkoop (1909-1925) Lou de Visser (1925-1945) Paul de Groot (1945-1967) Marcus Bakker (1967-1982) Ina Brouwer (1982-1991)
Founded	1909
Dissolved	1991 merged in to the GreenLeft
Political Ideology	Communism
Youth Organization	ANJV
International Affiliation	Comintern, Cominform
European Affiliation	none
European Parliament Group	Grael
Colours	Red
Headquarters	Felix Merites
website	none
See also	Politics of the Netherlands Political parties Elections

The Communist Party of the Netherlands (Dutch: Communistische Partij Nederland, CPN) was a Dutch communist political party. Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. GroenLinks ( GL, English: GreenLeft) is a Dutch Green Political party. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Algemeen Nederlands Jeugd Verbond, a political youth movement in the Netherlands. The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow Cominform ( Com munist Inform ation Bureau) is the common name for what was officially referred to as the Information Bureau of the Communist The European Green Party (or European Greens or EGP) is the Green Political party at European level. Red is any of a number of similar Colors evoked by light consisting predominantly of the longest wavelengths of Light discernible by the human eye in the wavelength The politics of the Netherlands take place within the framework of a parliamentary Representative democracy, a Constitutional monarchy and a This article lists political parties in the Netherlands. The Netherlands has a Multi-party system with numerous parties in which any one party has little Elections in the Netherlands are held for six territorial levels the European Union (beyond the scope of this article the state the 12 Provinces Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname The politics of the Netherlands take place within the framework of a parliamentary Representative democracy, a Constitutional monarchy and a Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral The CPN is one of the predecessors of the GreenLeft. GroenLinks ( GL, English: GreenLeft) is a Dutch Green Political party.

Party History

Foundation

In 1907 Ceton and Wijnkoop founded De Tribune (The Tribune), a magazine in which they criticized the leadership of the SDAP of which they were a member. The Social Democratic Workers' Party (in Dutch: Sociaal Democratische Arbeiders Partij SDAP was a Dutch socialist Political party and a predecessor They were still oriented towards orthodox marxism and expected a proletarian revolution and opposed the leadership of the SDAP, who were more oriented towards more a revisionist ideology and a parliamentary and reformist political strategy. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. A proletarian revolution is a social and/or political Revolution in which the Working class attempts to overthrow the Bourgeoisie. The term "revisionism" is also used to refer to other concepts TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A  parliament is a Legislature, especially in those Socialist Reformism is the belief that gradual democratic changes in a Society can ultimately change a society's fundamental economic relations and political structures At a party congress in Deventer 1908 the leadership of the SDAP demanded that they stop publishing De Tribune or else they will be removed from the party ranks. Deventer is a Municipality and City in the Salland region of the Dutch Province of Overijssel. Wijnkoop and Ceton refused and they and their supporters, including the poet Herman Gorter lost their membership to the SDAP. Herman Gorter ( Nov 26 1864, Wormerveer - Sep 15 1927, Brussels) was a Dutch poet and Socialist. This conflict took place in almost all European Socialist parties, but the SDP was one of the parties founded as an orthodox marxist split. In 1909 dissenters founded a new party called, Social-Democratic Party (SDP).

1909-1945

1933 election poster showing the Zeven Provinciën, Indonesian sailors and Lenin. The text reads "Indonesia independent from the Netherlands now" and "No people is free who suppresses an other people" - Karl Marx

In the 1910s the SDAP spent a lot attention to combatting the newly formed SDP. The mobilization for the First World War, which the SDAP supported and the SDP opposed further strengthened the differences between the parties. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The Russian Revolution of 1917 fractured most European parties between their revolutionary and reformist factions, which had already happened in the Netherlands. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them The party entered the 1917 elections but was unable to win any seats. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands in 1917.

In 1918 the SDP entered the elections again. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on July 3, 1918. Now it won two seats, Wijnkoop assumed the leadership of the party, The SDP formed a revolutionary parliamentary party with the League of Christian Socialists, which had one seats and the Socialist Party, also one seat. Parliamentary group and parliamentary party are terms used to refer to the representation of a Political party or Electoral fusion of parties in a The League of Christian Socialists (in Dutch Bond Christen-Socialisten, BCS was a Dutch christian socialist Political party. The Socialist Party (in Dutch Socialistische Partij, SP was a Dutch Revolutionary Syndicalist Libertarian socialist Political In 1919 the MP for the League of Christian Socialists joins the SDP and the MP for the Socialist Party leaves the revolutionary parliamentary party. In the same year the SDP joins the Comintern, the worldwide alliance of revolutionary socialist parties, which was lead by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 It was forced to change its name to Communist Party Holland (CPH) by the Comintern. In 1920 prominent communists Gorter and Pannekoek left the party, because they advocated council communism. Council communism is a Far-left movement originating in Germany and the Netherlands in the 1920s In the 1922 elections the CPH retains its two seats. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on July 5, 1922. One of its unsuccessful candidates that year, Tan Malaka, was the first subject of the colonial Dutch East Indies to run for office in the Netherlands. Tan Malaka ( 1894 - February 21 1949) was an Indonesian nationalist activist and communist leader See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below

