A common school was a public school in the United States or Canada in the nineteenth century. The term public school has two distinct (and virtually opposite meanings depending on the location of usage in the United States, Australia and The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The term 'common school' was coined by Horace Mann, and refers to the fact that they were meant to serve individuals of all social classes and religions. This article is about an early leader in education for the private school located in New York City see Horace Mann School.
Students often went to the common school from ages six to fourteen (predecessor of grades 1-8), although this could vary widely. The duration of the school year was often dictated by the agricultural needs of particular communities, with children being off when they would be needed on the family farm. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Common schools were funded by local taxes, did not charge tuition, and were open to all children, at least all white children. Tuition means instruction or teaching. In American English, the term tuition is often used to refer to a fee charged for educational instruction Typically, with a small amount of state oversight, each district was controlled by an elected local school board; traditionally a county school superintendent or regional director was elected to supervise day-to-day activities of several common school districts. A board of education or a school Board or school committee is the title of the Board of directors of a school local School district
Since common schools were locally controlled, and the United States was very rural in the nineteenth century, most common schools were small one-room schools. They typically had a single teacher (usually female) and all the students were taught together, regardless of age. Common school districts were nominally subject to their creator, either a county commission or a state regulatory agency. Commissioner is a designation that may be used for a variety of official positions especially referring to a high-ranked public (administrative or Police) official or an analogous A government agency is a permanent or semi-permanent organization in the Machinery of government that is responsible for the oversight and administration of specific functions
Rural common schools of the nineteenth century differed from urban "charity" schools of the same period both in terms of organizational structure and funding sources.
Curriculum
Common schools typically taught The three Rs (reading, writing, and arithmetic), history, geography, and math. The three R's (as in the letter 'R' is a phrase sometimes used to describe the foundations of a Basic skills oriented education program within schools reading History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Evaluation of students was very varied (from 0-100 grading to no grades at all), but an end-of-the-year recital was a common way that parents were informed about what their children were learning. A recital is a Musical ( Vocal or instrumental Performance. It can highlight a single performer sometimes accompanied by Piano, or
Although common schools were designed by Mann to be nonsectarian, there were several fierce battles, most notably in New York and Philadelphia, where Roman Catholic immigrants and Indians objected to the use of the King James Version of the Bible. Nonsectarian, in its most literal sense refers to a lack of Sectarianism. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə Even without Bible readings, most common schools taught children the general Protestant values (e. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. g. , work ethic) of nineteenth-century America. Work ethic is a set of values based on the moral virtues of hard work and diligence
Common School Era
The common school era is viewed by many education scholars to have ended around 1900. Year 1900 ( MCM) was an exceptional Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar In the early twentieth century, schools generally became more regional (as opposed to local), and control of schools moved away from elected school boards, and towards professional control. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Because common schools were not a special-purpose district, voters often decided in called elections to join independent or unified school district. There are two types of special-purpose districts in the United States school districts and special districts An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office A unified school district is a school district which includes both Primary school ( Kindergarten through Middle school or junior high and High school
References
Cremin, Lawrence (1980). American Education: The National Experience. New York: Harper Collins.
Kaestle, Carl (1983). Pillars of the Republic: Common schools and American society, 1780-1860. New York: Hill and Wang.
Katz, Michael (1987). Reconstructing American Education. Cambridge: Harvard. 24-57.
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