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The Comintern (Communist International, also known as the Third International) was an international Communist organization founded in Moscow in March 1919. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The International intended to fight "by all available means, including armed force, for the overthrow of the international bourgeoisie and for the creation of an international Soviet republic as a transition stage to the complete abolition of the State. "^[1] The Comintern was founded after the dissolution of the Second International in 1916, following the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference in which Lenin had led the "Zimmerwald Left" against those who supported the "national union" governments in war with each other. The Second International (1889-1916 was an organization of socialist and labour parties formed in Paris on July 14, 1889. Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Year 1915 ( MCMXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Zimmerwald Conference was held in Zimmerwald, Switzerland, from September 5 through September 8, 1915. The Zimmerwald Left was a Revolutionary minority fraction at the Zimmerwald Peace Conference of 1915 headed by Lenin. National governments (alternatively national unity governments or national union governments) are broad Coalition governments consisting of all parties (or

The Comintern held seven World Congresses, the first in March 1919 and the last in 1935. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. As of 1928 it was estimated that the organization had 583,105 members, excluding its Soviet membership. Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[2]

At the start of World War II, the Comintern supported a policy of non-intervention, arguing that this was an imperialist war between various national ruling classes, much as World War I had been. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The term ruling class refers to the Social class of a given society that decides upon and sets that society's political policy World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All However, when the Soviet Union itself was invaded on June 22, 1941, during Operation Barbarossa, the Comintern switched its position to one of active support for the Allies. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Operation Barbarossa ( Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the Codename for Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose The Comintern was subsequently officially dissolved in 1943. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Contents 1 Origins 1.1 From the First to the Second International 1.2 "Socialist participation in a bourgeois government"? 1.3 Revisionism 1.4 Aftermath of the 1905 Russian Revolution 1.5 Failure of the Second International confronted with World War I 2 Founding 3 The First Four World Congresses 4 From the Fifth to the Seventh World Congress 4.1 The Second Period 4.2 The Third Period 5 7th Congress and the Popular Front 6 Dissolution 7 Successor organisations 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links

Origins

From the First to the Second International

Further information: First International  and Second International

Although divisions between revolutionary and reformist-minded elements had been developing for a considerable time, the origins of the Communist International derive from the split in the workers' movement that surfaced in 1914 with the beginning of the First World War. The Second International (1889-1916 was an organization of socialist and labour parties formed in Paris on July 14, 1889. The labour movement or labor movement is a broad term for the development of a collective organization of working people, to campaign in their own interest for better Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The First International (a. k. a. the "International Workingmen's Association"), founded in 1864, had split between the socialists and the anarchists who preferred not to enter the political arena, setting their sights instead on the creation of a strong anarcho-syndicalist movement. Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i Anarcho-syndicalism is a branch of Anarchism which focuses on the labour movement. The Second International, founded in 1889, followed, but tensions surfaced again in the new International.

"Socialist participation in a bourgeois government"?

Further information: Section française de l'Internationale ouvrière

For example, as far back as 1899, reformist or right-wing elements in the socialist movement had supported the entry of French independent socialist Millerand into Waldeck-Rousseau's republican cabinet (1899-1902), which included as Minister of War none other than the marquis de Galliffet, best known for his role during the repression of the 1871 Paris Commune. Alexandre Millerand (10 February 1859 - 7 April 1943 was a French socialist Politician. Republicanism is the Ideology of governing a nation as a Republic, with an emphasis on Liberty, Rule of law, Popular sovereignty The Minister of Defence ( Ministère de la Défense) is the French Government cabinet member charged with running the Military of France Gaston Alexandre Auguste Marquis de Galliffet, Prince de Martignes ( Paris, January 23 1830 -1909 was a French General, best known The Paris Commune (La Commune de Paris was a Government that briefly ruled Paris from 18 March (more formally from 26 March) to 28 May On the other hand, revolutionary or left-wing elements were fiercely opposed to this development. In France, this was represented by the debate between Jules Guesde, whom opposed himself to socialist participation in a "bourgeois government", and Jean Jaurès, considered as one of the founder of social-democracy. The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe Jules Basile Guesde ( November 11, 1845 - July 28, 1922) was a French Socialist journalist and politician Jean Léon Jaurès (full name Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès; 3 September 1859 31 July 1914) was a French Social democracy is a Political ideology of the left and centre-left Thus, Jules Guesde declared in 1899:

"Wherever the proletariat, organized in a class party -- which is to say a party of revolution —- can penetrate an elective assembly; wherever it can penetrate an enemy citadel, it has not only the right, but the obligation to make a breach and set up a socialist garrison in the capitalist fortress! But in those places where it penetrates not by the will of the workers, not by socialist force; there where it penetrates only with the consent, on the invitation, and consequently in the interests of the capitalist class, socialism should not enter. The proletariat (from Latin la ''proles'' "offspring" is a term used to identify a lower Social class; a member of such a class is proletarian " Jules Guesde's speech to the 1899 General Congress of French socialist organizations

