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Common Chimpanzee[1]

Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Family: Hominidae
Genus: Pan
Species: P. The conservation status of a Species is an indicator of the likelihood of that species remaining extant either in the present day or the near future An endangered species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming Extinct because it is either few in numbers or threatened by changing environmental or predation The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List) created in 1963 is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands A primate is a member of the biological order Primates ( Latin: "prime first rank" the group that contains Lemurs the Aye-aye Chimpanzee (often shortened to chimp) is the common name for the two extant Species of Apes in the Genus Pan. troglodytes
Binomial name
Pan troglodytes
(Blumenbach, 1775)
distribution of Common Chimpanzee. 1. Pan troglodytes verus. 2. P. t. vellerosus. 3. P. t. troglodytes. 4. P. t. schweinfurthii.
distribution of Common Chimpanzee. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach ( May 11, 1752 – January 22, 1840) was a German doctor and Physiologist, 1. Pan troglodytes verus. 2. P. t. vellerosus. 3. P. t. troglodytes. 4. P. t. schweinfurthii.

The Common Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), also known as the Robust Chimpanzee, is a great ape. The name troglodytes, Greek for 'cave-dweller', was coined by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in his Handbuch der Naturgeschichte (Handbook of Natural History) published in 1779. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach ( May 11, 1752 – January 22, 1840) was a German doctor and Physiologist, Colloquially, it is often called the chimpanzee (or simply 'chimp'), though technically this term refers to both species in the genus Pan: the Common Chimpanzee and the closely-related Bonobo, or Pygmy Chimpanzee. Chimpanzee (often shortened to chimp) is the common name for the two extant Species of Apes in the Genus Pan. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Chimpanzee (often shortened to chimp) is the common name for the two extant Species of Apes in the Genus Pan. The Bonobo (bə'noʊboʊ Pan paniscus) until recently usually called the Pygmy Chimpanzee (and less often the Dwarf or Gracile Chimpanzee

Contents

Subspecies

Several subspecies of the Common Chimpanzee have been recognized:

Basic facts

Common Chimpanzees are found in the tropical forests and wet savannas of Western and Central Africa. Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests (TSMF also known as tropical moist forests, are a Tropical and Subtropical Forest A savanna or savannah is a Tropical or Subtropical Grassland or Woodland Ecosystem. They once inhabited most of this region, but their habitat has been dramatically reduced in recent years. A habitat (which is Latin for "it inhabits" is an Ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular Species.

Adults in the wild weigh between 40 and 65 kilograms (88 and 143 lb); males can measure up to 160 centimetres (63 in) and females to 130 cm (51 in), and although lighter than humans they have a pull five to six times stronger. The pound or pound-mass (abbreviation lb, lbm, or sometimes in the United States #) is a unit of Mass A centimetre ( American spelling: centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one hundredth Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. [3] This is because the muscles of the Common Chimpanzee and other primates are far more effective than those of humans. Its body is covered by a coarse dark brown hair, except for the face, fingers, toes, palms of the hands and soles of the feet. Both of its thumbs and its big toes are opposable, allowing a precision grip. Its gestation period is eight months. Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female Infants are weaned when they are about three years old, but usually maintain a close relationship with their mother for several more years; they reach puberty at the age of eight to ten, and their lifespan in captivity is about fifty years.

Although omnivorous, its diet is mainly vegetarian, consisting of fruits, leaves, nuts, seeds, tubers, and other miscellaneous vegetation, supplemented by insects and small prey. Omnivores (from Latin omne all everything vorare to devour are species that eat both Plants and Animals as their primary Vegetarianism is the practice of a diet that excludes Meat (including game and slaughter by-products Fish (including Shellfish and other sea The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. In Botany, a leaf is an above-ground Plant organ specialized for Photosynthesis. Nut is a general term for the large dry oily Seeds or Fruit of some Plants. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored Tubers are various types of modified plant structures that are enlarged to store Nutrients They are used by Plants to overwinter and regrow the next year Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described There are also instances of organized hunting; in some cases, such as the killing of Leopard cubs, this primarily seems to be a protective effort, since the Leopard is the main natural predator of the Common Chimpanzee. The leopard (lɛpɚd Panthera pardus) is an Old World Mammal of the Felidae family and the smallest of the four roaring However, the Common Chimpanzee sometimes band together and hunt Western Red Colobus Monkeys (Piliocolobus badius) for meat. The Western Red Colobus ( Piliocolobus badius) is a species of Old World monkey found in West African forests from Senegal to Ghana Isolated cases of cannibalism have been documented. Cannibalism (from Spanish es ''caníbal'' in connection with cannibalism among the Antillean Caribs, also called anthropophagy (from Greek ἄνθρωπος Chimpanzees have also been known on rare occasions to attack and eat human infants. [4]

