Communication is the process of transferring information from a sender to a receiver with the use of a medium in which the communicated information is understood by both sender and receiver. In Communication, media (Singular Medium) are the storage and transmission tools used to store and deliver Information It is a process that allows organisms to exchange information by several methods. Communication requires that all parties understand a common language that is exchanged. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them There are auditory means, such as speaking, singing and sometimes tone of voice, and nonverbal, physical means, such as body language, sign language, paralanguage, touch, eye contact, or the use of writing. Nonverbal communication (NVC is usually understood as the process of Communication through sending and receiving Wordless messages Body language is a term for Communication using Body movements or Gestures instead of or in addition to sounds verbal language or other communication A sign language (also signed language) is a Language which instead of acoustically conveyed Sound patterns uses visually transmitted sign patterns Paralanguage refers to the non-verbal elements of Communication used to modify meaning and convey emotion Haptic communication is the means by which people and other animals communicate via touching Eye contact is an event in which two people look at each other's Eyes at the same time Communication is defined as a process by which we assign and convey meaning in an attempt to create shared understanding. In law conveyancing is the transfer of title of Property from one person to another or the granting of an Encumbrance such as a Mortgage or This process requires a vast repertoire of skills in intrapersonal and interpersonal processing, listening, observing, speaking, questioning, analyzing, and evaluating. Intrapersonal communication is language use or Thought internal to the communicator An interpersonal relationship is a relatively long-term association between two or more people Use of these processes is developmental and transfers to all areas of life: home, school, community, work, and beyond. It is through communication that collaboration and cooperation occur. Collaboration is a recursive process where two or more people or organizations work together toward an intersection of common goals — for example an intellectual Distinguish from Corporation. Cooperation, co-operation, or coöperation is the process of working or acting together ^[1] Communication is the articulation of sending a message, through different media ^[2] whether it be verbal or nonverbal, so long as a being transmits a thought provoking idea, gesture, action, etc. A gesture is a form of Non-verbal communication made with a part of the body used instead of or in combination with verbal communication.

Communication happens at many levels (even for one single action), in many different ways, and for most beings, as well as certain machines. Several, if not all, fields of study dedicate a portion of attention to communication, so when speaking about communication it is very important to be sure about what aspects of communication one is speaking about. Definitions of communication range widely, some recognizing that animals can communicate with each other as well as human beings, and some are more narrow, only including human beings within the parameters of human symbolic interaction.

Nonetheless, communication is usually described along a few major dimensions: Content (what type of things are communicated), source, emisor, sender or encoder (by whom), form (in which form), channel (through which medium), destination, receiver, target or decoder (to whom), and the purpose or pragmatic aspect. An encoder is a device used to change a signal (such as a Bitstream) or Data into a Code. For the drum and bass musician see Decoder (artist A decoder is a device which does the reverse of an Encoder, undoing the Between parties, communication includes acts that confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions. These acts may take many forms, in one of the various manners of communication. The form depends on the abilities of the group communicating. Together, communication content and form make messages that are sent towards a destination. A message in its most general meaning is an object of Communication. The target can be oneself, another person or being, another entity (such as a corporation or group of beings). Interpersonal communication is defined by communication scholars in numerous ways though most involve participants who are interdependent on one another have a shared history

Communication can be seen as processes of information transmission governed by three levels of semiotic rules:

1. Syntactic (formal properties of signs and symbols),
2. pragmatic (concerned with the relations between signs/expressions and their users) and
3. semantic (study of relationships between signs and symbols and what they represent). Data transmission is the transfer of Data from point-to-point often represented as an Electro-magnetic Signal over a physical point-to-point or point-to-multipoint Semiotics, semiotic studies, or semiology is the study of sign processes (semiosis or signification and communication signs and Symbols both In Linguistics, syntax (from Ancient Greek grc συν- syn-, "together" and grc τάξις táxis, "arrangement" is the Pragmatism generally considered to have originated in the late nineteenth century with Charles Peirce, who first stated the Pragmatic maxim. Semantics is the study of meaning in communication The word derives from Greek σημαντικός ( semantikos) "significant" from

Therefore, communication is social interaction where at least two interacting agents share a common set of signs and a common set of semiotic rules. Semiotics, semiotic studies, or semiology is the study of sign processes (semiosis or signification and communication signs and Symbols both This commonly held rule in some sense ignores autocommunication, including intrapersonal communication via diaries or self-talk. Autocommunication is a term used in Communication studies, Semiotics and other Cultural studies to describe communication from and to oneself Intrapersonal communication is language use or Thought internal to the communicator For other uses of the term 'diary' see Diary (disambiguation.

