Citizendia

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
Agency overview
Formed1926
JurisdictionCommonwealth of Australia
HeadquartersCanberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
Employees6600+
Agency ExecutiveGeoff Garrett
Website
csiro.au

The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is the national government body for scientific research in Australia. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Canberra ( is the capital city of Australia With a population of over 340000 it is Australia's largest inland City. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. It was founded in 1926 originally as the Advisory Council of Science and Industry. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Research highlights include the invention of atomic absorption spectroscopy, development of the first polymer banknote, invention of the insect repellent in Aerogard, gene splicing technology and the introduction of a series of biological controls into Australia, such as the introduction of Myxomatosis and Rabbit calicivirus which causes rabbit haemorrhagic disease for the control of rabbit populations. In Analytical chemistry, atomic absorption spectroscopy is a technique for determining the concentration of a particular metal element in a sample Polymer banknotes were developed by the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO and The University Aerogard is a high-profile Australian brand of outdoor Insect repellent, that is applied directly to the Skin. Genetic engineering, Recombinant DNA technology, genetic modification/manipulation (GM and gene splicing are terms that apply to the direct Myxomatosis (commonly called 'myxi' is a disease which affects Rabbits It is caused by the Myxoma virus. Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus ( RHDV) also known as rabbit calicivirus ( RCV) is the Type species of the genus Lagovirus Rabbit haemorrhagic disease ( RHD) also known as rabbit calicivirus disease ( RCD) or viral haemorrhagic disease ( VHD) is a highly Rabbits are small Mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha, found in several parts of the world CSIRO's research into ICT technologies has resulted in advances such as the Panoptic Search Engine[1] (now known as Funnelback) and Annodex[2]. Funnelback is both an enterprise Search engine and the name of the Company selling the technology Annodex is a digital media format developed by CSIRO to provide annotation and indexing of continuous media, such

Recently, the CSIRO has been actively defending its patent[3] for the use of wireless technologies which are a standard for many modern day laptops. Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of electrical conductors or " Wires quot A class action has been filed by US corporations Microsoft, Apple and Dell to renege on paying royalties on the wireless patent filed by the CSIRO in 1996. Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational Computer technology Corporation, which rose to dominate the Home computer Apple Inc, ( formerly Apple Computer Inc, is an American Multinational corporation with a focus on designing and manufacturing Consumer electronics The multinational technology company Dell Inc develops manufactures sells and supports Personal computers and other computer-related products

In October 2005 Nature magazine announced that CSIRO scientists had developed near-perfect rubber from resilin, the elastic protein which gives fleas their jumping ability and helps insects fly. Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869 Resilin is an Elastomeric Protein found in many Arthropods As of 2005 it is the most efficient elastic protein known (Elvin et al 2005 [4]

Contents

Research groups and initiatives

CSIRO Darwin
CSIRO Darwin

Employing over 6600 staff, the CSIRO maintains more than 50 sites across Australia and biological control research stations in France and Mexico. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The primary roles of the CSIRO include contributing to meeting the objectives and responsibilities of the Australian Federal Government and providing new ways to benefit the Australian community and the economic and social performance of a number of industry sectors through research and development.

Research undertaken by the CSIRO is divided into 16 operational 'Divisions'. These are:

In 2007, the divisions of Industrial Physics and Manufacturing and Materials Technology merged to form a new division, Materials Science and Engineering. CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CMAR is one of the currently c

In addition, CSIRO is a participant in a number of joint ventures, including:

"Flagship" initiative

The CSIRO "Flagship" initiative was designed to integrate, focus and direct national scientific resources. In May 2005, the government announced the launch of CSIRO's $97 million Flagship Collaboration Fund, which is intended to encourage cooperative research between universities, CSIRO and other research agencies.

As of Jan 2008, the CSIRO supported the following 9 "Flagships"[5]:

In April 2007, funding for a new Flagship was announced by the Federal government[6]. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common It will be investigating the effects of Climate Change.