The West African Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) is the only animal besides humans known to routinely create and use specialized tools specifically for hunting. Chimpanzees near Kédougou, Senegal were observed to create spears by breaking off tree limbs, stripping them of their bark, and sharpening one end with their teeth. Kédougou is a town in southeastern Senegal at 1256 degrees N Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. They then used these weapons to kill galagos sleeping in hollows. Galagos, also known as bushbabies, bush babies or nagapies (meaning "little night monkeys" in Afrikaans) are small Nocturnal [5]

Behavior

Common Chimpanzee infant and mother.
Common Chimpanzee infant and mother. "Mom" "Mum" and "Mommy" redirect here

Common Chimpanzees live in communities that typically range from twenty to more than 150 members, but spend most of their time travelling in small parties of just a few individuals. They are both arboreal and terrestrial, spending equal time in the trees and on the ground. Brachiation (from "limb" or "branch" is a form of Arboreal locomotion in which Primates swing from tree limb to tree limb using only their arms Their habitual gait is quadrupedal, using the soles of their feet and resting on their knuckles, but they can walk upright for short distances. Quadrupedalism (from Latin meaning "four legs" is a form of land animal locomotion using four legs. Common Chimpanzees are 'knuckle walkers', like gorillas, in contrast to the quadrupedal locomotion of orangutans and bonobos, 'palm walkers' who use the outside edge of their palms. Gorillas, the largest of the living Primates are ground-dwelling Herbivores that inhabit the Forests of Africa. The orangutans are two Species of great apes known for their intelligence long arms and reddish-brown hair

The Common Chimpanzee lives in a fission-fusion society, where mating is promiscuous, and may be found in groups of the following types: all-male, adult females and offspring, consisting of both sexes, one female and her offspring, or a single individual. In primatology a fission-fusion society is one in which the social group e In Biology, mating is the pairing of opposite- Sex or hermaphroditic Organisms for copulation and in Social animals also to raise their At the core of social structures are males, who roam around, protect group members, and search for food. Among males, there is generally a dominance hierarchy. However, this unusual fission-fusion social structure, "in which portions of the parent group may on a regular basis separate from and then rejoin the rest",[6] is highly variable in terms of which particular individual chimpanzees congregate at a given time. This is mainly due to chimpanzees having a high level of individual autonomy within their fission-fusion social groups. Also, communities have large ranges that overlap with those of other groups.

As a result, individual chimpanzees often forage for food alone, or in smaller groups (as opposed to the much larger parent group, which encompasses all the chimpanzees who regularly come into contact and congregate into parties in a particular area). As stated, these smaller groups also emerge in a variety of types, for a variety of purposes. For example, an all-male troop may be organized in order to hunt for meat, while a group consisting of one mature male and one mature female may occur for the purposes of copulation. Sexual intercourse, in its biological sense is the act in which the male reproductive organ (in humans and other higher animals enters the female reproductive tract An individual may encounter certain individuals quite frequently, but have run-ins with others almost never or only in large-scale gatherings. Due to the varying frequency at which chimpanzees associate, the structure of their societies is highly complicated.

When confronted by a predator, chimpanzees will react with loud screams and use any object they can get against the threat. As noted above, the leopard is the chimp's main natural predator, but they have also fallen prey to lions as well. The lion ( Panthera leo) is a member of the family Felidae and one of four Big cats in the Genus Panthera. [7]

Tool use

While it has long been known that modern chimpanzees use tools, recent research indicates that chimpanzee stone tool use dates to at least 4300 years ago. [8] A recent study revealed the use of such advanced tools as spears, which West African Chimpanzees in Senegal sharpen with their teeth, being used to spear Senegal Bushbabies out of small holes in trees. Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. The Senegal Bushbaby ( Galago senegalensis) also known as the Senegal Galago, the Lesser Galago or the Lesser Bush Baby, is a small nocturnal [9] An Eastern Chimpanzee has been observed using a modified branch as a tool to capture a squirrel. [10]

Chimpanzee Genome Project

Main article: Chimpanzee Genome Project
Relationships among apes. The numbers in this diagram are branch lengths, a measure of evolutionary distinctness. Based on protein electrophoresis data of Goldman et al., PNAS 84: 3307-3311[citation needed].
Relationships among apes. The Chimpanzee Genome Project is an effort to determine the DNA sequence of the Genome of the closest living human relatives The numbers in this diagram are branch lengths, a measure of evolutionary distinctness. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Based on protein electrophoresis data of Goldman et al. Electrophoresis is the most well-known electrokinetic phenomenon. , PNAS 84: 3307-3311. The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, usually referred to as PNAS, is the official journal of the United