Before the 1925 elections Wijnkoop was replaced as party leader by De Visser under pressures of the Comintern. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on July 1, 1925. This was the cause of heavy internal division within the party. Jacques de Kadt had already left the party in 1924 to help set up The League of Communist Struggle & Propaganda Clubs. Jacques de Kadt ( 30 July 1897, Oss - 16 April 1988, Santpoort) was a prominent and often controversial 20th Century The League of Communist Struggle & Propaganda Clubs (Bond van Kommunistische Strijd- en Propagandaclubs (BKSP was a communist organization in the Netherlands. At the background of several of these conflicts is the conflict in the Soviet Union between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij Wijnkoop, Henk Sneevliet a prominent international communist and an ally of Trotsky and other prominent membes were expelled from the party. Hendricus Josephus Franciscus Marie Sneevliet, known as Henk Sneevliet or the Pseudonym Maring (May 13 1883 - April 13 1942 was a Dutch Sneevliet founded the Revolutionary Socialist Union, which later becomes the Revolutionary Socialist Party. The Revolutionary Socialist Party (in Dutch Revolutionair Socialistische Partij RSP was a dutch Left-communist Political party. In 1926 the entire Rotterdam branch was expelled. These expellees joined Wijnkoop to form a separate Communist Party of Holland-Central Committee. Communist Party of Holland-Central Committee (in Dutch: Communistische Partij Holland-Centraal Comité, often referred as CPH-Wijnkoop after one of its All three, the RSP, the CPH-central committee and the old CPH, running under the name CPH Dutch section of the Communist International, enter the 1929 elections and both CPHs are able to win one seat, the RSP does not. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in the Netherlands on July 3 1929 In 1930 the CPHs are forced to merge by the Comintern.

After the mutiny on the Zeven Provinciën in the same year the independence the Dutch Indies becomes an important theme in the 1933 election. Mutiny on De Zeven Provinciën More than any event in its career including even her demise in active fighting this ship is remembered especially for the mutiny which See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on April 26, 1933 The party performs particularly well, it doubling its seats to four. This included the Indonesian nationalist Rustam Effendi, the first subject from the Dutch Indies to enter parliament. In the 1937 elections the party is able to retain its seats. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 26, 1937

On May 15 1940, immediately after the German occupation, the party decided to organize an underground existence. In July 1940 the Nazi occupation force forbade the CPN. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The party continued illegally, it was together with the much smaller anti-Stalinist communist party RSAP the only pre-war organisation that already in 1940 protested against the anti-Semitic measures by the German occupier. It founded a resistance movement called Raad van Verzet (Resistance Council). Dutch Resistance to the Nazi occupation during World War II developed relatively slowly but its counterintelligence domestic sabotage and communications networks It published a resistance newspaper called De Waarheid (The Truth). Both took part in the February Strike in 1941, the largest act of resistance in the Netherlands. The 1941 February Strike, also known as 'The Strike of February 1941' was a General strike organized during World War II in The Netherlands against the The party lost about 2000 lives during resistance; the most victims were due that the fact that the pre-war Dutch intelligence services did not destroy their files about communists and continued their pre-war cooperation with the GESTAPO and also continued the infiltration of the now underground party. After the war the same persons that betrayed the CPN in resistance formed the kernel of the newly formed secret service BVD.

1945-1963

1946 election poster which reads "reconstruction, organisation, production" and "vote red, vote communist"

After the war, the party leadership is the hands of Paul de Groot, who has a strong grip on the party's organization. In 1945 the CPN is offered one minister in the cabinet Schermerhorn, mainly because of the CPNs role in the Dutch resisitance. The cabinet Schermerhorn/Drees was in office in The Netherlands from 24 June 1945 until 3 July 1946. It refuses because the CPN wanted a second minister. In 1946 the party obtains nearly 11% of the vote and 10 seats in the Tweede Kamer. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 17, 1946. The Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal ( literally "Second Chamber of the States-General" short Tweede Kamer, is the Dutch Lower house. It also the first time the party obtains seats in the Eerste Kamer. The Eerste Kamer ( First Chamber) is the Upper House or Senate of the Netherlands parliament the States-General The electoral victory is linked to the role of the CPN in the Second World War-resistance.

