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"BCE" redirects here. For other uses, see BCE (disambiguation).
"Era Vulgaris" redirects here. For the Queens of the Stone Age album, see Era Vulgaris (album). Era Vulgaris is the fifth full length Studio album by American Hard rock band Queens of the Stone Age.

Common Era (also known as Christian Era and Current Era; [1][2][3] abbreviated CE)[4] is a designation for the period of time beginning with year 1 of the proleptic Gregorian calendar. The proleptic Gregorian calendar is produced by extending the Gregorian calendar backward to dates preceding its official introduction in 1582. An earlier date is then designated BCE, described as "Before the Common, Christian, or Current Era". [5] The numbering of years is identical to the numbering in the Anno Domini system, neither system using a year zero. There is no year zero in the widely used Gregorian calendar, nor in its predecessor the Julian calendar. [6] The only difference between Common Era, Christian Era, and Anno Domini notation is in the names themselves. [7] Originating among Christians in Europe at least as early as 1615 (at first in Latin),[8] Common Era notation has been adopted in several non-Christian cultures, by many scholars in religious studies and other academic fields,[9][10] and by others wishing to be sensitive to non-Christians. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. [11] The use of BCE and CE has been criticized by some (who favor the BC/AD system) as being in their view "the result of secularization" and "political correctness". [12]

The Gregorian calendar is the calendar system with most widespread usage in the world today. For decades, it has been the unofficial global standard, recognized by international institutions such as the United Nations and the Universal Postal Union. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The Universal Postal Union ( UPU, French: Union postale universelle) is an International organization that coordinates postal policies among member

The abbreviation BCE, just as with BC, always follows the year number. Unlike AD, which traditionally precedes the year number, CE always follows the year number (if context requires that it be written at all). [13] Thus, the current year is written as 2008 in both systems (or, if further clarity is needed, as 2008 CE, or as AD 2008), and the year Socrates died is represented as 399 BCE (the same year that is represented by 399 BC in the BC/AD system). SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. The abbreviations are sometimes written with small capital letters, or with periods (e. A full stop or period (sometimes stop, full point, decimal point, or dot) is the Punctuation mark commonly placed at the g. , "BCE" or "C. E. "). [14]

Contents

Origins

See also: Anno Domini

The year numbering system for the Common Era was devised by the monk Dionysius Exiguus in the year 525. Dionysius Exiguus ( Dennis the Little or Dennis the Short, meaning humble (c He attempted to number years from the Incarnation of Jesus[15] "although scholars generally believe that Christ was born some years before A. The Incarnation is the belief in Christianity that Jesus Christ is the God of Israel in the flesh Jesus of Nazareth (7–2 BC / BCE —26–36 AD / CE) D. 1. "[16] Dionysius labeled the column of the Easter table in which he introduced the new era "Anni Domini Nostri Jesu Christi"[17] Numbering years in this manner became more widespread with its usage by Bede in England in 731. Bede (ˈbiːd (also Saint Bede, the Venerable Bede, or (from Latin Beda (beda (c Bede also introduced the practice of dating years before the supposed year of birth of Jesus, and the practice of not using a year zero. In 1422, Portugal became the last Western European country to switch to the system begun by Dionysius. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' The Spanish era refers to the dating system used in Hispania until the 14th century when the Anno Domini system was adopted [18]

The term "Common Era" is traced back in English to its appearance as "Vulgar[19] Era" (from the Latin word vulgus, the common people, i. e. those who are not royalty), to distinguish it from the Regnal dating systems typically used in national law. A regnal year is a year of the reign of a sovereign. From Latin regnum meaning kingdom rule The first use of the Latin equivalent (vulgaris aerae)[20] discovered so far was in a 1615 book by Johannes Kepler. Johannes Kepler (ˈkɛplɚ ( December 27 1571 &ndash November 15 1630) was a German Mathematician, Astronomer [8] Kepler uses it again in a 1617 table of ephemerides. An ephemeris (plural ephemerides; from the Greek word ἐφήμερος ephemeros "daily" is a table of values that gives the positions of [21] A 1635 English edition of that book has the title page in English - so far, the earliest-found usage of Vulgar Era in English. [22] A 1701 book edited by John LeClerc includes "Before Christ according to the Vulgar Æra, 6". [23] A 1716 book in English by Dean Humphrey Prideaux says, "before the beginning of the vulgar æra, by which we now compute the years from his incarnation. Humphrey Prideaux (1648–1724 Doctor of Divinity and scholar belonged to an ancient Cornish family was born at Padstow, and educated at Westminster School "[24][25] A 1796 book uses the term "vulgar era of the nativity". [26]

The first so-far-discovered usage of "Christian Era" is as the Latin phrase aerae christianae on the title page of a 1584 theology book. [27] In 1649, the Latin phrase æræ Christianæ appeared in the title of an English almanac. [28] A 1652 ephemeris is the first instance so-far-found for English usage of "Christian Era". [29]