Criticizing the belief "that by a portfolio granted to one of his own socialism has truly conquered power — when it’s really power that conquered him", Jules Guesde thought that "such a state of affairs, if we don’t quickly put an end to it, would bring on the irremediable bankruptcy of socialism. The organized workers considering themselves duped, some will lend an ear to propaganda by the deed. Propaganda of the deed (or propaganda by the deed, from the French propagande par le fait) is a Concept that promotes physical violence against ", thus fostering "anarchy". Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i The same controversy arose the next year, when Guesde opposed himself to Jean Jaurès who advocated socialist participation to the bourgeois government, during a famous November 29, 1900 speech in Lille on the "Two Methods", held during several hours before 8,000 persons. Jean Léon Jaurès (full name Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès; 3 September 1859 31 July 1914) was a French Lille (lil Rijsel is a city in northern France. It is the principal city of the Lille Métropole, the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in the country

Revisionism

Also important was the controversy over the publication of Eduard Bernstein's Evolutionary Socialism^[3], which espoused a reformist path to socialism and received powerful criticism from, among others, Karl Kautsky and the young Rosa Luxemburg, who criticized him as a revisionist. Eduard Bernstein ( January 6 1850 December 18 1932) was a German social democratic theoretician and Democratic socialism is a description used by various socialist movements tendencies and organizations to emphasize the democratic character of their political orientation Socialist Reformism is the belief that gradual democratic changes in a Society can ultimately change a society's fundamental economic relations and political structures Karl Kautsky ( October 16 1854 - October 17 1938) was a leading theoretician of Social democracy. Rosa Luxemburg (Róża Luksemburg 5 March 1870 or 1871 15 January 1919 was a Polish-born Jewish German Marxist theorist, socialist The term "revisionism" is also used to refer to other concepts The revisionist current would come to dominate the Second International, one of the factors in the subsequent break with it by revolutionary socialists.

Aftermath of the 1905 Russian Revolution

The Russian Revolution of 1905 had the effect of radicalizing many socialist parties, as did a number of general strikes in pursuit of universal suffrage in Western European countries. See also Russian Revolution (1917 The 1905 Russian Revolution also known as the Failed Russian Revolution of 1905 was an empire-wide struggle of A general strike is a Strike action by a critical mass of the labour force in a city region or country Universal suffrage (also universal adult suffrage, general suffrage or common suffrage) consists of the extension of the right to vote to At this point the Second International appeared to be a united body that was growing at every election and in every advanced country. Karl Kautsky, aptly dubbed the Pope of Marxism, was at his most radical as the editor of the highly influential Die Neue Zeit (The New Time), the theoretical journal of the massive Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) which was the flagship of the International. Die Neue Zeit ("The New Times" was a German socialist theoretical journal of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD that was

However, by 1910, divisions were appearing in the left of Social Democracy (as the Marxists who dominated the International described themselves), and left-wing thinkers such as Rosa Luxemburg and the Dutch theoretician Anton Pannekoek were becoming ever more critical of Kautsky. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting From this point onwards then it is possible to speak of there being a reformist right, a centre and a revolutionary left within the International. Interestingly, from the point of view of later events, both the Menshevik and Bolshevik wings of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party were counted amongst the revolutionary left wing. The Mensheviks (Minority (Меньшевик) were a faction of the Russian Revolutionary movement that emerged in 1903 after a dispute between Vladimir The Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, or RSDLP ( Росси́йская Социа́л-Демократи́ческая Рабо́чая The quarreling groups of Russian emigres were not held in high regard by the leaders of the International and were unknown to the general public. Émigré is a French term that literally refers to a person who has "migrated out" but often carries a connotation of politico-social self- Exile.

Failure of the Second International confronted with World War I

World War I was to prove to be the issue which finally and irrevocably separated the revolutionary and reformist wings of the workers movement. The socialist movement had been historically antimilitarist and internationalist, and was therefore opposed to being used as "cannon fodder" for the "bourgeois" governments at war. Antimilitarism is a doctrine commonly found in the Anarchist and more globally in the Socialist movement which may be both characterized as Internationalist International Socialism redirects here For the journal of the same name see International Socialism (journal Proletarian internationalism is a This especially since the Triple Alliance (1882) gathered two empires, while the Triple Entente itself gathered the French Third Republic and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with the Russian Empire. The Triple Alliance was a military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy that lasted from 1882 until the start of World War I The Triple Entente (" entente " — French for "agreement" was the name given to the loose alignment of the United Kingdom, the The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Communist Manifesto had stated that "workers' do not have any fatherland", and exclaimed "Proletarians of all countries, unite!" Massive majorities voted in favor of resolutions for the Second International to call upon the international working class to resist war should it be declared. Manifesto of the Communist Party ( often referred to as The Communist Manifesto, was first published on February 21, 1848, and is Patriotism is commonly defined as love of and/or devotion to one's country The Political slogan "Workers of the world unite!", one of the most famous rallying cries of Communism, comes from Karl Marx

Despite this, within hours of the declaration of war, almost all the socialist parties of the combatant states had announced their support for their own countries. The only exceptions were the socialist parties of the Balkans, Russia and tiny minorities in other countries. To Lenin's surprise, even the German SPD voted the war credits. Finally, the assassination of French socialist Jean Jaurès on July 31, 1914, killed the last hope of peace, by taking out one of the few leaders who possessed enough influence on the international socialist movement to block it from aligning itself on national policies and supporting National Union governments. Jean Léon Jaurès (full name Auguste Marie Joseph Jean Léon Jaurès; 3 September 1859 31 July 1914) was a French Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently Year 1914 ( MCMXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year National governments (alternatively national unity governments or national union governments) are broad Coalition governments consisting of all parties (or