In the following period is characterized by decreasing popularity for communism, the rise internal divisions and the methodical isolation of the CPN by other parties

With the rise of the Cold War, the party began to lose popularity. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The 1948 communist coup in Czechoslovakia tainted the popularity of communism. Stalinization (1948&ndash1963 Following the coup d'état of February 1948, when the Communists definitively took power in Czechoslovakia the country was declared a People's In the 1948 elections they party loses two seats. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on July 7, 1948. In 1949 a group of Frisian communists were removed from the party ranks; they founded the Socialist Union, but they were unable to play a significant role. Friesland ( West Frisian: Fryslân, Dutch Friesland) is a province in the north of the Netherlands and part of the bigger region known In the 1952 elections the party loses two additional seats. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on June 25, 1952. In 1956 the CPN loses votes again, but because of the expansion of parliament it wins an additional seat. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on June 13, 1956 In 1956 the party supported the Russian intervention against the Hungarian revolution. The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ( Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom) was a spontaneous nationwide Revolt against the Stalinist government of After the invasion the party bureau, located in Felix Meritis in Amsterdam, is attacked by people who oppose the invasion.

Meanwhile internal dissent against the strict leadership of De Groot is rising. In 1958 the Bruggroep (Bridge group) leaves the CPN in a conflict over the role of the communist union the Eenheidsvakcentrale (Unity Trade Union). Leaders of the Bruggroup were prominent resistance figures like Gerben Wagenaar and Henk Gortzak. The secret service claimed to be behind the split, while the CPN leadership claimed that the dissenters were agents working for the CIA. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all The Bruggroup founded a new party, the Socialistische Werkers Party (Socialist Workers' Party, SWP). In 1957 the Pacifist Socialist Party is founded which unites former members of the CPN, including members of the Socialist Union, and the PvdA and other leftwing independents. The Pacifist Socialist Party (in Dutch Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij, PSP was a Dutch left-socialist Political party. In the following 1959 elections the CPN loses all but three seats, while the PSP wins to seats, the SWP is unable to win any seats and many SWP members, like Gortzak, later join the PSP

In the 1940s and 1950s the CPN is methodically isolated by other parties. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on March 12, 1959 Civil servants were forbidden to member of the CPN and it is not allowed separate time on public radio or television. The party's unequivocal support for decolonization of the Dutch Indies isolated the party in parliament. See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below Because of its anti-NATO and EEC stances the party is blocked from the Foreign Affairs, Defense and Nuclear Energy committees in parliament. The North Atlantic Treaty The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 The Dutch secret service kept close tabs on the party. Algemene Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst ( AIVD) formerly known as the BVD ( Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst, Domestic Security Service) is the General All other parties in parliament are deeply anti-communist, especially the social-democratic PvdA.

In 1963 elections the party gains one seat. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 15, 1963. The developing students' movement is an important impetus for the party. In 1964 the international conflict between the People's Republic of China and USSR also split the CPN. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES A group called Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands left the CPN in that year. Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands (marxist-leninist (in Dutch: Kommunistiese Eenheidsbeweging Nederland (marxisties-leninisties) was a communist organization They went to several intense splits based on ideological and personal conflicts. In 1971 one of the small groups formed the Socialist Party, which became a successful political party after the mid 1990s. The Socialist Party ( SP, Dutch: Socialistische Partij) is a Dutch socialist Political party. The CPN took a rather ambiguous stance in the conflict between the USSR and the PRC.

1967-1989

1977 election poster which reads "Van Agt out, Communists in"

Before the 1967 elections De Groot is replaced by Marcus Bakker. Andreas Antonius Maria "Dries" van Agt (born 2 February 1931 is a Dutch politician who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1977 to 1982 A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on February 15, 1967 De Groot is made honorary member of the CPN. The party wins another, making the total five. The CPN condemned the Soviet intervention against the Prague Spring. The Prague Spring ( Czech: Pražské jaro, Slovak: Pražská jar) was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during In 1971 yet another seat is added, and in 1972 the party had seven seats. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on April 28, 1971 A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on November 29, 1972 The 1977 election sees a conflict between the social-democrat Joop den Uyl and christian-democrat Dries van Agt, many CPN-sympathizers vote for the social-democratic PvdA and the CPN loses all but two seats. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 25, 1977. Dr Johannes Marten "Joop" den Uyl (9 August 1919 - 24 December 1987 was a Dutch politician Prime minister of the Netherlands from 1973 until 1977 as Andreas Antonius Maria "Dries" van Agt (born 2 February 1931 is a Dutch politician who served as Prime Minister of the Netherlands from 1977 to 1982 In 1978 under pressure of new young members De Groot loses his honorary membership. In the 1981 elections the placement of American nuclear weapons is a major issue, the CPN who prominently led one of the campaigning groups, The Committee against the N-bomb, is rewarded with another seat. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 26, 1981. Although the Netherlands do not have weapons of mass destruction made by itself the country participates in the NATO Nuclear weapons sharing arrangements and trains