Human and Common Chimpanzee DNA is very similar. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known After the completion of the Human genome project, a Common Chimpanzee Genome Project was initiated. The Human Genome Project (HGP was an international Scientific research project with a primary goal to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA The Chimpanzee Genome Project is an effort to determine the DNA sequence of the Genome of the closest living human relatives In December of 2003, a preliminary analysis of 7600 genes shared between the two genomes confirmed that certain genes, such as the forkhead-box P2 transcription factor which is involved in speech development, have undergone rapid evolution in the human lineage. In the field of Molecular biology, a transcription factor (sometimes called a sequence-specific DNA binding factor is a Protein that binds to specific sequences A draft version of the chimpanzee genome was published on September 1, 2005, in an article produced by the Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium[11]. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium is the international team of researchers who have been attempting to sequence the chimpanzee genome. The DNA sequence differences between humans and chimpanzees is about thirty-five million single-nucleotide changes, five million insertion/deletion events, and various chromosomal rearrangements. A point mutation, or single base substitution, is a type of Mutation that causes the replacement of a single base nucleotide with another nucleotide of the genetic In biology mutations are changes to the Nucleotide sequence of the Genetic material of an organism A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and Protein that is found in cells. In Genetics, a chromosome translocation is a Chromosome abnormality caused by rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous Chromosomes. Typical human and chimp protein homologs differ in only an average of two amino acids. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl In Evolutionary biology, homology has come to mean any similarity between characters that is due to their shared ancestry. In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this About 30% of all human proteins are identical in sequence to the corresponding chimp protein. Duplications of small parts of chromosomes have been the major source of differences between human and chimp genetic material; about 2. A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and Protein that is found in cells. 7% of the corresponding modern genomes represent differences, produced by gene duplications or deletions, during the approximately four to six million years since humans and chimps diverged from their common evolutionary ancestor. Results from human and chimp genome analyses, currently being conducted by geneticists including David Reich, should help in understanding the genetic basis of some human diseases. A geneticist is a scientist who studies Genetics, the science of Heredity and variation of Organisms A geneticist can be employed as a researcher David Reich may refer to David Reich, a geneticist and Professor at Harvard Medical School David L

Link with Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1

Two types of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infect humans: HIV-1 and HIV-2. Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome HIV-1 is the more virulent and easily transmitted, and is the source of the majority of HIV infections throughout the world; HIV-2 is largely confined to west Africa. [12] Both types originated in west and central Africa, jumping from primates to humans. HIV-1 has evolved from a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIVcpz) found in the Common Chimpanzee subspecies, Pan troglodytes troglodytes, native to southern Cameroon. Simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIV) is a Retrovirus that is found in numerous strains in Primates; the specific strains infecting Humans The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary republic of central and western Africa. [13][14] Kinshasa, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, has the greatest genetic diversity of HIV-1 so far discovered, suggesting that the virus has been there longer than anywhere else. HIV-2 crossed species from a different strain of SIV, found in the Sooty Mangabey, monkeys in Guinea-Bissau. The Sooty Mangabey ( Cercocebus atys) is an Old World monkey found in forests from Senegal east to Ghana. The Republic of Guinea-Bissau (ˈgɪni bɨˈsaʊ República da Guiné-Bissau ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɐ giˈnɛ biˈsau is a country in Western Africa, and one of the smallest [12]

Divergence from the Bonobo

Recent DNA evidence suggests the Bonobo and Common Chimpanzee species separated from each other less than one million years ago. [15][16] The chimpanzee line split from the last common ancestor of the human line approximately six million years ago. Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological Evolution concerning the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct Species Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus Because no species other than Homo sapiens has survived from the human line of that branching, both chimpanzee species are the closest living relatives of humans.