The English phrase "common Era" appears at least as early as 1715 in a book on astronomy, used synonymously with Christian Era and Vulgar Era. [30] A 1759 history book uses common æra in a generic sense, to refer to the common era of the Jews. [31] Common era and vulgar era are used as synonyms in 1770, in a translation of a book originally written in German. [32] The 1797 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica uses the terms vulgar era and common era synonymously. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc [33] In 1835, in his book Living Oracles, Alexander Campbell, wrote: "The vulgar Era, or Anno Domini; the fourth year of Jesus Christ, the first of which was but eight days",[34] and also refers to the common era as a synonym for vulgar era with "the fact that our Lord was born on the 4th year before the vulgar era, called Anno Domini, thus making (for example) the 42d year from his birth to correspond with the 38th of the common era. Alexander Campbell (1788 &ndash 1866 was an early leader in the Second Great Awakening of the religious movement that has been referred to as the Restoration, or . . "[35] The Catholic Encyclopedia uses the sentence: "Foremost among these [various eras] is that which is now adopted by all civilized peoples and known as the Christian, Vulgar or Common Era, in the twentieth century of which we are now living. "[18] During the 19th century, "Vulgar Era" came to be contrasted with "Christian Era", and "vulgar" came to mean "crudely indecent", thus no longer a synonym for "common".

The phrase "common era", in lower case, also appeared in the 19th century in a generic sense, not necessarily to refer to the Christian Era, but to any system of dates in common use throughout a civilization. Lower case (also lower-case or lowercase) minuscule, or small letters are the smaller form of letters as opposed to upper Thus, "the common era of the Jews",[36][37] "the common era of the Mahometans",[38] "common era of the world",[39] "the common era of the foundation of Rome". [40] When it did refer to the Christian Era, it was sometimes qualified, e. g. , "common era of the Incarnation",[41] "common era of the Nativity",[42] or "common era of the birth of Christ". [43]

Some Jewish academics were already using the CE and BCE abbreviations by the mid-19th century, such as in 1856, when Rabbi and historian, Morris Jacob Raphall used the abbreviation in his book, Post-Biblical History of The Jews. Morris Jacob Raphall ( October 3, 1798 – June 23, 1868) was a Rabbi and author born at Stockholm, Sweden. [44]

Other associations

An adapted translation of Common Era into Latin as Era Vulgaris was adopted in the 20th century by some followers of Aleister Crowley, and thus the abbreviation "e. Aleister Crowley, born Edward Alexander Crowley (ˈkroʊli (12 October 1875 – 1 December 1947 was a British Occultist Writer, mountaineer v. " or "EV" may sometimes be seen as a replacement for AD. [45]

Usage

The terms "Common Era", "Anno Domini", "Before the Common Era" and "Before Christ" can be applied to dates that rely on either the Julian calendar or the Gregorian calendar. The Julian calendar, a reform of the Roman calendar, was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and came into force in 45 BC (709 Ab urbe condita The Gregorian calendar is the most widely used Calendar in the world today Modern dates are understood in the Western world to be in the Gregorian calendar, but for older dates writers should specify the calendar used. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Dates in the Gregorian calendar have always used the Common Era, but over the millennia a wide variety of eras have been used with the Julian calendar.

Although Jews have their own Hebrew calendar, they often find it convenient to use the Gregorian Calendar as well. The Hebrew calendar (הלוח העברי ha'luach ha'ivri) or Jewish calendar is a Lunisolar calendar used by Jews for predominantly religious The reasons for some using Common Era notation are described below:

Jews do not generally use the words "A. D. " and "B. C. " to refer to the years on the Gregorian calendar. "A. D. " means "the year of our L-rd," and we do not believe Jesus is the L-rd. Instead, we use the abbreviations C. E. (Common or Christian Era) and B. C. E. (Before the Common Era). [46]

Indeed, Common Era notation has also been in use for Hebrew lessons for "more than a century". [47]

Some American academics in the fields of education and history have adopted CE and BCE notation, although there is some disagreement. Education encompasses both the Teaching and Learning of Knowledge, proper conduct, and technical competency History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology [48] The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania, which is the leading publishing body of the Jehovah's Witnesses, uses CE and BCE exclusively in its publications. Jehovah's Witnesses is a restorationist, millenialist Christian denomination [49] More visible uses of Common Era notation have recently surfaced at major museums in the English-speaking world: The Smithsonian Institution prefers Common Era usage, though individual museums are not required to use it. The Smithsonian Institution (smɪθsoʊnɪən is an educational and research institute and associated Museum complex administered and funded by the Government of [50] Furthermore, several style guides now prefer or mandate its usage. [51] Even some style guides for Christian churches prefer its use: for example, the Episcopal Diocese Maryland Church News. [52]