The Air Quality Modelling and Dispersion Team

CSIRO's Air Quality Modelling and Dispersion Team[7] is a part of the Marine and Atmospheric Research division.

Some of the widely used air quality dispersion models[8] developed by CSIRO are:

The "Australian Air Quality Forecasting System" is provided jointly by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and CSIRO. Atmospheric dispersion modeling is the mathematical simulation of how air pollutants disperse in the ambient atmosphere. Atmospheric dispersion models are computer programs that use mathematical Algorithms to simulate how Pollutants in the ambient atmosphere disperse Atmospheric dispersion models are computer programs that use mathematical Algorithms to simulate how Pollutants in the ambient atmosphere disperse Atmospheric dispersion models are computer programs that use mathematical Algorithms to simulate how Pollutants in the ambient atmosphere disperse Atmospheric dispersion models are computer programs that use mathematical Algorithms to simulate how Pollutants in the ambient atmosphere disperse The Bureau of Meteorology generates the high resolution weather forecasts and CSIRO has created computer models to calculate pollution levels.

History

A precursor to the CSIRO, the Advisory Council of Science and Industry, was established in 1916 at the initiative of Prime Minister Billy Hughes. William Morris 'Billy' Hughes, CH, KC (25 September 1862 &ndash 28 October 1952 Australian politician was the seventh Prime Minister of Australia However, the Advisory Council struggled with insufficient funding during the First World War. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All In 1920 the Council was renamed the "Commonwealth Institute of Science and Industry", and was led by George Handley Knibbs (1921-26), but continued to struggle financially. Sir George Handley "The Knibb" Knibbs CMG ( June 13 1858 - 30 March 1929) was an Australian scientist the first Commonwealth

In 1926 The Science and Industry Research Act replaced the Institute with the 'Council for Scientific and Industrial Research' (CSIR). The CSIR was structured to represent the federal structure of Australian government, and had state-level committees and a central council. As well as this improved structure, the CSIR benefited from strong bureaucratic management under George Julius, David Rivett, and Arnold Richardson. Sir George Alfred Julius (29 April 1873 &ndash 28 June 1947 was the founder of Julius Poole & Gibson Pty Ltd and Automatic Totalisators Ltd and invented the world's first automatic Sir (Albert Cherbury David Rivett KCMG ( 4 December 1885 – 1 April 1961) was an Australian chemist and science administrator CSIR research focussed on primary and secondary industries. Early in its existence, it established divisions studying animal health and animal nutrition. After the depression, the CSIR extended into secondary industries such as manufacturing.

Notable inventions and breakthroughs by the CSIRO include:

The CSIRO today has expanded into a wider range of scientific inquiry. In Analytical chemistry, atomic absorption spectroscopy is a technique for determining the concentration of a particular metal element in a sample The Parkes Observatory is a Radio telescope observatory 20 kilometres north of the town of Parkes, New South Wales, Australia. Aerogard is a high-profile Australian brand of outdoor Insect repellent, that is applied directly to the Skin. The Microwave Landing System (MLS is an all-weather precision landing system originally intended to replace or supplement the Instrument Landing System (ILS Polymer banknotes were developed by the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO and The University Zanamivir ( INN) (zəˈnæmɨvɪr is a Neuraminidase inhibitor used in the treatment of and Prophylaxis of both Influenzavirus A and Influenzavirus A wireless LAN or WLAN is a Wireless Local area network, which is the linking of two or more computers or devices without using wires This expansion began with the establishment of the CSIRO in 1949 which, as well as a name change, reconstituted the organisation and its administrative structure. Under Ian Clunies Ross as chairman, the CSIRO pursued new areas such as radioastronomy and industrial chemistry. Sir William Ian Clunies Ross, CMG (1899–1959 is described as the 'architect' of Australia's scientific boom for his stewardship of Australia's scientific organisation the

Historic research

CSIR owned the first computer in Australia, CSIRAC, built as part of a project began in the Sydney Radiophysics Laboratory in 1947. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. CSIRAC ( C ouncil for S cientific and I ndustrial R esearch A utomatic C omputer, pronounced /'sаɪræk/ The CSIR Mk 1 ran its first program in 1949, the fifth electronic computer in the world. It was over 1000 times faster than the mechanical calculators available at the time. It was decommissioned in 1955 and recommissioned in Melbourne as CSIRAC in 1956 as a general purpose computing machine used by over 700 projects until 1964. [14] The CSIRAC is the only functioning first-generation computer in the world today.