See also

References

  1. ^ Groves, Colin (16 November 2005). Bili Ape, also Bondo Mystery Ape, is the name given to a large Primate that is said to inhabit Bili Forest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Great ape personhood is a movement to create legal recognition of Bonobos Common chimpanzees Gorillas and Orangutans (the non- Human Dame Jane Goodall, DBE (born Valerie Jane Morris Goodall on 3 April 1934) is an English UN Messenger of Peace primatologist Washoe (c September 1965 – October 30, 2007) was a chimpanzee who was the first non-human to learn to use a human language that of American --> Nim Chimpsky ( November 19, 1973 – March 10, 2000) was " Theory of mind " is the ability to attribute mental states—beliefs intents desires pretending knowledge etc Colin Groves is Professor of Biological Anthropology at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. in Wilson, D. E. , and Reeder, D. M. (eds): Mammal Species of the World, 3rd edition, Johns Hopkins University Press, 183. ISBN 0-801-88221-4.  
  2. ^ Oates, J. F. , Tutin, C. E. G. , Humle, T. , Wilson, M. L. , Baillie, J. E. M. , Balmforth, Z. , Blom, A. , Boesch, C. , Cox, D. , Davenport, T. , Dunn, A. , Dupain, J. , Duvall, C. , Ellis, C. M. , Farmer, K. H. , Gatti, S. , Greengrass, E. , Hart, J. , Herbinger, I. , Hicks, C. , Hunt, K. D. , Kamenya, S. , Maisels, F. , Mitani, J. C. , Moore, J. , Morgan, B. J. , Morgan, D. B. , Nakamura, M. , Nixon, S. , Plumptre, A. J. , Reynolds, V. , Stokes, E. J. & Walsh, P. D. (2007). Pan troglodytes. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (also known as the IUCN Red List or Red Data List) created in 1963 is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global IUCN 2007. Retrieved on 2007-09-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Database entry includes justification for why this species is endangered
  3. ^ The Jane Goodall Institute
  4. ^ Frodo: The Alpha Male (2003). Retrieved on 2006-12-06. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev
  5. ^ Jill D. Pruetz1 and Paco Bertolani, Savanna Chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes verus, Hunt with Tools", Current Biology, March 6, 2007
  6. ^ Goodall, Jane (1986). Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Dame Jane Goodall, DBE (born Valerie Jane Morris Goodall on 3 April 1934) is an English UN Messenger of Peace primatologist The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior.  
  7. ^ Takahiro Tsukahara, Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Science, University of Tokyo, Lions eat chimpanzees: The first evidence of predation by lions on wild chimpanzees
  8. ^ Julio Mercader, Huw Barton, Jason Gillespie, Jack Harris, Steven Kuhn, Robert Tyler, Christophe Boesch (2007). "4300-year-old Chimpanzee Sites and the Origins of Percussive Stone Technology". PNAS Feb.  
  9. ^ Fox, M. (2007-02-22). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne Hunting chimps may change view of human evolution. Retrieved on 2007-02-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne
  10. ^ Michael A. Huffman and Mohamedi Seifu Kalunde. Tool-assisted predation on a squirrel by a female chimpanzee in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania.
  11. ^ Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium (2005). "Initial sequence of the chimpanzee genome and comparison with the human genome". Nature 437: 69-87. Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869   (September 1) Entrez PubMed 16136131; Cheng Z, Ventura M et al. The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System is a powerful Federated search engine or Web portal that allows users to search many discrete Health sciences (2005). "A genome-wide comparison of recent chimpanzee and human segmental duplications". Nature 437: 88-93. Nature is a prominent Scientific journal, first published on 4 November 1869   (September 1) Entrez PubMed 16136132
  12. ^ a b Reeves, J. The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System is a powerful Federated search engine or Web portal that allows users to search many discrete Health sciences D. and Doms, R. W (2002). "Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2". J. Gen. Virol. 83 (Pt 6): 1253-1265. PubMed.  
  13. ^ Keele, B. F. , van Heuverswyn, F. , Li, Y. Y. , Bailes, E. , Takehisa, J. , Santiago, M. L. , Bibollet-Ruche, F. , Chen, Y. , Wain, L. V. , Liegois, F. , Loul, S. , Mpoudi Ngole, E. , Bienvenue, Y. , Delaporte, E. , Brookfield, J. F. Y. , Sharp, P. M. , Shaw, G. M. , Peeters, M. , Hahn, B. H. (2006). "Chimpanzee Reservoirs of Pandemic and Nonpandemic HIV-1". Science. doi:10.1126/science.1126531. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  14. ^ Gao, F. , Bailes, E. , Robertson, D. L. , Chen, Y. , Rodenburg, C. M. , Michael, S. F. , Cummins, L. B. , Arthur, L. O. , Peeters, M. , Shaw, G. M. , Sharp, P. M. and Hahn, B. H. (1999). "Origin of HIV-1 in the Chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes". Nature 397 (6718): 436-441. PubMed.  
  15. ^ Won, Yong-Jin, Hey, Jody (2005). "Divergence Population Genetics of Chimpanzees". Molecular Biology & Evolution 22 (2): 297-307. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi017. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
  16. ^ Fischer, Anne et al. (2004). "Evidence for a Complex Demographic History of Chimpanzees". Molecular Biology & Evolution 21 (5): 799-808. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh083. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.  
General references

External links

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