In the United States, the usage of the BCE/CE notation in textbooks is growing. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the A textbook is a manual of instruction or a standard book in any branch of study [47] Some publications have moved over to using it exclusively. For example, the 2007 World Almanac was the first edition to switch over to the BCE/CE usage, ending a 138-year usage of the traditional BC/AD dating system. It is used by the College Board in its history tests,[53] by the Norton Anthology of English Literature, and by the United States Naval Observatory. The College Board is a Not-for-profit Examination board in the United States that was formed in 1900 The Norton Anthology of English Literature is an anthology of English literature published by the W The United States Naval Observatory ( USNO) is one of the oldest Scientific agencies in the United States. [54] Others have taken a different approach. The US-based History Channel uses BCE/CE notation in articles on non-Christian religious topics such as Jerusalem and Judaism. History, formerly known as The History Channel, is a Satellite and Cable TV channel, with shows on historical events and persons&mdashoften The city of Jerusalem, located in modern-day Israel, is significant in a number of religious traditions including Abrahamic religions Judaism [55] Whereas, in June 2006, the Kentucky State School Board reversed its decision that would have included the designations BCE and CE as part of state law, leaving education of students about these concepts a matter of discretion at the local level. [56][57][58]

In some formerly Communist, predominantly Christian societies, the designation New Era (or Our Era) was encouraged by Communist authorities to replace BC and AD. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based In Bulgaria, for example, пр. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian н. е. (преди новата ера, before the new era, or преди нашата ера, before our era) and н. е. (от новата ера, of the new era, or от нашата ера, of our era) are still widely used by atheists/agnostics instead of traditional пр. Хр. (преди Христа, BC) and сл. Хр. (след Христа, after Christ), which were unofficially reinstituted after the Communist period. Chinese use the term "Common Era (公元). A Chinese era name ( is the Era name, reign period or regnal title used when traditionally numbering years in an emperor's reign and naming certain Chinese "

Arguments for and against usage of CE/BCE notation

A range of arguments have been presented both for and against the use of CE and BCE in place of AD and BC.

Support

Supporters of Common Era notation promote it as a religiously neutral notation suited for cross-cultural communication due to compatibility with religious toleration and religious pluralism. Religious toleration is the condition of accepting or permitting others' religious beliefs and practices which disagree with one's own Religious pluralism (rel Comparative religion) is a loosely defined expression concerning acceptance of different Religions and is used in a number of related

Arguments for using the Common Era designation include:

Opposition

Efforts to replace AD/BC notation with CE/BCE notation have given rise to opposition.

Opposition arguments favoring AD/BC include:

Other arguments opposing the use of CE/BCE include:

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ BBC Team (2005-02-08). A calendar reform is any significant revision of a Calendar system Before Present (BP years are a time scale used in Archaeology, Geology, and other scientific disciplines to specify when events in the past occurred Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. History of Judaism 63BCE-1086CE. BBC Religion & Ethics. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved on 2007-09-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz  “Year 1: CE – What is nowadays called the 'Current Era' traditionally begins with the birth of a Jewish teacher called Jesus. His followers came to believe he was the promised Messiah and later split away from Judaism to found Christianity”
  2. ^ wiseGEEK (2007). What is the Difference Between the Western, Islamic, and Jewish calendars?. Retrieved on 2007-09-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1251 BC - A Solar eclipse on this date might mark the birth of legendary Heracles at Thebes Greece.
  3. ^ Dictionaries: Common Era
    • "Common Era". Collins Dictionary of the English Language. (1980). London & Glasgow: Collins. ISBN 0 00 433080-3.  “Com+mon E·ra n. another name for Christian Era. ” 
    • "Common Era". Dictionary. com The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. (© 2002). Houghton Mifflin. Retrieved on 2007-09-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian  “Common Era – The period beginning with the year traditionally thought to have been birth of Jesus. ”
    • "Common Era". Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. (2003). Merriam-Webster. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life  “Main Entry: Common Era – Function: noun – Date: 1846 – : christian era” 
    • "Common Era". Dictionary. com The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. (2004). Houghton Mifflin. Retrieved on 2007-09-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian  “Com·mon Era – n. Abbr. C. E. – The period coinciding with the Christian era. ”
    • "Common Era". Dictionary. com Dictionary. com Unabridged (v 1. 1). (© 2006). Random House. Retrieved on 2007-09-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian  “Common Era – –noun Christian Era. ”
    • "common era". Dictionary. com WordNet® 3. 0. (© 2006). Princeton University. Retrieved on 2007-09-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian  “common era – adverb – 1. of the period coinciding with the Christian era; preferred by some writers who are not Christians; 'in 200 CE' [syn: CE] — noun – 1. the time period beginning with the supposed year of Christ's birth [syn: Christian era]”
  4. ^ Dictionaries: CE
    • "CE". Dictionary. com The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. (© 2002). Houghton Mifflin. Retrieved on 2007-09-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian  “CE – Abbreviation for Common Era. ”
    • "CE". Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. (2003). Merriam-Webster. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life  “Main Entry: CE – Function: abbreviation – 3 Christian Era —often punctuated; Common Era —often punctuated” 
    • "C. E. ". Collins Dictionary of the English Language. (1980). London & Glasgow: Collins. ISBN 0 00 433080-3.  “C. E. 5. Common Era. ” 
    • "C.E.". Dictionary. com American Heritage Abbreviations Dictionary, Third Edition. (© 2005). Houghton Mifflin. Retrieved on 2007-09-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian  “C. E. – 4. Common Era”
    • "C.E.". Dictionary. com Dictionary. com Unabridged (v 1. 1). (© 2006). Random House. Retrieved on 2007-09-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian  “C. E. – 5. common era. ”
    • "ce""c.e.". Dictionary. com WordNet® 3. 0. (© 2006). Princeton University. Retrieved on 2007-09-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian  “ce, c. e. – adverb – 1. of the period coinciding with the Christian era; preferred by some writers who are not Christians; 'in 200 CE' [syn: CE]” – WP editorial note: the source does not mention any suffix like "[syn: CE]" for entry "ce" as shown for entry "c. e. ".
  5. ^ Dictionaries: BCE
    • "BCE". Dictionary. com The American Heritage® Science Dictionary. (© 2002). Houghton Mifflin. Retrieved on 2007-09-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul  “BCE – Abbreviation for before the Common Era. ”
    • "BCE". Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. (2003). Merriam-Webster. Retrieved on 2007-09-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian  “Main Entry: BCE – Function: abbreviation – 3 before the Christian Era —often punctuated; before the Common Era —often punctuated” 
    • "B. C. E. ". Collins Dictionary of the English Language. (1980). London & Glasgow: Collins. ISBN 0 00 433080-3.  “B. C. E. abbrev. for Before Common Era (used, esp. by non-Christians, in numbering years B. C. ” 
    • "B.C.E.". Dictionary. com American Heritage Abbreviations Dictionary, Third Edition. (© 2005). Houghton Mifflin. Retrieved on 2007-09-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul  “B. C. E. – Before the Common Era”
    • "B.C.E.". Dictionary. com The American Heritage® New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition. (2005). Houghton Mifflin. Retrieved on 2007-09-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul  “B. C. E. – An abbreviation sometimes used in place of b. c. It means 'before the Common Era. ' – [Chapter:] Conventions of Written English”
    • "B.C.E.". Dictionary. com Dictionary. com Unabridged (v 1. 1). (© 2006). Random House. Retrieved on 2007-09-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul  “B. C. E. – 4. before (the) Common (or Christian) Era. ”
    • "bce""b.c.e.". Dictionary. com WordNet® 3. 0. (© 2006). Princeton University. Retrieved on 2007-09-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul  “bce, b. c. e. – adverb – of the period before the Common Era; preferred by some writers who are not Christians; "in 200 BCE" [syn: BCE]” – WP editorial note: the source does not mention any suffix like "[syn: BCE]" for entry "bce" as shown for entry "b. c. e. ".
