Military commanders need to know where all their own troops are, where the enemy are, and various other information about the battlefield (or battlespace). This knowledge is described as Situation awareness. Situation awareness, or SA is the perception of environmental elements within a volume of time and space the comprehension of their meaning and the projection of their status in the
A commander's headquarters is typically responsible for ensuring that the appropriate information is presented to the commander, so that he can make the best command decisions. Headquarters (HQ denotes the location where most if not all of the important functions of an organization are concentrated Traditionally, headquarters would prepare maps with various symbols to show the locations of friendly and enemy troops and other relevant information. APP-6A Military Symbols for Land Based Systems is the NATO standard for military map marking symbols
Problems can arise when different commanders have different pictures of the state of the battlespace - especially Friendly fire. Friendly fire or non-hostile fire, a term originally adopted by the United States military, refers to fire from one's own side or allied forces as Ensuring that commanders have a common picture of the operation (or a Common Operational Picture) is important for preventing such problems.
A Common Operational Picture (COP) is single identical display of relevant (operational) information (e. g. position of own troops and enemy troops, position and status of important infrastructure such as bridges, roads, etc. ) shared by more than one command.
A common operational picture facilitates collaborative planning of operations and assists all echelons to achieve situational awareness. A military organization is a way of structuring the armed forces of a State as a need to offer Military capability required by the National defence policy Situation awareness, or SA is the perception of environmental elements within a volume of time and space the comprehension of their meaning and the projection of their status in the
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