In the 1982 the party gets its first mayor in the communist stronghold of Beerta. Reiderland ( is a Municipality in the province Groningen in the northeastern Netherlands, which was founded in 1990 during a large municipal reorganization Before the elections of the same year Marcus Bakker is steps back in favour of Ina Brouwer. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on September 8, 1982 With her a new generation of younger often female MPs enters politics. She is able to keep the three seats. The CPN tries to renew its political program emphasizing New Left issues like feminism and gay rights. The New Left were the Left-wing movements in different countries in the 1960s and 1970s that unlike the earlier leftist focus on union activism instead adopted a In reaction to this working class-oriented members found the Horizontal Council of Communists (called so because they were members from different local branches, breaking the vertical organization of democratic centralism). Democratic centralism is the name given to the principles of internal organization used by Leninist political parties and the term is sometimes used as a synonym for any Leninist The group tries to pressure the CPN into returning to its old marxist course. In 1983 they leave the party and form the League of Communists in the Netherlands (Verbond van Communisten In Nederland). In 1986 both the CPN and VCN enter in the elections. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 21, 1986. Neither wins a seat in the Tweede Kamer. The CPN still has two senators. The Eerste Kamer ( First Chamber) is the Upper House or Senate of the Netherlands parliament the States-General As one of the last acts of the party, the party leadership attended the festivities surrounding 50th anniversary of the German Democratic Republic. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state

Dissolution

In 1989 the party merged with three other small leftwing parties, namely the PSP, the green PPR and the left-wing Christian EVP to form the GreenLeft. The Political Party Radicals (in Dutch Politieke Partij Radikalen, PPR is a former Dutch leftwing Christian and green Political party The Evangelical People's Party (Dutch Evangelische Volkspartij, EVP was a minor progressive Christian Political party in the Netherlands. GroenLinks ( GL, English: GreenLeft) is a Dutch Green Political party. In 1991, the year the party officially disbanded; the VCN joined by other former members of the CPN, who left because they disagreed with the new course, founded the NCPN, which still exists to day. The New Communist Party Of The Netherlands ( Nieuwe Communistische Partij Nederland) is a Dutch communist Political party, founded in 1992

The influence of the old Marxist wing of CPN in the GreenLeft is rather small. The "new" generation has been very prominent: Ina Brouwer led the party in the 1994 elections and one of the party's senators Jos van der Lans has been a member of the CPN. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 3, 1994. The former party chair who was very influential in the formulation of the new liberal course, Herman Meijer, was one of the gay right activist who joined the CPN in the 1970s.

Name

The CPN changed its name two times. It was originally founded as Sociaal-Democratische Partij (Social-Democratic party; SDP). It followers were commonly known as 'Tribunists' after their main organ. ^[1] After the Russian Revolution the term social-democracy became linked to the reformist socialists, while the term communist was linked to Leninist revolutionary socialism. Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Leninism refers to various related political and economic theories elaborated by Bolshevik revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin. All sections of the Comintern were obliged to adopt the name 'Communist Party'. In 1919 the party changed its name to Communistische Partij Holland (Communist Party Holland; CPH). The name implied that the CPH was the Dutch section of the worldwide Communist Internationale. The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow In 1935 the party changed its name to Communistische Partij van Nederland (Communist Party of the Netherlands; CPN), to express, its allegiance to the Netherlands and Dutch insititutions. ^[2]

Communism  v • d • e  Basic concepts Marxist philosophy Class struggle Proletarian internationalism Communist party Ideologies Marxism Leninism Trotskyism Maoism Juche Left communism Council communism Anarchist communism Religious communism Eurocommunism National communism Communist internationals Communist League First International Second International Comintern Fourth International Prominent communists Karl Marx Friedrich Engels Vladimir Lenin Rosa Luxemburg Joseph Stalin Leon Trotsky Mao Zedong Related subjects Anarchism Anti-capitalism Anti-communism Communist state Communist symbolism Criticisms of communism Democratic centralism Dictatorship of the proletariat History of communism Left-wing politics Luxemburgism New Class New Left Post-Communism Primitive communism Socialism Stalinism Socialist economics Titoism Soviet Union Communism Portal