  6. ^ Two separate systems that also do not use religious titles, the astronomical system and the ISO 8601 standard do use a year zero. Astronomical year numbering is based on AD ( Anno Domini)/CE ( Common Era) year numbering but follows normal Decimal Integer numbering more strictly ISO 8601 is an International standard for date and Time representations issued by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO There is no year zero in the widely used Gregorian calendar, nor in its predecessor the Julian calendar. The year 1 BCE (identical to the year 1 BC) is represented as 0 in the astronomical system, and as 0000 in ISO 8601.
  7. ^ Anno Domini (which means in the year of the/our Lord) "Anno Domini". Merriam Webster Online Dictionary. (2003). Merriam-Webster. Retrieved on 2008-02-04. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons  “Etymology: Medieval Latin, in the year of the Lord”  Translated as "in the year of (Our) Lord" in Blackburn, B & Holford-Strevens, L, (2003), The Oxford Companion to the Year, Oxford University Press, 782.
  8. ^ a b Earliest-found use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1615). Retrieved on 2008-01-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Johannes Kepler (1615). Johannes Kepler (ˈkɛplɚ ( December 27 1571 &ndash November 15 1630) was a German Mathematician, Astronomer Joannis Keppleri Eclogae chronicae: ex epistolis doctissimorum aliquot virorum & suis mutuis, quibus examinantur tempora nobilissima: 1. Herodis Herodiadumque, 2. baptismi & ministerii Christi annorum non plus 2 1/4, 3. passionis, mortis et resurrectionis Dn. N. Iesu Christi, anno aerae nostrae vulgaris 31. non, ut vulgo 33. , 4. belli Iudaici, quo funerata fuit cum Ierosolymis & Templo Synagoga Iudaica, sublatumque Vetus Testamentum. Inter alia & commentarius in locum Epiphanii obscurissimum de cyclo veteri Iudaeorum. (in Latin). Francofurti : Tampach.  “anno aerae nostrae vulgaris” 
  9. ^ History of the World Christian Movement. Retrieved on 2008-01-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Irvin, Dale T. ; Sunquist, Scott (2001). History of the World Christian Movement. Continuum International Publishing Group, page xi. ISBN 0567088669.  “The influence of western culture and scholarship upon the rest of the world in turn led to this system of dating becoming the most widely used one across the globe today. Many scholars in historical and religious studies in the West in recent years have sought to lessen the explicitly Christian meaning of this system without abandoning the usefulness of a single, common, global form of dating. For this reason the terms common era and before the common era, abbreviated as CE and BCE, have grown in popularity as designations. The terms are meant, in deference to non-Christians, to soften the explicit theological claims made by the older Latin terminology, while at the same time providing continuity with earlier generations of mostly western Christian historical research. ” 
  10. ^ Get Set for Religious Studies. Retrieved on 2008-01-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Corrywright, Dominic; Morgan, Peggy (2006). Get Set for Religious Studies. Edinburgh University Press, p 18. ISBN 074862032X.  “Also note where AD (from the Latin 'in the year of our Lord') and BC (before Christ) are used in datings, for although the numerical calculation of this system is now the international convention, the terminology used in religious studies is CE (common era) and BCE (before the common era), which are more neutrally descriptive terms” 
  11. ^ Andrew Herrmann. "BCE date designation called more sensitive", Chicago Sun-Times, 2006-05-27. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 927 - Simeon the Great, Tsar of Bulgaria, dies 1120 - Richard III of Capua is anointed Retrieved on 2007-06-15. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history  "Herrmann observes, "The changes — showing up at museums, in academic circles and in school textbooks — have been touted as more sensitive to people of faiths outside of Christianity. " However, Herrmann notes, "The use of BCE and CE have rankled some Christians" .
  12. ^ Southern Baptist Convention 2000, Resolution 9
  13. ^ Wilson, Kenneth G. (1993). The Columbia Guide to Standard American English – A.D., B.C., (A.)C.E., B.C.E.. Retrieved on 2007-06-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses.
  14. ^ Major Rule Changes in The Chicago Manual of Style, Fifteenth Edition. University of Chicago Press (15th ed. : 2003). Retrieved on 2007-09-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the  “Certain abbreviations traditionally set in small caps are now in full caps (AD, BCE, and the like), with small caps an option. ”
  15. ^ Pedersen, O. , (1983), "The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church" in Coyne, G. V. et al. (Eds. ) The Gregorian Reform of the Calendar, Vatican Observatory, p. 50.
  16. ^ Doggett, L. E. , (1992), "Calendars" in Seidelmann, P. K. , The Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac, Sausalito CA: University Science Books, p. 579.
  17. ^ Pedersen, O. , (1983), "The Eccleesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church" in Coyne, G. V. et al. (Eds. ) http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/book/grc../1983//0000052.000.html The Gregorian Reform of the Calendar], Vatican Observatory, p. 52.
  18. ^ a b New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia (1908). General Chronology Vol III. Robert Appleton Company, New York. Retrieved on 2007-12-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian
  19. ^ It is relatively recently the word vulgar has come to mean "crudely indecent"
  20. ^ In Latin, Common Era is written as Vulgaris Aerae. It also occasionally appears as æræ vulgaris, aerae vulgaris, aeram vulgarem, anni vulgaris, vulgaris aerae Christianae, and anni vulgatae nostrae aerae Christianas.
  21. ^ Second use of "vulgaris aerae" (Latin for Common Era) (1617). Retrieved on 2008-01-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Johannes Kepler, Jakob Bartsch (1617). Johannes Kepler (ˈkɛplɚ ( December 27 1571 &ndash November 15 1630) was a German Mathematician, Astronomer Ephemerides novae motuum coelestium, ab anno vulgaris aerae MDCXVII[-XXXVI]. . . . Johannes Plancus.  “Part 3 has title: Tomi L Ephemeridvm Ioannis Kepleri pars tertia, complexa annos à M. DC. XXIX. in M. DC. XXXVI. In quibus & tabb. Rudolphi jam perfectis, et sociâ operâ clariss. viri dn. Iacobi Bartschii . . . Impressa Sagani Silesiorvm, in typographeio Ducali, svmptibvs avthoris, anno M. DC. XXX. ” 
    • Translation of title (per 1635 English edition): New Ephemerids for the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeeres of the Vulgar Era 1617-1636
  22. ^ Earliest so-far-found use of vulgar era in English (1635). Retrieved on 2007-12-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Johann Kepler, Adriaan Vlacq. Ephemerides of the Celestiall Motions, for the Yeers of the Vulgar Era 1633. . . .  
  23. ^ vulgar era in English (1701). Retrieved on 2007-12-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people (1701) in John LeClerc: The Harmony of the Evangelists. London: Sam Buckley, p 5.  “Before Christ according to the Vulgar AEra, 6” 
  24. ^ Prideaux use of "Vulgar Era" (1716) (1799 reprint). Retrieved on 2007-12-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Humphrey Prideaux, D.D. (1716). Humphrey Prideaux (1648–1724 Doctor of Divinity and scholar belonged to an ancient Cornish family was born at Padstow, and educated at Westminster School The Old and New Testament Connected in the History of the Jews and Neighbouring Nations. Edinburgh: D. Schaw & Co. , p 1 Vol 1.  “This happened in the seventh year after the building of Rome, and in the second year of the eighth Olympiad, which was the seven hundred forty-seventh year before Christ, i. e. before the beginning of the vulgar æra, by which we now compute the years from his incarnation. ” 
  25. ^ Merriam Webster accepts the date of 1716, but does not give the source. Merriam Webster Online entry for Vulgar Era. Retrieved on 2007-12-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian
  26. ^ "vulgar era of the nativity" (1796). Retrieved on 2007-12-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the Rev. Robert Walker, Isaac Newton, Thomas Falconer. Analysis of Researches Into the Origin and Progress of Historical Time, from the Creation to . . . . London: T. Cadell Jr. and W. Davies, p10.  “Dionysius the Little brought the vulgar era of the nativity too low by four years. ” 
  27. ^ 1584 Latin use of aerae christianae. Retrieved on 2008-01-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks GRYNAEUS, Johann Jacob; BEUMLER, Marcus (1584). De Eucharistica controuersia, capita doctrinae theologicae de quibus mandatu, illustrissimi principis ac domini, D. Iohannis Casimiri, Comites Palatini ad Rhenum, Ducis Bauariae, tutoris & administratoris Electoralis Palatinatus, octonis publicis disputationibus (quarum prima est habita 4 Apr. anno aerae christianae 1584, Marco Beumlero respondente) praeses Iohannes Iacobus Grynaeus, orthodoxae fidei rationem interrogantibus placidè reddidit ; accessit eiusdem Iohannis Iacobi Grynaeus synopsis orationis, quam de disputationis euentu, congressione nona, quae indicit in 15 Aprilis, publicè habuit. , Editio tertia (in Latin), Heidelbergae: Typis Iacobi Mylij. OCLC 123471534. The OCLC Online Computer Library Center is according to its website a "nonprofit membership computer library service and research organization dedicated to the public purpose  “4 Apr. anno aerae christianae 1584” 
  28. ^ 1649 use of æræ Christianæ in English book - 1st usage found in English. Retrieved on 2008-01-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 532 - Nika riots in Constantinople. 888 - Odo Count of Paris becomes King of the Franks WING, Vincent (1649). Speculum uranicum, anni æræ Christianæ, 1649, or, An almanack and prognosication for the year of our Lord, 1649 being the first from bissextile or leap-year, and from the creation of the world 5598, wherein is contained many useful, pleasant and necessary observations, and predictions . . .  : calculated (according to art) for the meridian and latitude of the ancient borrough town of Stamford in Lincolnshire . . . and without sensible errour may serve the 3. kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland. . London: J. L. for the Company of Stationers.  “anni æræ Christianæ, 1649” 
  29. ^ first appearance of "Christian Era" in English (1652). Retrieved on 2007-12-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Sliter, Robert (1652). A celestiall glasse, or, Ephemeris for the year of the Christian era 1652 being the bissextile or leap-year: contayning the lunations, planetary motions, configurations & ecclipses for this present year . . .  : with many other things very delightfull and necessary for most sorts of men: calculated exactly and composed for . . . Rochester. London: Printed for the Company of Stationers.  
  30. ^ first so-far-found use of common era in English (1715) p252. Retrieved on 2008-01-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France.  “Some say the World was created 3950 Years before the common Æra of Christ” Gregory, David; John Nicholson, John Morphew (1715). The Elements of Astronomy, Physical and Geometrical v. 1. London: printed for J. Nicholson, and sold by J. Morphew.   Before Christ and Christian Era appear on the same page 252, while Vulgar Era appears on page 250
  31. ^ 1759 use of common æra. Retrieved on 2008-01-12. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Sale, George (1759). An Universal History: From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time By George Sale, v 13. London: C. Bathurst [etc. ], v 13, p 130.  “at which time they fixed that for their common era”  In this case, their refers to the Jews.
  32. ^ common era and vulgar era as synonyms in English (1770). Retrieved on 2008-01-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Hooper, William; Bielfeld, Jacob Friedrich (1770). The Elements of Universal Eurdition (v. 2). London: G. Scott, printer, for J Robson, bookseller in New-Bond Street, and B. Law in Ave-Mary Lane, p 105, 63.  “in the year of the world 3692, and 312 years before the vulgar era. . . . The Spanish era began with the year of the world 3966, and 38 years before the common era (p63)” 
  33. ^ "vulgar era" in 1797 EB p 228 v. 14 pt. 1 P (Peter) (1797). Retrieved on 2007-12-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people  “St Peter died in the 66th year of the vulgar era”
    "common era" in 1797 EB p 50 v. 14 pt. 1 P (Paul) (1797). Retrieved on 2007-12-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people  “This happened in the 33rd year of the common era, fome time after our Saviour's death. ”
    Encyclopædia Britannica: Or, A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and Miscellaneous Literature (Third Edition in 18 volumes). (1797). Ed. George Gleig. v. 14 pt. 1 P.  
  34. ^ Alexander Campbell (1835). Alexander Campbell (1788 &ndash 1866 was an early leader in the Second Great Awakening of the religious movement that has been referred to as the Restoration, or The Living Oracles, Fourth Edition, pp 16-20. Retrieved on 2007-12-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian  
  35. ^ Alexander Campbell (1835). Alexander Campbell (1788 &ndash 1866 was an early leader in the Second Great Awakening of the religious movement that has been referred to as the Restoration, or The Living Oracles, Fourth Edition, pp 15-16. Retrieved on 2007-12-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian  
  36. ^ "common era of the Jews" (1874). Retrieved on 2007-12-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 627 - Battle of Nineveh: A Byzantine army under Emperor Heraclius defeats Emperor Khosrau II 's Persian  “the common era of the Jews places the creation in BC 3760” (1874) in A. Whitelaw: Conversations Lexicon V. Oxford University Press, Volume V p 207.  
  37. ^ "common era of the Jews" (1858). Retrieved on 2007-12-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life  “Hence the present year, 1858, in the common era of the Jews, is AM 5618-5619, a difference of more than 200 years from our commonly-received chronology. ” Rev. Bourchier Wrey Savile, MA (1858). The first and second Advent: or, The past and the future with reference to the Jew, the Gentile, and the Church of God. London: Wertheim, Macintosh and Hunt, p 176.  
  38. ^ "common era of the Mahometans" (1856). Retrieved on 2007-12-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life  “Its epoch is the first of March old style. The common era of the Mahometans, as has already been stated, is that of the flight of Mahomet. ” Johannes von Gumpach (1856). Practical tables for the reduction of Mahometan dates to the Christian calendar. Oxford University, p 4.  
  39. ^ "common era of the world" (1801). Retrieved on 2007-12-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people William Jones (1801). The Theological, Philosophical and Miscellaneous Works of the Rev. William Jones. London: Rivington.  
  40. ^ "common era of the foundation of Rome" (1854). Retrieved on 2007-12-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life Alexander Fraser Tytler, Lord Woodhouselee (1854). Universal History: From the Creation of the World to the Beginning of the Eighteenth Century. Boston: Fetridge and Company, p 284.  
  41. ^ "common era of the Incarnation" (1833). Retrieved on 2007-12-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life (1833) The Encyclopaedia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature, 9 V, New York: Henry G. Allen and Company, 9th edition, Vol V, p711.  
  42. ^ "common era" "of the Nativity" (1864). Retrieved on 2007-12-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life  “It should be observed, however, that these years correspond to 492 and 493, a portion of the annals of Ulster being counted from the Incarnation, and being, therefore, one year before the common era of the Nativity of our Lord. ” James Henthorn Todd (1864). St. Patrick, Apostle of Ireland, A Memoir of his Life and Mission. Dublin: Hodges, Smith & Co, Publishers to the University, pp 495, 496, 497.  
  43. ^ "common era of the birth of Christ" (1812). Retrieved on 2007-12-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Heneage Elsley (1812). Annotations on the Four Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles (2nd edition), 2nd, London: A. J. Valpy for T. Payne, p xvi.  
  44. ^ The term common era does not appear in this book; the term Christian era [lowercase] does appear a number of times. Nowhere in the book is the abbreviation explained or expanded directly. Search for era in this book..
  45. ^ What is Thelema?. Retrieved on 2007-12-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways
  46. ^ Jewish Calendar: Numbering of Jewish Years. Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved on 2007-09-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 44 BC - Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.
  47. ^ a b Michael Gormley. "Use of B.C. and A.D. faces changing times", Houston Chronicle, 24 April 2005, p. The Houston Chronicle is the largest daily Newspaper in Texas, USA. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.  A–13. Retrieved on 2007-08-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and   (Registration required. )
  48. ^ See, for example, the Society for Historical Archaeology states in its more recent style guide "Do not use C. E. (current era) . . . or B. C. E. ; convert these expressions to A. D. and B. C. " Society for Historical Archaeology (December 2006). Style Guide. Retrieved on 2007-08-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 708 - Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708) . Whereas the American Anthropological Association style guide American Anthropological Society (January 2003). Founded in 1902 the American Anthropological Association (AAA is the world’s largest professional organization of scholars and practitioners in the field of Anthropology. AAA Style Guide (PDF). Retrieved on 2006-09-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian takes a different approach.
  49. ^ [1] [2] Also see, for example, comment "In this publication, instead of the traditional 'AD' and 'BC', the more accurate 'CE' (Common Era) and 'BCE' (before the Common Era) are used. " in The Bible — God's Word or Man's?, p. 16 footnote, published by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.
  50. ^ Smithsonian Institute. World History Standards. Smithsonian Education. Retrieved on 2006-09-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian
  51. ^ "Submission Guidelines for The Ostracon" . The Ostracon — Journal of the Egyptian Studies Society. “For dates, please use the now-standard "BCE-CE" notation, rather than "BC-AD. " Authors with strong religious preferences may use "BC-AD," however. ” 
    - "Contributer Guidelines" . The Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies. “All dates should be in the format BCE/CE, unless in quoted material. ” 
    - "Author Guidelines" . American Journal of Philology. “Eras and dates. The journal prefers B. C. E. , C. E. ” 