Socialist parties of neutral countries for the most part continued to argue for neutrality, and against total opposition to the war. For other uses of Neutral and Neutrality see Neutral A neutral country takes no side in a War between other parties On the other hand, Lenin organized the "Zimmerwald Left" opposed to the "imperialist war" during the 1915 Zimmerwald Conference, and published the pamphlet Socialism and War, in which he called all socialists who collaborated with their national governments "Social-Chauvinists" (socialist in their words but chauvinist in their deeds). Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude The Zimmerwald Conference was held in Zimmerwald, Switzerland, from September 5 through September 8, 1915. A pamphlet is an unbound Booklet (that is without a hard cover or binding)

The International was being divided between a revolutionary left, a reformist right and a centre wavering between each pole. Lenin also condemned much of the centre, which often opposed the war but refused to break party discipline and therefore voted war credits, as social-pacifists. Party discipline is the ability of the Parliamentary group of a Political party to get its members to support the policies of the party leadership This latter term was aimed in particular at Ramsay MacDonald (leader of the Independent Labour Party in Britain) who did in fact oppose the war on grounds of pacifism but had not actively resisted it. James Ramsay MacDonald ( 12 October 1866 &ndash 9 November 1937) was a British politician and twice Prime Minister of the United See Independent Labor Party for the Political party in Burundi, Independent Labour Group for the Irish party and Labour candidates The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927

Discredited by its passivity towards world events, the Second International was henceforth dissolved in the middle of the war, in 1916. In 1917, Lenin published the April Theses, which openly supported a "revolutionary defeatism": the Bolsheviks pronounced themselves in favour of the defeat of Russia in the war which would permit them to pass to the stage of a revolutionary insurrection. The April Theses ( Russian: ru апрельские тезисы transliteration:) were a series of directives by Bolshevik leader Vladimir An insurgency is a violent internal uprising against a sovereign government that lacks the organization of a revolution

Founding

The Comintern was thus founded in these conditions in at a congress March 2-6 1919^[4], against the backdrop of the Russian Civil War. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed 19 parties and organisations assisted the congress. There were 52 delegates present from 34 parties. ^[5] They decided that an Executive Committee would be formed with representatives of the most important sections, and that other parties joining the International would get their own representatives. The Congress decided that the Executive Committee would elect a five-member bureau to run the daily affairs of the International. However, such a bureau was not constituted and Lenin, Trotsky and Christian Rakovsky later delegated the task of managing the International to Grigory Zinoviev as the Chairman of the Executive. Christian Rakovsky ( – September 11, 1941) was a Bulgarian socialist revolutionary, a Bolshevik politician and Soviet Gregory Yevseevich Zinoviev (Григо́рий Евс́еевич Зин́овьев alternative transliteration Grigorii Ovseyevish Zinoviev born Ovsei-Gershon Aronovich Zinoviev was assisted by Angelica Balbanoff, acting as the secretary of the International, Victor L. Kibaltchitch^[6] and Vladmir Ossipovich Mazin. Angelica Balabanoff (or Balabanov, Balabanova; Анжелика Балабанова - Anzhelika Balabanova; 1878 Chernihiv - Victor Lvovich Kibalchich (ВЛ Кибальчич ( December 30 1890 - November 17 1947) better known as Victor Serge, was ^[7] Material was presented by Lenin, Trotsky and Alexandra Kollontai. Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai (Алекса́ндра Миха́йловна Коллонта́й &mdash born Domontovich, Домонто́вич ( - March 9, The main topic of discussion was the difference between "bourgeois democracy" and the "dictatorship of the proletariat". The term "liberal" in "liberal democracy" does not imply that the government of such a democracy must follow the political ideology of The " dictatorship of the proletariat " or workers' state is a term employed by Marxists that refers to what they see as a temporary state between the ^[8]

The following parties and movements were invited to the first congress:

• Spartacus League (Germany)
• The Communist Party (Bolshevik) Russia
• The Communist Party of German Austria
• The Hungarian Communist Workers' Party, in power during Béla Kun's Hungarian Soviet Republic
• The Finnish CP
• The Communist Party of Poland
• The Communist Party of Estonia
• The Communist Party of Latvia
• The Lithuanian CP
• The Belarusian CP
• The Ukrainian CP
• The revolutionary elements of the Czech social democracy
• The Bulgarian Social-Democratic Party (Tesnjaki)
• The Romanian SDP
• The Left-wing of the Serbian SDP
• The Social Democratic Left Party of Sweden
• The Norwegian Labour Party
• For Denmark, the Klassenkampen group
• The Communist Party of Holland
• The revolutionary elements of the Workers Party of Belgium (who would create the Communist Party of Belgium in 1921)
• The groups and organisations within the French socialist and syndicalist movements
• The leftwing within the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland
• the Italian Socialist Party
• The revolutionary elements of the Spanish SP
• The revolutionary elements of the Portuguese SP
• The British socialist parties (particularly the current represented by John Maclean)
• The Socialist Labour Party (Britain)
• Industrial Workers of the World (Britain)
• The revolutionary elements of the workers' organisations of Ireland
• The revolutionary elements among the shop stewards (Britain)
• The Socialist Labor Party of the United States
• The Left elements of the Socialist Party of America (the tendency represented by Eugene Debs and the Socialist Propaganda League of America)
• IWW (United States)
• IWW (Australia)
• Workers' International Industrial Union (United States)
• The Socialist groups of Tokyo and Yokohama (Japan, represented by Comrade Katayama)
• The Socialist Youth International (represented by Willi Münzenberg)^[9]