Ideology & Issues

Ideological Development

The SDP was founded as an orthodox marxist party advocating an economic and social revolution that would overthrow the capitalist economic and political system, in favour for a socialist dictatorship of the proletariat, this in turn would evolve into a classless, communist society. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based See also Marxian economics, Marxism Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are terms which cover work in Philosophy Class struggle is the active expression of Class conflict looked at from any kind of socialist perspective International Socialism redirects here For the journal of the same name see International Socialism (journal Proletarian internationalism is a A Political party described as a communist party includes those that advocate the application of the social principles of Communism through a communist form of Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Leninism refers to various related political and economic theories elaborated by Bolshevik revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin. Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. Maoism, variably and officially known as Mao Zedong Thought ( is a variant of Marxism derived from the teachings of the late Chinese leader The Juche Idea (주체사상 Juche Sasang) is the official state Ideology of North Korea and the Political system based on it Left communism is the range of communist viewpoints held by the Communist Left, which opposes the political ideas of the Bolsheviks Council communism is a Far-left movement originating in Germany and the Netherlands in the 1920s Religious communism is a form of Communism centered on religious principles Eurocommunism was a new trend in the 1970s and 1980s within various Western European communist parties to develop a theory and practice of social transformation that National Communism, is an Islamic form of Communism which had a strong Nationalist element The Communist League was the first Marxist international organisation The Second International (1889-1916 was an organization of socialist and labour parties formed in Paris on July 14, 1889. The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow The Fourth International ( FI) is a communist international organisation working in opposition to both Capitalism and Stalinism. Friedrich Engels (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895 was a German social scientist and philosopher, who Rosa Luxemburg (Róża Luksemburg 5 March 1870 or 1871 15 January 1919 was a Polish-born Jewish German Marxist theorist, socialist Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij Mao Zedong ( 26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976) was a Chinese Military and political leader who led Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Anti-capitalism describes a wide variety of movements ideas and attitudes which oppose Capitalism. Anti-communism refers to opposition to Communism. Historically the word "communism" has been used to refer to several types of communal social organization and Communist state is a term used by many Political scientists to describe a Form of government in which the State operates under a one-party system Communist symbolism consists of a series of Symbols that represent (either literally or figuratively a variety of themes associated with communism Criticisms of Communism can be divided in two broad categories Those concerning themselves with the practical aspects of 20th century Communist state and those concerning Democratic centralism is the name given to the principles of internal organization used by Leninist political parties and the term is sometimes used as a synonym for any Leninist The " dictatorship of the proletariat " or workers' state is a term employed by Marxists that refers to what they see as a temporary state between the This article intentionally focuses only on the history of communism as a self-contained self-aware political movement Luxemburgism (also written Luxembourgism) is a specific revolutionary theory within Communism, based on the writings of Rosa Luxemburg. The New Class is a term to describe the privileged Ruling class of Bureaucrats and Communist party functionaries which typically arises in a Stalinist The New Left were the Left-wing movements in different countries in the 1960s and 1970s that unlike the earlier leftist focus on union activism instead adopted a Post-Communism is a name sometimes given to the period of political and economic Transition in former Communist states located in parts of Europe and Primitive communism is A term usually associated with Karl Marx, but most fully elaborated by Friedrich Engels (in The Origin of the Family 1884 and referring Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution Stalinism is the political regime named after Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929–1953 Socialist economics is a broad and sometimes controversial term Titoism is an adaptation of communist ideology named after Josip Broz Tito, leader of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, primarily used to describe The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 A proletarian revolution is a social and/or political Revolution in which the Working class attempts to overthrow the Bourgeoisie. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where Socialism refers to a broad set of economic theories of social organization advocating state or collective ownership and administration of the Means of production and distribution The " dictatorship of the proletariat " or workers' state is a term employed by Marxists that refers to what they see as a temporary state between the Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based

After the Russian Revolution the party become oriented towards marxism/leninism the official ideology of the USSR and the Comintern. Leninism refers to various related political and economic theories elaborated by Bolshevik revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin. This advocate the overthrow of the state by a vanguard party, which would reform the country to become socialist. The party remained faithful to the USSR's version marxist/leninist during the 1920s, when Trotsky's interpretation became an important ideological competitor of Stalin's. Trotskyism is the theory of Marxism as advocated by Leon Trotsky. Stalinism is the political regime named after Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union from 1929–1953 This led to split, a group around a prominent ally of Trotsky, Henk Sneevliet left the party to form the Revolutionary Socialist Party. Hendricus Josephus Franciscus Marie Sneevliet, known as Henk Sneevliet or the Pseudonym Maring (May 13 1883 - April 13 1942 was a Dutch The Revolutionary Socialist Party (in Dutch Revolutionair Socialistische Partij RSP was a dutch Left-communist Political party.