    - Manuscript Submission Guidelines. Retrieved on 2007-08-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire  “we prefer BCE, CE”
    - "Style Guide" (DOC) . Canadian Journal of Cultural Studies. “Please use BCE (Before Current Era) and CE (Current Era) rather than B. C. and A. D. ” 
  52. ^ Maryland Church News Submission Guide & Style Manual (PDF). Maryland Church News (2005-04-01). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Retrieved on 2006-09-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian
  53. ^ AP: World History. Retrieved on 2006-09-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian
  54. ^ Introduction to Calendars. U. S. Naval Observatory Astronomical Applications Department (2004-10-15). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 533 - Byzantine General Belisarius makes his formal entry into Carthage, having conquered it from the Retrieved on 2006-09-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian
  55. ^ Jerusalem Timeline. History Channel. Retrieved on 2006-09-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian ;Jerusalem: Biographies. History Channel. Retrieved on 2006-09-09. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian
  56. ^ State School Board reverses itself on B.C./A.D. controversy. Family Foundation of Kentucky. Retrieved on 2006-10-04. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas
  57. ^ Joe Biesk (2006-06-15). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history School board keeps traditional historic designations. Louisville Courier-Journal. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life
  58. ^ Kentucky Board of Education Report (PDF). Kentucky Board of Education Report (2006-07-10). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life
  59. ^ a b c Controversy over use of "CE" and "BCE" to identify dates in history. ReligiousTolerance. com. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life
  60. ^ Southern Baptist Convention 2000, Resolution 9
  61. ^ Doggett, L. (1992). "Calendars", in P. Kenneth Seidelmann: Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. Sausalito, CA: University Science Books, 579. ISBN 0-935702-68-7.  
  62. ^ Fred Espenak. Year dating conventions. NASA. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program Retrieved on 2008-02-25. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor
  63. ^ Annan, Kofi A. , (then Secretary-General of the United Nations) (1999-06-28). Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 1098 - Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul. Common values for a common era: Even as we cherish our diversity, we need to discover our shared values. Civilization: The Magazine of the Library of Congress. Retrieved on 2007-12-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian
  64. ^ Whitney, Susan. "Altering history? Changes have some asking 'Before what?'", The Deseret News, 2006-12-02. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire Retrieved on 2007-12-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life  "I find this attempt to restructure history offensive," Lori Weintz wrote, in a letter to National Geographic publishers. . . . The forward to your book says B. C. and A. D. were removed so as to 'not impose the standards of one culture on others. '. . .  It's 2006 this year for anyone on Earth that is participating in day-to-day world commerce and communication. Two thousand six years since what? Most people know, regardless of their belief system, and aren't offended by a historical fact. " 
  65. ^ "BRAVE NEW SCHOOLS; Kentucky goes P.C. on B.C., A.D.; State board recommends textbooks include secular dating abbreviations", World Daily News, 2006-04-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life  "Martin Cothran, senior policy analyst with the Family Foundation of Kentucky, opposes the recommendation. The Family Foundation of Kentucky is a non-profit organization based in Lexington. "Not only will this lead to confusion on the part of the students, but this is a not-so-subtle way of hiding the substantial influence of religion in the history of Western civilization. "" 
  66. ^ Rodriguez, Nancy C. and Peter Smith, "Ky. school board to look at replacing A. D. , B. C. in dates", The Courier-Journal, April 11, 2006
  67. ^ History Today, June 1999, p. Events 491 - Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine Emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. 60, Darian Hiles, letter: "Of Dates and Decimals"
  68. ^ Kenneth G. Wilson (1993). The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. Retrieved on 2007-12-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1294 - Saint Celestine V abdicates the papacy after only five months Celestine hoped to return to his previous life  “Most conservatives still prefer A. D. and B. C. Best advice: don’t use B. C. E. , C. E. , or A. C. E. to replace B. C. and A. D. without translating the new terms for the very large number of readers who will not understand them. Note too that if we do end by casting aside the A. D. /B. C. convention, almost certainly some will argue that we ought to cast aside as well the conventional numbering system itself, given its Christian basis. ”
  69. ^ Investigating Culture: An Experiential Introduction to Anthropology. Retrieved on 2007-12-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Carol Lowery Delaney (2004). Investigating Culture: An Experiential Introduction to Anthropology. Blackwell Publishing, p 86. ISBN 0631222375.  “I find CE a euphemism because the common era still begins with Christ's birth and,thus, conceals the political implications. ” 
  70. ^ Abraham on Trial: The Social Legacy of Biblical Myth. Carol Lowery Delaney (1998). Abraham on Trial: The Social Legacy of Biblical Myth. Princeton University Press, p 267. ISBN 0691070504.  
  71. ^ Hywel Williams (2006). Days That Changed the World: The Moments That Changed History. Quercus, p 13. ISBN 1905204760.  “"Good Friday c. 30 AD. . . The start of the Christian Era"” 


Dictionary

Common Era

-proper noun

  1. the method of numbering years whereby the current internationally recognized year is 2009 on the Gregorian calendar; secular equivalent of anno Domini and the Christian Era.
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