Of these, the following attended: the Communist Parties of Russia, Germany, German Austria, Hungary, Poland, Finland, Ukraine, Latvia, Lithuania, Byelorussia, Estonia, Armenia, the Volga German region; the Swedish Social Democratic Left Party (the Opposition), Balkan Revolutionary People's of Russia; Zimmerwald Left Wing of France; the Czech, Bulgarian, Yugoslav, British, French and Swiss Communist Groups; the Dutch Social-Democratic Group; Socialist Propaganda League and the Socialist Labor Party of America; Socialist Workers' Party of China; Korean Workers' Union, Turkestan, Turkish, Georgian, Azerbaijanian and Persian Sections of the Central Bureau of the Eastern People's, and the Zimmerwald Commission. Karl Kilbom (1885 – 1961 was a Swedish Socialist Politician. The Spartacist League ( Spartakusbund in German) was a left-wing Marxist revolutionary movement organized in Germany Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Communist Party of Austria ( de: Kommunistische Partei Österreichs, or KPÖ) is a Communist party based in Austria. Hungarian Communist Party (in Hungarian Magyar Kommunista Párt or Kommunisták Magyarországi Pártja) was founded on November 24, 1918, and Béla Kun ( February 20 1886 – August 29 1938) born Béla Kohn, was a Hungarian Communist Politician The Hungarian Soviet Republic or Soviet Republic of Hungary (Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság was a Communist regime established in Hungary from The Communist Party of Finland (Suomen kommunistinen puolue Finlands kommunistiska parti abbreviated SKP was a Communist Political party in Finland. This article is about the 1918-1938 Communist Party of Poland Communist Party of Estonia (in Estonian: Eestimaa Kommunistlik Partei, in Russian: Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Estonii; EKP) was a Communist Party of Latvia (Latvijas Komunistiskā partija LKP was a Political party in Latvia. The Communist Party of Lithuania (Lietuvos komunistų partija was a Communist party in Lithuania, established in early October 1918 The Communist Party of Belarus (Камуністы́чная па́ртыя Белару́сі Kamunistychnaya Partyia Belarusi; Коммунистическая партия The Communist Party (Bolshevik of Ukraine (Комуністична Партія (більшовиків України Komunistychna Partiya (bilshovykiv Ukrayiny, The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, The Czech Social Democratic Party ( Czech: Česká strana sociálně demokratická or ČSSD) is the Social Democratic Political party Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Romanian Social Democratic Party ( Romanian: Partidul Social Democrat Român, or Partidul Social Democrat, PSD) was a social-democratic The Left Party ( Vänsterpartiet) is a Socialist and Feminist political party in Sweden, from 1967 to 1990 known as the Left The Norwegian Labour Party ( Norwegian: Det norske arbeiderparti ( DNA) or Arbeiderpartiet ( AP) is a Social democratic The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe The Communist Party of the Netherlands ( Dutch: Communistische Partij Nederland, CPN was a Dutch communist Political party. The Belgian Workers Party is also sometimes used as the name of the Belgian Labour Party that existed prior to World War II (when it was re-founded as the Belgian Socialist Party Communist Party of Belgium (in Dutch: Kommunistische Partij van België, in French: Parti Communiste de Belgique) was a Political party Syndicalism is a type of movement which aims to degrade capitalist societies through action by the Working class on the industrial front The Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (also rendered as Socialist Party of Switzerland Sozialdemokratische Partei der Schweiz (SP Parti socialiste suisse (PS Partito Socialista The Italian Socialist Party ( Partito Socialista Italiano, PSI was a democratic socialist / social democratic political party founded in Genoa The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, commonly abbreviated by its Spanish initials PSOE ( P artido S ocialista O brero E spañol is Partido Socialista redirects here For other parties with similar names see Socialist Party. The British Socialist Party was a Socialist party founded in Britain in 1911 John Maclean MA (24 August 1879 - 30 November 1923 was a Scottish schoolteacher and Revolutionary socialist. The Socialist Labour Party was a Socialist Political party in the United Kingdom. The Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW or the Wobblies) is an international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati Ohio, USA Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Origins The party was founded in Newark New Jersey, in 1876 as the Workingmen's Party of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Socialist Party of America (SPA was a socialist Political party in the United States. Eugene Victor Debs (November 5 1855 &ndash October 20 1926 was an American union leader one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial The Socialist Propaganda League of America was established in 1915 apparently by C The Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW or the Wobblies) is an international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati Ohio, USA The Industrial Workers of the World ( IWW or the Wobblies) is an international union currently headquartered in Cincinnati Ohio, USA For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Workers' International Industrial Union (WIIU was a De Leonist Political international active in the United States, Canada, Britain officially, is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and located on the eastern side of the main island Honshū. is the capital of Kanagawa Prefecture, located in the Kantō region of the main island of Honshū and is a major commercial hub of the Greater Tokyo Area For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Young Communist International was the youth wing of the Communist International (Comintern Willi Münzenberg ( August 14, 1889 &ndash October 21, 1940) was a leading propagandist for the KPD ( Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands ^[10][11]