In the 1960s the party did not choose sides in the conflict between the People's Republic of China and the USSR, nevertheless a Maoist group, called Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands split from the party. Maoism, variably and officially known as Mao Zedong Thought ( is a variant of Marxism derived from the teachings of the late Chinese leader Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands (marxist-leninist (in Dutch: Kommunistiese Eenheidsbeweging Nederland (marxisties-leninisties) was a communist organization In the 1970s and 1980s the party began to move away from its marxist/leninist roots and began embrace a more libertarian and eurocommunist programme with a strong emphasis on feminism. Eurocommunism was a new trend in the 1970s and 1980s within various Western European communist parties to develop a theory and practice of social transformation that Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate

Social Policy

An important issue for the Communists has always been the practical needs of the working class. Most simply put the party advocated higher wages and lower prices. A wage is a compensation workers receive in exchange for their labor. Price in Economics and Business is the result of an exchange and from that trade we assign a numerical Monetary value to a good, The work conditions in factories should be improved. Occupational safety and health is a cross-disciplinary area concerned with protecting the Safety, Health and welfare of people engaged in Child labour should be banned completely. Child labor is the employment of Children at regular and sustained labour The work day should be regulated. Working time refers to the period of time that an individual spends at paid occupational labor Laws against striking should be repealed. Strike action, often simply called a strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal by Employees to perform work.

The CPN advocated a strong role of the state in the economy. The state should supply cheap housing, free and neutral education and health care insurance. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency Health care is the prevention treatment and management of illness and the preservation of mental health through the services offered by the medical, Nursing Insurance, in Law and Economics, is a form of Risk management primarily used to hedge against the Risk of a contingent loss Important industries should be nationalized in the short term (in the long term the entire economy should be planned). Taxation should be progressive. Those without jobs should receive benefits.

Foreign Policy Issues

One of the most important early issues of the Communists was their opposition to the First World War. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All After 1918 the recognition of the USSR and the independence of Indonesia became important issues. See http//enwikipediaorg/wiki/WikipediaFootnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the tags and the template below During the Second World War the party was active in resistance movement. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Dutch Resistance to the Nazi occupation during World War II developed relatively slowly but its counterintelligence domestic sabotage and communications networks After the war, its foreign policy was explicitly anti-German and pro-USSR. It favoured Soviet interventions in Czechoslovakia and Hungary and sought Dutch recognition of the East Germany. Stalinization (1948&ndash1963 Following the coup d'état of February 1948, when the Communists definitively took power in Czechoslovakia the country was declared a People's The Hungarian Revolution of 1956 ( Hungarian: 1956-os forradalom) was a spontaneous nationwide Revolt against the Stalinist government of The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state It opposed Dutch membership of NATO and the EEC. The North Atlantic Treaty The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 In the 1970s and 1980s its policy became more critical of the USA, supporting the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam in the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia It played an important role in the popular opposition against the placement of nuclear weapons in the Netherlands. Although the Netherlands do not have weapons of mass destruction made by itself the country participates in the NATO Nuclear weapons sharing arrangements and trains

Domestic Issues

The party also emphasized the radical democratization of the Dutch political system. It opposed monarchy. The Netherlands has been an independent Monarchy since 16 March 1815, and has been governed by members of the House of Orange-Nassau It sought to abolish the Council of State and the Eerste Kamer. The Council of State is the name of an organ of government in many states and especially in Republics The name Council of State is applied to different The Eerste Kamer ( First Chamber) is the Upper House or Senate of the Netherlands parliament the States-General A referendum and trial by jury should be implemented. A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita Citizen should appoint civil servants.

In the 1970s and 1980s the party began to embrace New Left issues like the fight for women's and gay rights. The New Left were the Left-wing movements in different countries in the 1960s and 1970s that unlike the earlier leftist focus on union activism instead adopted a Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate Lesbian Gay Bisexual and Transgender social movements share related goals of social acceptance of Homosexuality, Bisexuality and Transgenderism Lesbian

Representation

In this table the election results of the CPN in Tweede Kamer, Eerste Kamer, Provincial and European elections is represented, as well as the party's political leadership: the fractievoorzitter, is the chair of the parliamentary party and the lijsttrekker is the party's top candidate in the general election, these posts are normally taken by the party's leader. The membership of CPN is also represented.

* separate CPH-Central Committee party. The Tweede Kamer der Staten-Generaal ( literally "Second Chamber of the States-General" short Tweede Kamer, is the Dutch Lower house. The Eerste Kamer ( First Chamber) is the Upper House or Senate of the Netherlands parliament the States-General The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on July 3, 1918. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on July 5, 1922. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on July 1, 1925. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in the Netherlands on July 3 1929 A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 26, 1937 A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 17, 1946. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on July 7, 1948. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on June 25, 1952. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on June 13, 1956 A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on March 12, 1959 A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 15, 1963. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on February 15, 1967 A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on April 28, 1971 A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on November 29, 1972 A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 25, 1977. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 26, 1981. A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on September 8, 1982 A general election of the Tweede Kamer of the Dutch Parliament was held in The Netherlands on May 21, 1986.
** estimate of the seats in combined CPN/PSP/(PPR) lists.
*** chair of the parliamentary party in the Eerste Kamer.