Domain name

The CSIRO was the first Australian organisation to start using the internet, and as such was free to register the second-level domain csiro.au (as opposed to csiro. In the Domain Name System (DNS hierarchy a second-level domain (SLD is a domain that is directly below a Top-level domain (TLD org. au or csiro. com. au). Guidelines were introduced in 1996 to regulate the use of the .au domain.

Previous Chief Executives

Chief ExecutivePeriod in office
Albert Rivett1 January 1927–31 December 1945
Arnold Richardson1 January 1946–18 April 1949
Frederick White19 April 1949–13 December 1956
Stewart Bastow1 January 1957–30 June 1959
No designated chief executive1 July 1959–4 December 1986
Keith Boardman (acting)5 December 1986–4 March 1987
Keith Boardman5 March 1987–4 March 1990
John Stocker5 March 1990–4 March 1995
Roy Green (acting)5 March 1995–20 July 1995
Roy Green21 July 1995–2 January 1996
Roy Green (acting)3 January 1996–4 February 1996
Malcolm McIntosh5 February 1996–7 February 2000
Colin Adam (acting)7 February 2000–14 January 2001
Geoff Garrett15 January 2001–present

Recent controversies

Diet book

In 2005 the organisation also gained worldwide attention (and criticism) for publishing and promoting the Total Wellbeing Diet book [15] which features a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet. Sir (Albert Cherbury David Rivett KCMG ( 4 December 1885 – 1 April 1961) was an Australian chemist and science administrator New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Userpolbot from http//bioguidecongressgov/scripts/biodisplaypl?index=W000369 Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "July 1st" redirects here For the Ayumi Hamasaki song see H (song. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 1986 ( MCMLXXXVI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link displays 1986 Gregorian calendar) Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Events 1431 - Joan of Arc is handed over to the Bishop Pierre Cauchon. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Events 1129 - Formal approval of the Order of the Templar at the Council of Troyes. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most Dieting is the practice of ingesting food in a regulated fashion to achieve or maintain a controlled weight The book has sold over half a million copies in Australia and over 100,000 overseas [16] but was criticised in an editorial by Nature for giving scientific credence to a "fashionable" diet book sponsored by meat and dairy industries [17]. Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869

Job cuts

In 2006 CSIRO was again in the news, this time with reports that they were struggling with reduced funding and job cuts [18]. It was reported that the organisation was increasingly affected by political processes as claims of gags on scientists on the topic of global warming emerged [19]. Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the The Labor Party attempted to open a Senate enquiry into the matter but it was rejected by the Government. The Senate is the upper of the two houses of the Parliament of Australia. [20]

802. 11 patent

In 2007 the adoption of the 802.11n wireless networking standard was held up when CSIRO refused to provide IEEE a Letter of Assurance to not sue over patent violations. IEEE 80211n is a proposed amendment to the IEEE 80211-2007 Wireless networking standard to significantly improve network throughput over previous standards such The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (read eye-triple-e) is an international Non-profit, professional organization [21]. In late November 2007, CSIRO won a lawsuit against Buffalo Technology, with an injunction that Buffalo must stop supplying AirStation products that infringe on the 802. November 2007 is the eleventh month of that year It began on a Thursday and 30 days later ended on a Friday AirStation is the name given to a series of Wireless LAN equipment sold by Buffalo Technology. 11 patent. [22][23]