The First Four World Congresses

The first Chairman of the Comintern's Executive Committee was Grigory Zinoviev, from 1919 to 1926, but its dominant figure until his death in January 1924 was Lenin, whose strategy for revolution had been laid out in What Is to Be Done? (1902). Gregory Yevseevich Zinoviev (Григо́рий Евс́еевич Зин́овьев alternative transliteration Grigorii Ovseyevish Zinoviev born Ovsei-Gershon Aronovich What Is to Be Done? (Что делать? was a political pamphlet written by Vladimir Lenin at the end of 1901 and early 1902 The central policy of the Comintern under Lenin's leadership was that Communist parties should be established across the world to aid the international proletarian revolution. This is about the concept of world revolution in Marxist theory The parties also shared his principle of democratic centralism, "freedom of discussion, unity of action", i. Democratic centralism is the name given to the principles of internal organization used by Leninist political parties and the term is sometimes used as a synonym for any Leninist e. that parties would make decisions democratically, but uphold in a disciplined fashion whatever decision was made. ^[12] In this period, the Comintern became known as the "General Staff of the World Revolution". A military staff is a group of officers and enlisted personnel that provides a bi-directional flow of information between a commander and subordinate units This is about the concept of world revolution in Marxist theory ^[13]

Ahead of the Second Congress of the Communist International, held in July-August 1920, Lenin sent out a number of documents, including his Twenty-one Conditions to all socialist parties. The Twenty-one Conditions, officially the Conditions of Admission to the Communist International, refer to the conditions given by Lenin to the adhesion of the The Congress adopted the 21 conditions as prerequisites for any group wanting to become affiliated to the International. The 21 Conditions called for the demarcation between Communist parties and other socialist groups^[14], and instructed the Comintern sections not to trust the legality of the bourgeois states. They also called for the build-up of party organisations along democratic centralist lines, in which the party press and parliamentary factions would be under the direct control of the party leadership. Democratic centralism is the name given to the principles of internal organization used by Leninist political parties and the term is sometimes used as a synonym for any Leninist

Regarding the political situation in the colonized world, the second congress of the Communist International stipulated at a united front should be formed between the proletariat, peasantry and national bourgeosie in the colonial countries. Amongst the twenty-one conditions drafted by Lenin ahead of the congress was the 11th thesis which stipulated that all communist parties must support the bourgeois-democratic liberation movements in the colonies. Notably some of the delegates opposed the idea of alliance with the bourgeoisie, and preferred support to communist movements of these countries instead. Their criticism was shared by the Indian revolutionary M.N. Roy, who attended as a delegate of the Communist Party of Mexico. Manabendra Nath Roy (Bengali: মানবেন্দ্র নাথ রায় 1887 – January 25 The Mexican Communist Party ( Spanish: Partido Comunista Mexicano, PCM was a Communist party in Mexico. The congress removed the term ‘bourgeois-democratic' in what became the 8th condition. ^[15]

Many European socialist parties went through splits on the basis of the adhesion or not to the new International. The French SFIO ("French Section of the Workers International") thus broke away with the 1920 Tours Congress, leading to the creation of the new French Communist Party (initially called "French Section of the Communist International" - SFIC); the Communist Party of Spain was created in 1920, the Italian Communist Party was created in 1921, the Belgian Communist Party in September 1921, etc. The Tours Congress was the 18th national congress of the SFIO, the French Section of the Second International, which took place in December 1920 and during which the The French Communist Party ( French: Parti communiste français or PCF) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of The Communist Party of Spain ( Partido Comunista de España or PCE) is the third largest national Political party of Spain. The Italian Communist Party (Italian Partito Comunista Italiano, or PCI emerged as the Communist Party of Italy ( Partito Comunista d'Italia) Communist Party of Belgium (in Dutch: Kommunistische Partij van België, in French: Parti Communiste de Belgique) was a Political party

Writings from the Third Congress, held in June-July 1921, talked about how the struggle could be transformed into "civil war" when the circumstances were favorable and "openly revolutionary uprisings". ^[16] The Fourth Congress, November 1922, at which Leon Trotsky played a prominent role, continued in this vein. Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij ^[17]

During this early period, known as the "First Period" in Comintern history, with the Bolshevik revolution under attack in the Russian Civil War and a wave of revolutions across Europe, the Comintern's priority was exporting the October Revolution. The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed The Revolutions of 1917–23 formed a Revolutionary wave precipitated by the end of World War I in general and the Russian Revolutions of 1917 in particular Some Communist Parties had secret military wings. On example is the M-Apparat of the Communist Party of Germany. The Communist Party of Germany ( German Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands &ndash KPD) was a major political party in Germany between 1918 Its purpose was to prepare for the civil war the Communists believed was impending in Germany, and to liquidate opponents and informers who might have infiltrated the party. There was also a paramilitary organization, the Rotfrontkämpferbund. A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status Rotfrontkämpferbund ( RFB, other variants Der Rote Frontkämpferbund Roter Frontkämpferbund (English Red Front Fighters' League Red Front Fighters Association ^[18]

The Comintern was involved in the revolutions across Europe in this period, starting with the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919. The Hungarian Soviet Republic or Soviet Republic of Hungary (Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság was a Communist regime established in Hungary from Several hundred agitators and financial aid were sent from the Soviet Union and Lenin was in regular contact with its leader, Bela Kun. Béla Kun ( February 20 1886 – August 29 1938) born Béla Kohn, was a Hungarian Communist Politician Soon an official "Terror Group of the Revolutionary Council of the Government" was formed, unofficially known as "Lenin Boys". The Lenin Boys were a band of Communist enforcers formed to support the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919 ^[19] The next attempt was the "March Action" in Germany in 1921, including an attempt to dynamite the express train from Halle to Leipzig. Béla Kun ( February 20 1886 – August 29 1938) born Béla Kohn, was a Hungarian Communist Politician When this failed Lenin ordered the removal of the leader of the Communist Party of Germany, Paul Levi, from power. The Communist Party of Germany ( German Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands &ndash KPD) was a major political party in Germany between 1918 Paul Levi ( 11 March 1883 &ndash 9 February 1930) was a German Communist politician ^[20] A new attempt was made at the time of the Ruhr Crisis. The Occupation of the Rhineland gave the French and Belgian armies the springboard from which it was easy to undertake the occupation of the Ruhr. The Red Army was mobilized, ready to come to the aid of the planned insurrection. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Resolute action by the German government cancelled the plans, except due to miscommunication in Hamburg, where 200-300 Communists attacked police stations but where quickly defeated. ^[21] In 1924 there was failed coup in Estonia by the Estonian Communist Party. The Attempted coup of 1924 in Estonia conducted by Comintern (1 Communist Party of Estonia (in Estonian: Eestimaa Kommunistlik Partei, in Russian: Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Estonii; EKP) was a ^[22]

Several international organizations were sponsored by the Comintern in this period:

• Red International of Labour Unions (Profintern - formed 1920)
• Red Peasant International (Krestintern - formed 1923)
• International Red Aid (MOPR - formed 1922)
• Communist Youth International (refounded 1919)
• Red Sports International (Sportintern)

In 1924, the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party joined Comintern. The Red International of Labour Unions, widely known by its Russian abbreviation Profintern, was an international body established with the aim of co-ordinating Communist Red Peasant International, generally called by its Russian abbreviation Krestintern, was an international peasants organization formed by the Communist International International Red Aid was an international social service organization connected to the Communist International. Young Communist International was the youth wing of the Communist International (Comintern The Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (Монгол Ардын Хувьсгалт Нам Mongol Ardyn Khuvisgalt Nam) is an ex-communist Political party in ^[23] In China at first both the Chinese Communist Party and the Kuomintang were supported. After the definite break with Chiang Kai-shek in 1927, Stalin sent personal emissaries to help organize revolts which at this time failed. Chiang Kai-shek ( POJ: Chiúⁿ Kài-se̍k Jyutping: zoeng2gaai3sek6 GCB ( October 31, 1887 &ndash ^[24]

From the Fifth to the Seventh World Congress

The Second Period

Lenin died in 1924. 1925 signalled a shift from the immediate activity of world revolution towards a defence of the Soviet state. In that year, Stalin upheld the thesis of "socialism in one country", detailed by Nikolai Bukharin in his brochure Can We Build Socialism in One Country in the Absence of the Victory of the West-European Proletariat? (April 1925). Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Socialism in One Country was a thesis developed by Nikolai Bukharin in 1925 and adopted as state policy by Joseph Stalin. Nikolai Ivanovich Bukharin (Никола́й Ива́нович Буха́рин ( &ndash March 15, 1938) was a Bolshevik Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The position was finalized as the state policy after Stalin's January 1926 article On the Issues of Leninism. Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The perspective of a world revolution was dismissed after the failures of the Spartacist uprising in Germany and of the Hungarian Soviet Republic, and the reflux of all revolutionary movements in Europe, such as in Italy, where the fascist squadristi broke the strikes and quickly assumed power following the 1922 March on Rome). This is about the concept of world revolution in Marxist theory The Spartacist uprising, also known as the January uprising, was a General strike (and the armed battles accompanying it in Germany from January 5 Italy, united in 1861, has significantly contributed to the cultural and social development of the entire Mediterranean area The term Italian Fascism denotes the totalitarian Fascismo political movement that ruled Italy from 1922 until 1943 under leader Benito Mussolini For other uses and meanings see Blackshirts (disambiguation. The Blackshirts ( Italian: camicie nere, The March on Rome ( Marcia su Roma) was a Coup d'état by which Mussolini 's National Fascist Party ( Partito Nazionale Fascista This period, up to 1928, was known as the "Second Period", mirroring the shift in the USSR from war communism to the New Economic Policy. War communism (or military communism) (Военный коммунизм 1918 - 1921 is the term created by western historians referring to the economic and political system For the Malaysian New Economic Policy see Malaysian New Economic Policy. ^[25]

At the Vth Comintern Congress in July 1924, Zinoviev condemned Marxist philosopher Georg Lukács's History and Class Consciousness, published in 1923 after his involvement in Béla Kun's Hungarian Soviet Republic, and Karl Korsch's Marxism and Philosophy. Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. See also Marxian economics, Marxism Marxist philosophy or Marxist theory are terms which cover work in Philosophy György Lukács (pronounced in IPA dyɶrdyə ˈlukɑtʃ) ( April 13, 1885 – June 4, 1971) was a Hungarian Béla Kun ( February 20 1886 – August 29 1938) born Béla Kohn, was a Hungarian Communist Politician The Hungarian Soviet Republic or Soviet Republic of Hungary (Magyarországi Tanácsköztársaság was a Communist regime established in Hungary from Karl Korsch ( August 15, 1886 - October 21, 1961) was a German Marxist theorist Zinoviev himself was dismissed in 1926 after falling out of favor with Stalin, who already held considerable power by this time. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Bukharin then led the Comintern for two years, until 1928 when he too fell out with Stalin. Bulgarian Communist leader Georgi Dimitrov headed the Comintern in 1934 and presided until its dissolution. The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Georgi Dimitrov Mikhaylov (Георги Димитров Михайлов also known as Georgi Mikhaylovich Dimitrov (Георгий Михайлович Димитров Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