Muncipal and Provincial Government

Although the CPN was particularly strong in several provinces, especially Groningen, it never cooperate in any provincial executive. Groningen is the northeasternmost province of the Netherlands.

The party supplied only one mayor, namely Hanneke Jagersma in the CPN stronghold of Beerta. Beerta is a village in the municipality of Reiderland in the Netherlands. In the late 1940s the CPN participated in several local executives but after the USSR's intervention in Hungary, these all fell. In the 1950s the party got an absolute majority in the city council of Finsterwolde the municipality was consequently put under control of the national government. Finsterwolde is a village in the Dutch province of Groningen. In the 1980s the party again started to cooperate in local executives.

In the following figure one can see the election results of the provincial election of 1962 per province. It shows the areas where the CPN is strong, namely North Holland and too a lesser extent Groningen and South Holland. The party is very weak in rural and catholic Limburg and Brabant.

Electorate

The support for the SDP, which was founded before the introduction of universal suffrage was strong in the leftwing intellectual elite, and educated working class circles. Groningen is the northeasternmost province of the Netherlands. Friesland ( West Frisian: Fryslân, Dutch Friesland) is a province in the north of the Netherlands and part of the bigger region known Drenthe is a province of the Netherlands, located in the north-east of the country Overijssel (Transiselania is a Province of the Netherlands in the central eastern part of the country Gelderland ( English also Guelders) is a province of the Netherlands, located in the central eastern part of the country Utrecht ( ˈyːtrɛxt is the smallest province of the Netherlands, and is located in the center of the country North Holland ( Dutch: Noord-Holland,, West Frisian: Noôrd-Holland) is a province situated on the North Sea in the South Holland ( Dutch:) is a province situated on the North Sea in the western part of the Netherlands. Zeeland ( also called Zealand in English and Zeelandic, is a province of the Netherlands. North Brabant ( Dutch: Noord-Brabant,) is a province of the Netherlands, located in the south of the country bordered by Belgium Limburg ( Dutch: (Nederlands Limburg is the southern-most of the twelve provinces of the Netherlands. Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to This was mainly limited to Amsterdam and Rotterdam. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west Rotterdam (pronounced) is the 2nd-largest City by population in the Netherlands, located in the province of With the introduction of universal suffrage, the SDP, and later CPH began to branch out to the poorest circles of the working classes. In the Zaanstreek, around Zaandam and the harbour cities of Amsterdam and Rotterdam the party was especially strong. Zaandam ( is a town in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is the main city of the municipality of Zaanstad, and received city rights After the Second World War, the CPN branched out to the poor rural province of Groningen and other poor rural areas like West Friesland. Groningen is the northeasternmost province of the Netherlands. For the history of West Friesland see West Friesland (historical region[[Image West-Friesland In some Groningen municipalities like Finsterwolde, Beerta, the party won near absolute majorities. In these municipalities, which now form Reiderland the refounded CPN, NCPN still performs particularly well. Reiderland ( is a Municipality in the province Groningen in the northeastern Netherlands, which was founded in 1990 during a large municipal reorganization The New Communist Party Of The Netherlands ( Nieuwe Communistische Partij Nederland) is a Dutch communist Political party, founded in 1992 In the 1950s the general support for the CPN weakened with the rise of Cold War. In the 1960s and 1970s the CPN began to gain support form students. In the 1980s the party lost its working class support

Organization

Organizational structure

The party was organized on the principle of democratic centralism. Democratic centralism is the name given to the principles of internal organization used by Leninist political parties and the term is sometimes used as a synonym for any Leninist The party's board was the highest organ of the party, it decided the order of the First Chamber, Second Chamber, European Parliament candidates list, has the last say over the party program and had the ability to remove members for the party's ranks. It was elected by the party's congress. The party saw its political unity and strong discipline as conditions for its ideological zeal.

Between 1946 and 1980, the party's headquarters was located in Felix Meritis in Amsterdam.

