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Comedy in theater
The comic theatre, whose Western origins are found in Ancient Greece. Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter An epic is a lengthy Narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation As a Literary genre of High culture, romance or chivalric romance refers to a style of heroic Prose and verse Narrative A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Comedy (from the Greek κωμωδίαkomodia has a popular meaning (any discourse generally intended to amuse especially in Television, Film, and Drama is the specific mode of Fiction represented in Performance. Satire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; although in practice it is also found in the graphic and Performing arts In satire human A performance, in Performing arts, generally comprises an event in which one group of people (the performer or performers behave in a particular way for another group of people A Book is a set or collection of written printed illustrated or blank sheets made of Paper, Parchment, or other material usually fastened together For the Wikipedia guideline regarding editing articles see WikipediaManual of Style. The following is a list of literary terms; that is those words used in discussion classification criticism and analysis of Literature. The history of literature is the historical development of Writings in Prose or Poetry which attempt to provide Entertainment, enlightenment The History of literature in the Modern period in Europe begins with the Age of Enlightenment and the conclusion of the Baroque period in the 18th century This is a list of lists of Books in Wikipedia General lists List of anonymously published works List of books The following are lists of Writers: By name A &ndash B &ndash Y &ndash Z By type of writing This is a list of literary awards from around the world Worldwide in scope Nobel Prize in Literature Neustadt International Prize This is a list of awards that are or have been given out to writers of Poetry, either for a specific poem collection of poems or body of work Literary criticism is the study discussion evaluation and interpretation of Literature. Literary theory in a strict sense is the systematic study of the nature of Literature and of the methods for analyzing literature A literary magazine is a Periodical devoted to Literature in a broad sense Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca
The genre can be simply described as a dramatic performance which pits two societies against each other in an amusing agon or conflict. AGON is a series of Episodic Adventure games for Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows by Private Moon Studios. Northrop Frye famously depicted these two opposing sides as a "Society of Youth" and a "Society of the Old" (The Anatomy of Criticism, 1957), but this dichotomy is seldom described as an entirely satisfactory explanation. Herman Northrop Frye, CC, MA (Oxon, DD, DLitt, FRSC ( July 14, 1912 &ndash January 23, 1991 A dichotomy is any splitting of a whole into exactly two non-overlapping parts
A later view characterizes the essential agon of comedy as a struggle between a powerless youth and the societal conventions that pose obstacles to his hopes; in this sense, the youth is understood to be constrained by his lack of social authority, and is left with little choice but to take recourse to ruses which engender very dramatic irony which provokes laughter (Marteinson, 2006). Irony is a literary or Rhetorical device, in which there is an incongruity or Discordance between what one says or does and what one means or
Much comedy contains variations on the elements of surprise, incongruity, conflict, repetitiveness, and the effect of opposite expectations, but there are many recognized genres of comedy. Irony is a literary or Rhetorical device, in which there is an incongruity or Discordance between what one says or does and what one means or A genre (ˈʒɑːnrə also /ˈdʒɑːnrə/ from French "kind" or "sort" from Latin: genus (stem gener-) is a loose set Satire and political satire use ironic comedy to portray persons or social institutions as ridiculous or corrupt, thus alienating their audience from the object of humor. Satire is often strictly defined as a literary genre or form; although in practice it is also found in the graphic and Performing arts In satire human Political satire is a significant part of Satire that specializes in gaining entertainment from politicsusing political cartoons politicians and public affairs
Parody borrows the form of some popular genre, artwork, or text but uses certain ironic changes to critique that form from within (though not necessarily in a condemning way). A parody (ˈpɛɹədiː US, [ˈpaɹədiː] UK) in contemporary usage is a work created to mock comment on or poke fun at an original work its subject A genre (ˈʒɑːnrə also /ˈdʒɑːnrə/ from French "kind" or "sort" from Latin: genus (stem gener-) is a loose set In Fine art, a work of art (or artwork or work) is a creation such as a Song, Book, Film, Video game, TEXT is the band founded by Kristofer Steen David Sandström Fredrik Bäckström and Jon F Brännström Irony is a literary or Rhetorical device, in which there is an incongruity or Discordance between what one says or does and what one means or Screwball comedy derives its humor largely from bizarre, surprising (and improbable) situations or characters. The screwball comedy is a subgenre of the comedy Film genre. It has proven to be one of the most popular and enduring film genres Black comedy is defined by dark humor that makes light of so called dark or evil elements in human nature. Black comedy, also known as black humor or dark comedy, is a sub-genre of Comedy and Satire where topics and events that are usually regarded Evil, in many cultures is used to describe acts or thoughts which are contrary to some particular religion Similarly scatological humor, sexual humor, and race humor create comedy by violating social conventions or taboos in comedic ways. Toilet humour, or scatological humour, is a type of off-colour humour dealing with Defecation, Urination, Flatulence, Vomiting Ethnic jokes, sometimes refferred to as race jokes, or racist jokes are Jokes that exploit Ethnic stereotypes. A convention is a set of agreed, stipulated or generally accepted Standards norms social norms or criteria, often taking the form of A taboo is a strong Social prohibition (or ban) against words objects actions or discussions that are considered undesirable or offensive by a group culture
A comedy of manners typically takes as its subject a particular part of society (usually upper class society) and uses humor to parody or satirize the behavior and mannerisms of its members. The comedy of manners satirizes the manners and affectations of a Social class, often represented by Stock characters, such as the Miles gloriosus Romantic comedy is a popular genre that depicts burgeoning romance in humorous terms, and focuses on the foibles of those who are falling in love.
Etymology
The word "comedy" is derived from the Classical Greek κωμῳδία, which is a compound either of κῶμος (revel) or κώμη (village) and ᾠδή (singing): it is possible that κῶμος itself is derived from κώμη, and originally meant a village revel. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c The Komos (in Greek κώμος pl komoi was a ritualistic drunken procession performed by revelers in ancient Greece whose participants were known as komasts The adjective "comic" (Greek κωμικός), which strictly means that which relates to comedy is, in modern usage, generally confined to the sense of "laughter-provoking". [1] The word came into modern usage through the Latin comoedia and Italian commedia and has, over time, passed through various shades of meaning. [2]
Greeks and Romans confined the word "comedy" to descriptions of stage-plays with happy endings. In the middle ages, the term expanded to include narrative poems with happy endings and a lighter tone. In this sense Dante used the term in the title of his poem, La Divina Commedia. As time progressed, the word came more and more to be associated with any sort of performance intended to cause laughter. [2]
History
In ancient Greece, comedy seems to have originated in bawdy and ribald songs or recitations apropos of fertility festivals or gatherings, or also in making fun at other people or stereotypes. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Ribaldry is humorous entertainment that ranges from bordering on indelicacy to vulgar [3] Aristotle, in the Poetics, states that comedy originated in Phallic songs and the light treatment of the otherwise base and ugly. Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He also adds that the origins of comedy are obscure because it was not treated seriously from its inception. [4]
The phenomena connected with laughter and that which provokes it has been carefully investigated by psychologists and agreed upon the predominating characteristics are incongruity or contrast in the object, and shock or emotional seizure on the part of the subject. It has also been held that the feeling of superiority is an essential factor: thus Thomas Hobbes speaks of laughter as a "sudden glory. Thomas Hobbes (born 5 April 1588died 4 December 1679 was an English philosopher, whose famous 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation " Modern investigators have paid much attention to the origin both of laughter and of smiling, as well as the development of the "play instinct" and its emotional expression.
History of theatre
- Ancient Greek comedy, as practiced by Aristophanes and Menander
- Ancient Roman comedy, as practiced by Plautus and Terence
- Burlesque, from Music hall and Vaudeville to Performance art
- Citizen comedy, as practiced by Thomas Dekker, Thomas Middleton and Ben Jonson
- Clowns such as Richard Tarlton, William Kempe and Robert Armin
- Comedy of humours, as practiced by Ben Jonson and George Chapman
- Comedy of intrigue, as practiced by Niccolò Machiavelli and Lope de Vega
- Comedy of manners, as practiced by Molière, William Wycherley and William Congreve
- Comedy of menace, as practiced by David Campton and Harold Pinter
- comédie larmoyante or 'tearful comedy', as practiced by Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chaussée and Louis-Sébastien Mercier
- Commedia dell'arte, as practiced in the twentieth-century by Dario Fo, Vsevolod Meyerhold and Jacques Copeau
- Farce, from Georges Feydeau to Joe Orton and Alan Ayckbourn
- Jester
- Laughing comedy, as practiced by Oliver Goldsmith and Richard Brinsley Sheridan
- Restoration comedy, as practiced by George Etherege, Aphra Behn and John Vanbrugh
- Sentimental comedy, as practiced by Colley Cibber and Richard Steele
- Shakespearean comedy, as practiced by William Shakespeare
- Dadaist and Surrealist performance, usually in cabaret form
- Theatre of the Absurd, used by some to describe Samuel Beckett, Harold Pinter, Jean Genet and Eugène Ionesco[5]
References
- Aristotle, Poetics. Asian Theatre Indian Theatre See also Theatre in India, Sanskrit drama Folk theatre and dramatics can be traced to the religious ritualism Comedy was one of two principal dramatic forms in ancient Greece the other being Tragedy. Aristophanes (Ἀριστοφάνης ˌærɪˈstɒfəniːz in English ca Menander ( Greek:, Menandros; ca 342&ndash291 BC Greek Dramatist, the best-known representative of Athenian New Comedy, was the son This article is about theatrical performances in ancient Rome Titus Maccius Plautus (c 254–184 BCE commonly known as Plautus, was a Roman Playwright. Publius Terentius Afer (195/185&ndash159 BC better known as Terence, was a Playwright of the Roman Republic. Burlesque is theatrical entertainment of broad and parodic humor which usually consists of comic skits (and sometimes a strip tease) Music hall is a form of British theatrical Entertainment which was popular between 1850 and 1960 Vaudeville was a Genre of variety entertainment prevalent on the stage in the United States and Canada, from the early 1880s This article is about Performance art For other uses see Performance (disambiguation City comedy, also called Citizen Comedy is a common genre of Elizabethan drama. Thomas Dekker is the name of Thomas Dekker (writer (1572&ndash1632 Elizabethan poet and dramatist Thomas Dekker (actor (born 1987 Thomas Middleton (1580 &ndash 1627 was an English Jacobean playwright and Poet. Benjamin Jonson ( c 11 June 1572 &ndash 6 August 1637) was an English Renaissance Dramatist Clowns are comic performers stereotypically characterized by their Grotesque appearance colored wigs stylistic makeup, outlandish Costumes unusually Richard Tarlton (1530 &ndash September 3, 1588) an English actor was the most famous clown of his era See Will Kempe (actor for the contemporary television actor William Kempe (died 1603? also spelled Kemp, was an English Robert Armin (c 1563 &ndash 1615 was an English Actor, a member of the Lord Chamberlain's Men. The comedy of humours refers to a Genre of Dramatic Comedy that focuses on a character or range of characters each of whom has one overriding Benjamin Jonson ( c 11 June 1572 &ndash 6 August 1637) was an English Renaissance Dramatist George Chapman (c 1559 &ndash May 12 1634) was an English Dramatist, Translator, and Poet. Lope de Vega (also Félix Lope de Vega y Carpio or Lope Félix de Vega Carpio) ( 25 November 1562 &ndash 27 August 1635 The comedy of manners satirizes the manners and affectations of a Social class, often represented by Stock characters, such as the Miles gloriosus Jean-Baptiste Poquelin, also known by his Stage name, Molière, ( January 15, 1622 – February 17 1673) was a French William Wycherley ( c 1640 – 31 December 1715) was an English Dramatist of the Restoration period William Congreve ( 24 January 1670 &ndash 19 January 1729) was an English Playwright and Poet. See also Characteristics of Harold Pinter's work, Selected bibliography for Harold Pinter Comedy of menace is a term used to describe the plays of David David Campton ( June 5, 1924 &ndash September 9, 2006) was a prolific British dramatist who wrote plays for the stage radio and cinema Comédie larmoyante (tearful comedy was a genre of French Drama of the Eighteenth century. Pierre-Claude Nivelle de La Chaussée (* 14 February 1692 in Paris; † 14 May 1754 in Paris) French dramatist who blurred Louis-Sébastien Mercier ( 6 June 1740 - 25 April 1814) was a French Dramatist and Writer. Commedia dell'Arte ( Italian: "the comedy of artists" is a form of Improvisational theatre that began in Italy in the 16th century Dario Fo (born March 24, 1926) is an Italian satirist, Playwright, Theater director, Actor, and Composer Vsevolod Emilevich Meyerhold (Всеволод Эмильевич Мейерхольд born Karl Kasimir Theodor Meyerhold ( &mdash 2 February 1940 ? was a Jacques Copeau ( February 4 1879 &ndash October 20 1949) was an influential French theatre director producer actor and Dramatist A farce is a Comedy written for the stage or film which aims to Entertain the audience by means of unlikely extravagant and improbable situations disguise and mistaken Georges Feydeau, ( 8 December 1862 - 5 June 1921) was a French Playwright of the Era known as La Belle Epoque Joe Orton ( 1 January, 1933, Leicester, England - 9 August, 1967, Islington, London) born John Sir Alan Ayckbourn CBE (born 12 April 1939 is a popular and prolific English playwright A jester, joker, jokester, fool, wit-cracker, prankster, or buffoon is a member of a profession that came into popularity Oliver Goldsmith (10 November 1730 or 1728 &ndash 4 April 1774 was an Anglo-Irish writer poet and Physician known for his Novel The Vicar Richard Brinsley Sheridan (30 October 1751 &ndash 7 July 1816 was an Irish playwright and Whig Statesman. Restoration comedy is the name given to English comedies written and performed in the Restoration period from 1660 to 1710 Sir George Etherege (1635? Maidenhead, Berkshire &ndashc May 10, 1692, Paris) was an English Dramatist. Sir John Vanbrugh (pronounced "Van'-bru" (24 January 1664? – 26 March 1726 was an English Architect and Dramatist, perhaps best known Colley Cibber (ˈkɒli ˈsɪbɚ (11 June 1671 &ndash 12 November 1757 was a British actor-manager playwright and Poet Laureate. This is about Richard Steele Irish writer and politician for others see Richard Steele (disambiguation page Traditionally the plays of William Shakespeare have been grouped into three categories tragedies, comedies, and histories. William Shakespeare ( baptised For other meanings see Dada (disambiguation DaDa is a Concept album by Alice Cooper, released Surrealism is a cultural movement that began in the early-1920s and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members Cabaret is a form of entertainment featuring Comedy, Song, Dance, and Theatre, distinguished mainly by the performance venue &mdash a Restaurant The Theatre of the Absurd ( French: Théâtre de l'Absurde) is a designation for particular plays written by a number of primarily European Playwrights Samuel Barclay Beckett (13 April 1906 – 22 December 1989 was an Irish Writer, Dramatist and poet Jean Genet (ʒɑ̃ ʒəˈnɛ in French ( –) was a prominent controversial French writer and later political activist. Eugène Ionesco, born Eugen Ionescu ( November 26, 1909 – March 28, 1994
- Buckham, Philip Wentworth, Theatre of the Greeks, 1827.
- Marteinson, Peter (2006). On the Problem of the Comic: A Philosophical Study on the Origins of Laughter, Legas Press, Ottawa, 2006.
- Pickard-Cambridge, Sir Arthur Wallace
- Dithyramb, Tragedy, and Comedy , 1927.
- The Theatre of Dionysus in Athens, 1946.
- The Dramatic Festivals of Athens, 1953.
- Raskin, Victor, The Semantic Mechanisms of Humor, 1985.
- Riu, Xavier, Dionysism and Comedy, 1999. [1]
- Sourvinou-Inwood, Christiane, Tragedy and Athenian Religion, Oxford University Press, 2003.
- Wiles, David, The Masked Menander: Sign and Meaning in Greek and Roman Performance, 1991.
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