The Third Period

In 1928, the 9th Plenum of the Executive Committee began the so-called "Third Period", which was to last until 1935. The Third Period was the policy adopted by the Comintern at the end of the Soviet Union's New Economic Policy in 1928 and was in place until the adoption ^[26] The Comintern proclaimed that the capitalist system was entering the period of final collapse, and that as such, the correct stance for all Communist parties was that of an highly aggressive, militant, ultra-left line. Ultra-leftism has two overlapping uses It is used as a generally Pejorative term for certain types of positions on the left that are seen as extreme or intransigent In particular, the Comintern described all moderate left-wing parties as "social fascists", and urged the Communists devote their energies to the destruction of the moderate left. Social fascism was a theory supported by the Communist International (Comintern during the late 1920s and early 1930s which stated that Social democracy was a variant With the rise of the Nazi movement in Germany after 1930, this stance became somewhat controversial with many such as the Polish Communist historian Isaac Deutscher criticizing the tactics of the Communist Party of Germany of treating the S.P.D. as the principal enemy. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Isaac Deutscher (b 3 April 1907 &ndash 19 August 1967) was a British journalist historian and political activist of Polish The Communist Party of Germany ( German Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands &ndash KPD) was a major political party in Germany between 1918

The sixth congress also revised the policy of united front in the colonial world. In 1927 the Kuomintang had turned on the Chinese communists, which led to a review of the policy on forming alliances with the national bourgeoisie in the colonial countries. The congress did however make a differentiation between the character of the Chinese Kuomintang on one hand and the Indian Swarajist Party and the Egyptian Wafd Party on the other, considering the latter as an unreliable ally but not a direct enemy. In post- World War I Egypt, the term wafd ( وفد) referred to a "delegation" and more specifically the one that had the direct goal The congress called on the Indian communists to utilize the contradictions between the national bourgeosie and the British imperialists. ^[27]

7th Congress and the Popular Front

The seventh and last congress of the Comintern was held in 1935 and officially endorsed the Popular Front against fascism. A popular front is a broad Coalition of different political groupings often made up of leftists and centrists who are united by opposition to another group This policy argued that Communist Parties should seek to form a Popular Front with all parties that opposed fascism and not limit themselves to forming a United Front with those parties based in the working class. There was no significant opposition to this policy within any of the national sections of the Comintern; in France and Spain in particular, it would have momentous consequences with Léon Blum's 1936 election, which led to the Popular Front government. André Léon Blum (9 April 1872 30 March 1950 was a French politician usually identified with the moderate left and three times the Prime Minister of France. The Popular Front (French Front populaire) was an alliance of left-wing movements including the French Communist Party (PCF the Socialist

As the Seventh World Congress officially repudiated the revolutionary overthrow of capitalism as the purpose of the Comintern, Leon Trotsky was led to state that it was the death of the Comintern as a revolutionary International and therefore a new International was needed. Leon Trotsky ( Russian:, Lev Davidovich Trotsky, also transliterated Leo, Lyev, Trotskii, Trotski, Trotskij Trotsky also argued that the Stalinist parties were now to be considered reformist parties, similar to the social democratic parties (but also playing a role as border guards for the Russian state).

As a result, in 1938 the Fourth International was founded in opposition to the Comintern. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Fourth International ( FI) is a communist international organisation working in opposition to both Capitalism and Stalinism. Its founders believed that the Third International had become thoroughly bureaucratized and Stalinized, and was no longer capable of regenerating itself into a proper revolutionary organization. In particular, they saw the calamitous defeat of the communist movement in Germany (at the hands of the National Socialists) as evidence that the Comintern was effectively irrelevant and fully under Stalin's control. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German

The Stalin purges of the 1930s affected Comintern activists living in the USSR. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Great Purge (Большая чистка transliterated Bolshaya chistka) was a series of campaigns of Political repression and Persecution 133 out of the staff of 492 being victims. Several hundred German Communists and antifascists who had fled from Nazi Germany were killed and more than thousand were handed over to Germany. ^[28] Fritz Platten died in a labor camp; the leaders of the Indian, Korean, Mexican, Iranian and Turkish Communist parties were executed. Fritz Platten ( 8 July 1883 – 22 April 1942) was a Swiss Communist. The only German Communist leaders to survive were Wilhelm Pieck and Walter Ulbricht. Friedrich Wilhelm Reinhold Pieck ( January 3, 1876 - September 7, 1960) was a German communist and the first and only Walter Ulbricht ( June 30, 1893 &ndash August 1, 1973) was a German Communist politician Out of 11 Mongolian Communist Party leaders, only Khorloogiin Choibalsan survived. Khorloogiin Choibalsan (Хорлоогийн Чойбалсан February 8 1895 &ndash January 26, 1952) was the Communist leader A great number of German Communists were handed over to Hitler. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Leopold Trepper recalled these days: "In house, where the party activists of all the countries were living, no-one slept until 3 o'clock in the morning. Leopold Trepper ( February 23, 1904 - January 19, 1982) was an organizer of the Soviet Spy ring ''Rote Kapelle'' [. . ] Exactly 3 o'clock the car lights began to be seen [. . . ]. we stayed near the window and waited [to find out], where the car stopped. "^[29]

Dissolution

At the start of World War II, the Comintern supported a policy of non-intervention, arguing that the war was an imperialist war between various national ruling classes, much like World War I had been (see Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact). World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Non-intervention is the norm in International relations that one State cannot interfere in the internal politics of another state based upon the principles World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All But when the Soviet Union itself was invaded on 22 June 1941, the Comintern changed its position to one of active support for the Allies. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose

On May 15, 1943, a declaration of the Executive Committee was sent out to all sections of the International, calling for the dissolution of Comintern. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The declaration read:

"The historical role of the Communist International, organised in 1919 as a result of the political collapse of the overwhelming majority of the old pre-war workers’ parties, consisted in that it preserved the teachings of Marxism from vulgarisation and distortion by opportunist elements of the labor movement. . . . But long before the war it became increasingly clear that, to the extent that the internal as well as the international situation of individual countries became more complicated, the solution of the problems of the labor movement of each individual country through the medium of some international centre would meet with insuperable obstacles. "

Concretely, the declaration asked the member sections to approve:

"To dissolve the Communist International as a guiding centre of the international labor movement, releasing sections of the Communist International from the obligations ensuing from the constitution and decisions of the Congresses of the Communist International. "

After endorsements of the declaration was received from the member sections, the International was dissolved. ^[30]

Usually, it is asserted that the dissolution came about as Stalin wished to calm his World War II Allies (particularly Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Winston Churchill) not to suspect that the Soviet Union was pursuing a policy of trying to foment revolution in other countries. In general allies are people groups or nations that have joined together in an association for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 ^[31]

Successor organisations

The International Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was founded at roughly the same time that the Comintern was abolished in 1943, although its specific duties during the first several years of its existence are unknown. ^[32]

In September 1947, following the June 1947 Paris Conference on Marshall Aid, Stalin gathered a grouping of key European communist parties and set up the Cominform, or Communist Information Bureau, often seen as a substitute to the Comintern. The Marshall Plan (from its enactment officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger Cominform ( Com munist Inform ation Bureau) is the common name for what was officially referred to as the Information Bureau of the Communist It was a network made up of the Communist parties of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, the Soviet Union, and Yugoslavia (led by Tito, it was expelled in June 1948). A Political party described as a communist party includes those that advocate the application of the social principles of Communism through a communist form of The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania League of Communists of Yugoslavia ( Savez komunista Jugoslavije) before 1952 the Communist Party of Yugoslavia ( Komunistička partija Jugoslavije) was The Cominform was dissolved in 1956, following Stalin's 1953 death and the XXth Congress of the CPSU. The 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was held during February 14 26 1956.

While the Communist parties of the world no longer had a formal international organisation, they continued to maintain close relations with each other, through a series of international forums. In the period directly after dissolution of Comintern, periodical meetings of Communist parties where held in Moscow. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Moreover World Marxist Review, a joint periodical of the Communist parties, played an important role in coordinating the communist movement up to the break-up of the Socialist Bloc in 1989-1991. During the Cold War, the term Communist Bloc (or Soviet Bloc) was used to refer to the Soviet Union and countries it either controlled or that were Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar.

See also

• Lenin's speech: The Third, Communist International (Text of the speech, recording (help·info))
• List of delegates of the 1st Comintern congress
• List of delegates of the 2nd Comintern congress
• Communist University of the Toilers of the East
• Moscow Sun Yat-sen University
• Anti-Comintern Pact
• League against Imperialism
• List of left-wing internationals
• List of Communist Parties
• List of members of the Comintern
• Spanish Civil War
• International Working Union of Socialist Parties ("2 and a half International" founded by Austro-Marxists)
• International Revolutionary Marxist Centre
• Communist Workers International
• International Communist Opposition

References

Further reading

• C. L. R. James, World Revolution 1917-1936: The Rise and Fall of the Communist International Humanities Press, New Jersey, (Revolutionary Series), 1993, ISBN 1573925837
• Marcel Liebman, Leninism Under Lenin Humanities Press, New Jersey ISBN 085036261X
• Piero Melograni, Lenin and the Myth of World Revolution: Ideology and Reasons of State 1917-1920, Humanities Press, New Jersey, 1990
• The Comintern and its Critics (Special issue of Revolutionary History Volume 8, no 1, Summer 2001)

External links

• Comintern Archives (English)
• Comintern Archives (Russian)
• Article on the Third International from the Encyclopedia Britannica
• Workers' Internationals, at Marxist Internet Archive
• Report from Moscow, 3rd International congress, 1920 by Otto Rühle
• Comintern History Archive Marxists Internet Archive
• The Communist International Journal of the Comintern, Marxists Internet Archive

Cyril Lionel Robert James ( 4 January 1901 &ndash 19 May 1989) was an Afro- Trinidadian Journalist Otto Rühle (23October 1874 - 24 June 1943 was a German Left Communist active in opposition to both the First and Second World Wars and a founder with along with

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