Linked & Pillarized organisations

The party had a small, but strong communist pillar around it. Pillarisation ( verzuiling in Dutch, pilarisation in French) is a term used to describe the denominational segregation of Dutch Important organizations were the communist trade union, the Rode Vakcentrale (Red Trade Union) before 1940 and the Eenheidsvakcentrale (Unity Trade Union) between 1945 and 1960, and the party's paper, De Tribune (the Tribune) before 1940 and De Waarheid (The Truth), which was founded as a resistance paper and named after its Soviet counterpart after 1940. De Waarheid was the Dutch Communist Party newspaper It originated in 1940 under the German occupation as a resistance paper the day after the Germans Pravda (Правда "The Truth" was a leading Newspaper of the Soviet Union and an official organ of the Central Committee of the The party's youth organization was the formally independent General Dutch Youth League. Algemeen Nederlands Jeugd Verbond, a political youth movement in the Netherlands. The party's scientific organization was the Instituut voor Politiek en Sociaal Onderzoek (Institute for Political and Social Research) which published Politiek en Cultuur (Politics and Culture). The CPN had its own publisher called Pegasus. In Greek mythology, Pegasus ( Greek: Πήγασος, Pégasos, 'strong' was a winged horse that was the son of Poseidon, in his role

International organisations

Since 1918 the party was a member of the Third International, first in the form of the Comintern, and after 1947 in the Cominform. The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow The Comintern ( Com munist Intern ational also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organisation founded in Moscow Cominform ( Com munist Inform ation Bureau) is the common name for what was officially referred to as the Information Bureau of the Communist

Relationships to other parties

For a long time the Communists were methodically isolated, partially because of its revolutionary ideology and partially because of the antagonistic style of its politics. The communist used this style to prevent its electorate from moving to its competitors.

The relationship between the social-democratic SDAP (before the Second World War) and the PvdA (after the Second World War) has always been troublesome. The Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany, in German Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands, SDAP was a German left-wing political The SDP has split from the SDAP over ideological difference, orthodox marxist, revolutionary politics versus revisionist and reformist politics. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. A proletarian revolution is a social and/or political Revolution in which the Working class attempts to overthrow the Bourgeoisie. The term "revisionism" is also used to refer to other concepts Socialist Reformism is the belief that gradual democratic changes in a Society can ultimately change a society's fundamental economic relations and political structures The social-democrats saw the communists as insignificant while the communist taunted the social-democrats by calling them "servants to capitalism" and "social fascists". During the Cold War, the PvdA embraced Atlanticism, NATO and the alliance with the United States, while the CPN advocated stronger links with the USSR. For the belief in the legendary island civilization see Atlantis. The North Atlantic Treaty The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The PvdA had the strongest anti-communists in its ranks. During the 1970s when a more radicalized PvdA advocated a large progressive coalition, they still excluded the CPN.

The relationship with the leftwing splits and the communists was notoriously bad. The CPH ignored the RSP during its four year term in the 1930s. The Revolutionary Socialist Party (in Dutch Revolutionair Socialistische Partij RSP was a dutch Left-communist Political party. The PSP which was partially composed of those expelled from the CPN, was denounced as a party of agents of the CIA. The Pacifist Socialist Party (in Dutch Pacifistisch Socialistische Partij, PSP was a Dutch left-socialist Political party. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all The CPN methodically vote against proposals of the PSP, even when they supported them. In the 1980s the PSP and the CPN grew closer as they both campaigned against nuclear armament and both began to embrace New Left and libertarian politics. The New Left were the Left-wing movements in different countries in the 1960s and 1970s that unlike the earlier leftist focus on union activism instead adopted a In 1984 they formed a common list for the European Election together with the green PPR and the GPN. The Political Party Radicals (in Dutch Politieke Partij Radikalen, PPR is a former Dutch leftwing Christian and green Political party The Greens ( De Groenen) are a Dutch deep green party which has been of only marginal importance in Dutch politics, as it never gained national representation In the 1989 the CPN, PSP and PPR were joined by the leftwing christian EVP in the formation of the GreenLeft. The Evangelical People's Party (Dutch Evangelische Volkspartij, EVP was a minor progressive Christian Political party in the Netherlands. GroenLinks ( GL, English: GreenLeft) is a Dutch Green Political party.

The relationships with the other parties whether liberal or christian democratic was very poor.

International Comparison

The CPN is one of the only communist parties to be formed before the Russian Revolution. It lies between the Northern European communist parties, like the Communist Party of Sweden and the Southern European communist parties, like the Italian Communist Party. The Left Party ( Vänsterpartiet) is a Socialist and Feminist political party in Sweden, from 1967 to 1990 known as the Left The Italian Communist Party (Italian Partito Comunista Italiano, or PCI emerged as the Communist Party of Italy ( Partito Comunista d'Italia) Like its Italian counterparts, and unlike its Swedish counterparts it was methodically isolated in parliament. Like its Swedish counterparts, but unlike its Italian counterparts, it gained around 5% of the vote. Like its Italian counterpart it was closely linked to Moscow until the 1960s. In the 1970s it became involved in New Left politics, like its Swedish counterpart.

References

1. ^ Glossary of Organisations: Tr
2. ^ Koole, R. Politieke Partijen in Nederland, p. 260