In a simple model, information or content (e. g. a message in natural language) is sent in some form (as spoken language) from an emisor/ sender/ encoder to a destination/ receiver/ decoder. An encoder is a device used to change a signal (such as a Bitstream) or Data into a Code. For the drum and bass musician see Decoder (artist A decoder is a device which does the reverse of an Encoder, undoing the In a slightly more complex form a sender and a receiver are linked reciprocally. A particular instance of communication is called a speech act. Speech act is a technical term in Linguistics and the Philosophy of language. In the presence of "communication noise" on the transmission channel (air, in this case), reception and decoding of content may be faulty, and thus the speech act may not achieve the desired effect. is a one volume manga created by Tsutomu Nihei as a prequel to his ten-volume work Blame!.

Theories of coregulation describe communication as a creative and dynamic continuous process, rather than a discrete exchange of information. Coregulation (or co-regulation is a term described by psychologist Alan Fogel as a "continuous unfolding of individual action that is susceptible to being continuously modified

Contents 1 Types of communication 1.1 Language 1.1.1 Dialogue 1.1.2 Nonverbal communication 1.2 Non-human living organisms 1.2.1 Animals 1.2.2 Plants and Fungi 1.2.3 Bacteria 2 Sources 3 See also 4 References 5 External links 6

Types of communication

Language

Main article: Language

A language is a syntactically organized system of signals, such as voice sounds, intonations or pitch, gestures or written symbols which communicate thoughts or feelings. A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them A language is a dynamic set of visual auditory or tactile Symbols of Communication and the elements used to manipulate them In Linguistics, syntax (from Ancient Greek grc συν- syn-, "together" and grc τάξις táxis, "arrangement" is the If a language is about communicating with signals, voice, sounds, gestures, or written symbols, can animal communications be considered as a language? Animals do not have a written form of a language, but use a language to communicate with each another. In that sense, an animal communication can be considered as a separated language.

Human spoken and written languages can be described as a system of symbols (sometimes known as lexemes) and the grammars (rules) by which the symbols are manipulated. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus System (from Latin systēma, in turn from Greek systēma is a set of interacting or interdependent Entities, real or abstract The musical instrument is spelled Cymbal. A symbol is something --- such as an object, Picture, written word a sound a piece For its use in the context of Computer Science see Lexical analysis. Grammar is the field of Linguistics that covers the Rules governing the use of any given natural language. The word "language" is also used to refer to common properties of languages. Language learning is normal in human childhood. Most human languages use patterns of sound or gesture for symbols which enable communication with others around them. Sound' is Vibration transmitted through a Solid, Liquid, or Gas; particularly sound means those vibrations composed of Frequencies A gesture is a form of Non-verbal communication made with a part of the body used instead of or in combination with verbal communication. There are thousands of human languages, and these seem to share certain properties, even though many shared properties have exceptions.

There is no defined line between a language and a dialect, but the linguist Max Weinreich is credited as saying that "a language is a dialect with an army and a navy". A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of Max Weinreich (1893/94 Kuldiga, Latvia - 1969 New York City, USA) was a linguist, specializing in Yiddish, and the " A language is a dialect with an Army and Navy " is one of the most frequently used Aphorisms in the discussion of the distinction between Constructed languages such as Esperanto, programming languages, and various mathematical formalisms are not necessarily restricted to the properties shared by human languages. A constructed or artificial language known colloquially or informally as a conlang is a Language whose Phonology, Grammar is by far the most widely spoken constructed International auxiliary language in the world

Dialogue

Main article: Dialogue

A dialogue is a reciprocal conversation between two or more entities. A dialogue (sometimes spelled dialog) is a reciprocal Conversation between two or more entities. Banter redirects here for the Radio 4 panel show see Banter (radio show A conversation is Communication by two or more people or by one's self The etymological origins of the word (in Greek διά(diá,through) + λόγος(logos,word,speech) concepts like flowing-through meaning) do not necessarily convey the way in which people have come to use the word, with some confusion between the prefix διά-(diá-,through) and the prefix δι-(di-, two) leading to the assumption that a dialogue is necessarily between only two parties. Etymology is the study of the History of Words &mdash when they entered a language from what source and how their form and meaning have changed over time Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly

Nonverbal communication

Main article: Nonverbal communication

Nonverbal communication is the process of communicating through sending and receiving wordless messages. Nonverbal communication (NVC is usually understood as the process of Communication through sending and receiving Wordless messages A message in its most general meaning is an object of Communication. Such messages can be communicated through gesture, body language or posture; facial expression and eye contact, object communication such as clothing, hairstyles or even architecture, or symbols and infographics. A gesture is a form of Non-verbal communication made with a part of the body used instead of or in combination with verbal communication. Body language is a term for Communication using Body movements or Gestures instead of or in addition to sounds verbal language or other communication Posture or posturing may refer toIn humans Neutral spine or good posture Human position Abnormal posturing A facial expression results from one or more motions or positions of the Muscles of the Face. Clothing (also called clothes, accoutrements, accouterments, or habiliments) protects the Human body from extreme Weather Haircut redirects here For the financial term see Haircut (finance. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Information graphics or infographics are visual representations of Information, Data or Knowledge. Speech may also contain nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, including voice quality, emotion and speaking style, as well as prosodic features such as rhythm, intonation and stress. Paralanguage refers to the non-verbal elements of Communication used to modify meaning and convey emotion Rhythm (from Greek ῥυθμός - rhythmos, "any measured flow or movement symmetry" is the variation of the length and accentuation of Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the use of emoticons. An emoticon is a symbol or combination of symbols used to convey emotional content in written or message form A portmanteau of the English words emotion (or emote) and icon, an emoticon is a symbol or combination of symbols used to convey emotional content in written or message form

Non-human living organisms

Communication in many of its facets is not limited to humans, or even to primates. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus A primate is a member of the biological order Primates ( Latin: "prime first rank" the group that contains Lemurs the Aye-aye Every information exchange between living organisms — i. Information exchange is an informal term that can either refer to bidirectional Information transmission / Information transfer in Telecommunications e. transmission of signals involving a living sender and receiver — can be considered a form of communication. Within Evolutionary biology, signalling theory refers to a body of theoretical work examining communication between individuals The receiver in Information theory is the receiving end of a Communication channel. Thus, there is the broad field of animal communication, which encompasses most of the issues in ethology. Animal communication is any Behaviour on the part of one Animal that has an effect on the current or future behaviour of another animal Ethology ( from Greek ἦθος ethos, "character" and λόγος logos, "knowledge") is the scientific study of Animal On a more basic level, there is cell signaling, cellular communication, and chemical communication between primitive organisms like bacteria, and within the plant and fungal kingdoms. Cell signaling is part of a Complex system of Communication that governs basic cellular activities and coordinates cell actions The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ All of these communication processes are sign-mediated interactions with a great variety of distinct coordinations.

Animals

Animal communication is any behaviour on the part of one animal that has an effect on the current or future behavior of another animal. Animal communication is any Behaviour on the part of one Animal that has an effect on the current or future behaviour of another animal Behavior or behaviour (see spelling differences) refers to the actions or Reactions of an object or Organism, usually Of course, human communication can be subsumed as a highly developed form of animal communication. The study of animal communication, called zoosemiotics' (distinguishable from anthroposemiotics, the study of human communication) has played an important part in the development of ethology, sociobiology, and the study of animal cognition. Human communication, or Anthroposemiotics, is the field dedicated to understanding how people communicate with themselves Intrapersonal communication Ethology ( from Greek ἦθος ethos, "character" and λόγος logos, "knowledge") is the scientific study of Animal Sociobiology is a neo-Darwinian and Socialism Synthesis of Scientific disciplines that attempts to explain Social behavior Animal cognition is the title given to a modern approach to the mental capacities of (non-human Animals. This is quite evident as humans are able to communicate with animals especially dolphins and other animals used in circuses however these animals have to learn a special means of communication. Animal communication, and indeed the understanding of the animal world in general, is a rapidly growing field, and even in the 21st century so far, many prior understandings related to diverse fields such as personal symbolic name use, animal emotions, animal culture and learning, and even sexual conduct, long thought to be well understood, have been revolutionized. A name ( Etymology: from OE nama akin to OHG namo, Latin Nomen, and Greek όνομα ( Emotion in animals considers the question of whether certain species of non-human Animals feel emotions in the sense that humans understand it Animal husbandry, also called Animal science, stockbreeding or simple husbandry, is the agricultural practice of breeding Ethology ( from Greek ἦθος ethos, "character" and λόγος logos, "knowledge") is the scientific study of Animal Animal sexual behaviour takes many different forms even within the same Species. A revolution (from the Latin revolutio, "a turnaround" is a fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively

Plants and Fungi

Among plants, communication is observed within the plant organism, i. e. within plant cells and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the rootzone. Plant cells are eukaryotic cells that differ in several key respects from the cells of other eukaryotic Organisms Their distinctive features Plant roots communicate in parallel with rhizobia bacteria, with fungi and with insects in the soil. ROOT is an object-oriented program and library developed by CERN. Rhizobia (from the Greek words rhiza = root and bios = Life are Soil bacteria that fix Nitrogen ( Diazotrophy The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ Soil, often typeset as SOiL, is a four piece rock band from Chicago Illinois United States founded by Shaun Glass Tom Schofield Tim King and Adam Zadel This parallel sign-mediated interactions which are governed by syntactic, pragmatic and semantic rules are possible because of the decentralized "nervous system" of plants. As recent research shows 99% of intraorganismic plant communication processes are neuronal-like. Neurons (ˈnjuːɹɒn also known as neurones and nerve cells) are responsive cells in the Nervous system that process and transmit information Plants also communicate via volatiles in the case of herbivory attack behavior to warn neighboring plants. Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell In parallel they produce other volatiles which attract parasites which attack these herbivores. Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species. In stress situations plants can overwrite the genetic code they inherited from their parents and revert to that of their grand- or great-grandparents. The genetic code is the set of rules by which information encoded in genetic material ( DNA or RNA sequences is translated into Proteins ^[3]

Fungi communicate to coordinate and organize their own growth and development such as the formation of mycelia and fruiting bodies. Additionally fungi communicate with same and related species as well as with nonfungal organisms in a great variety of symbiotic interactions, especially with bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes, plants and insects. A microorganism (also spelled micro organism or micro-organism and also called a microbe) is an Organism that is Microscopic (usually The used semiochemicals are of biotic origin and they trigger the fungal organism to react in a specific manner, in difference while to even the same chemical molecules are not being a part of biotic messages doesn’t trigger to react the fungal organism. It means, fungal organisms are competent to identify the difference of the same molecules being part of biotic messages or lack of these features. So far five different primary signalling molecules are known that serve to coordinate very different behavioral patterns such as filamentation, mating, growth, pathogenicity. Filamentation is the anomalous growth of certain Bacteria, such as E In Biology, mating is the pairing of opposite- Sex or hermaphroditic Organisms for copulation and in Social animals also to raise their Pathogenicity is the ability of an organism a Pathogen, to produce an infectious disease in another organism Behavioral coordination and the production of such substances can only be achieved through interpretation processes: self or non-self, abiotic indicator, biotic message from similar, related, or non-related species, or even “noise”, i. e. , similar molecules without biotic content

Bacteria

There are communication processes between different species of bacteria and between bacteria and non bacterial life such as eukaryotic hosts. Animals Plants fungi, and Protists are eukaryotes (juːˈkærɪɒt or -oʊt Organisms whose cells are organized into complex Beneath the semi-chemicals necessary for developmental processes of bacterial communities such as division, sporulation, and synthesis of secondary metabolites there are physical contact-mediated behavioral patterns being important in biofilm organization. In Biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions Metabolomics is the "systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind" - specifically the study of their small-molecule metabolite A biofilm is a structured community of Microorganisms encapsulated within a self-developed polymeric matrix and adherent to a living or inert surface There are three classes of signaling molecules for different purposes, i. e. signaling within the organism to coordinate gene expressions to generate adequate response behavior, signaling between same or related and different species. The most popular communicative behavior is „quorum sensing“. Quorum sensing is a type of decision-making process used by decentralized groups to coordinate behavior Quorum sensing is the term for description of sign-mediated interactions in which chemical molecules are produced and secreted by bacteria. They are recognized of the bacterial community dependent on a critical concentration and in a special ratio to the population density. These molecules trigger the expression of a great variety of gene transcriptions.

The semi-chemicals used by bacteria are of great variety, especially because some signaling molecules are multiple re-usable components. Today three kinds of communicative goals are distinguished: (A) reciprocal communication, active sign-mediated interactions which is beneficial for both interacting parts; (B) messages which are produced as response on a triggering event which may be an indicator for a receiver which was not specially targeted by the producer. A coincidental event which is neutral – except of the energy costs of production – to the producer but beneficial for the receiver; (C) signaling to manipulate the receiver, i. e. to cause a response behavior which is one-sided beneficial to the producer and harms the receivers often in that they behave against their normal goals. The three classes of bacteria communication enable bacteria to generate and coordinate different behavioral patterns:^[4] self and non-self identification, i. e. identification of other colonies and measurement of their size, pheromone based courtship for mating, alteration of colony structure in formatting of fruiting bodies, initiation of developmental and growth processes e. g. sporulation. ^[5]

Sources

• Baumeister, R. F. , & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin 117, 497-529.
• Severin, Werner J. , Tankard, James W. , Jr. , (1979). Communication Theories: Origins, Methods, Uses. New York: Hastings House, ISBN 0801317037

See also

Main article: List of basic communication topics

• Facilitation

References

External links

• A brief history of communication across ages
• Communicating for change and impact
• How Human Communication Fails (Tampere University of Technology)
• The Transmission Model of Communication (Daniel Chandler)

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