See also

References

  1. ^ Funnelback Home Page
  2. ^ CeNTIE Home Page
  3. ^ U.S. Patent 5,487,069 
  4. ^ Elvin CM, Carr AG, Huson MG, Maxwell JM, Pearson RD, Vuocolo T, Liyou NE, Wong DC, Merritt DJ, Dixon NE (2005-10-13). The Australia Telescope National Facility (ATNF is a division of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO of Australia, and is a government-operated The Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL in Geelong, Victoria, Australia is a high security laboratory run by the CSIRO for The Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme (ABBBS a combination of the former Australian bird banding and bat banding schemes is managed by the Department of the Environment and Heritage CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CMAR is one of the currently c CSIRO Publishing is an Australian based science and technology publisher Funnelback is both an enterprise Search engine and the name of the Company selling the technology Cooperative Research Centres (CRCs are key bodies for Australian scientific Research. "Synthesis and properties of crosslinked recombinant pro-resilin". Nature 437 (7061): 999-1002. Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869  
  5. ^ CSIRO Flagships website
  6. ^ CSIRO to help adapt to climate change (Media Release)
  7. ^ Air Quality Modelling and Dispersion Team
  8. ^ *Beychok, M. R. (2005). Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion, 4th Edition, self-published. Fundamentals Of Stack Gas Dispersion is a book devoted to the basic fundamentals of Air pollution dispersion modeling of continuous buoyant pollution plumes ISBN 0-9644588-0-2.   www.air-dispersion.com
  9. ^ TAPM documentation
  10. ^ LADM documentation
  11. ^ AUSPLUME brief summary (scroll down beneath slide)
  12. ^ AUSPUFF brief summary (scroll down beneath slide)
  13. ^ DISPMOD brief summary (scroll down beneath slide)
  14. ^ Steven Pass, David Hornsby. CSIRAC publisher=University of Melbourne. The University of Melbourne is a Public university located in Melbourne, Victoria. Department of Computer Science and Engineering. Retrieved on 2006-05-08. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen
  15. ^ http://www.csiro.au/csiro/channel/pchaj,,.html Total Wellbeing Diet
  16. ^ "The town taking the CSIRO challenge", A Current Affair, 2005-12-06. A Current Affair (or " ACA " is a nightly tabloid current affairs programme broadcast on the Nine Network every week night hosted Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev Retrieved on 2006-04-24. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to  
  17. ^ A recipe for trouble. Ergogenics (2006-01-08). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Retrieved on 2006-04-24. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
  18. ^ Larry Schwartz. "No CSIRO place for top biologist", The Age, John Fairfax Holdings, 2003-07-27. The Age is a Broadsheet daily Newspaper, which has been published in Melbourne, Australia since 1854 Fairfax Media Limited, is one of Australia's largest diversified media companies Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. Retrieved on 2006-04-24. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to  
  19. ^ Janine Cohen. "The Greenhouse Mafia", Four Corners, ABC, 2006-02-13. Four Corners is Australia 's longest-running Investigative journalism / current affairs Television program The Australian Broadcasting Corporation, commonly abbreviated to the 'ABC' is Australia's national public broadcaster. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Retrieved on 2006-04-24. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to  
  20. ^ David Mark. "Labor to pursue CSIRO censorship allegations", The World Today, ABC, 2006-02-13. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation, commonly abbreviated to the 'ABC' is Australia's national public broadcaster. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed Retrieved on 2006-04-24. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to  
  21. ^ "Next generation Wi-Fi mired in patent fears", 2007-09-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Retrieved on 2007-09-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights.  
  22. ^ BUFFALO ISSUES A STATEMENT ABOUT THE CSIRO APPEAL.
  23. ^ "Next generation Wi-Fi mired in patent fears", 2007-09-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Retrieved on 2007-09-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights.  

External sources

Currie, George; Graham, John, The Origins of CSIRO: Science and the Commonwealth Government, 1901-1926, CSIRO, Melbourne, 1966

External links

© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic