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"Dove" and "Pigeon" redirect here. For other uses, see Dove (disambiguation) and Pigeon (disambiguation).
Pigeons and Doves
Fossil range: Early Miocene - Recent
Feral Pigeon (Columba livia domestica) in flight
Feral Pigeon (Columba livia domestica) in flight
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Columbiformes
Family: Columbidae
Subfamilies

see article text

Pigeons and doves constitute the family Columbidae within the order Columbiformes, which include some 300 species of near passerine birds. The Early Miocene (also known as Lower Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages: the Aquitanian and Feral pigeons, also called city doves, city pigeons or street pigeons, are derived from Domestic pigeons that have returned to the wild Chordates ( Phylum Chordata) are a group of Animals that includes the Vertebrates together with several closely related Invertebrates Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. The Bird order Columbiformes includes the very widespread and successful Doves and pigeons, classified in the family Columbidae and the In Biological classification, family ( Latin This article is about the taxonomic rank for the sequence of species in a taxonomic list see Taxonomic order In scientific classification used The Bird order Columbiformes includes the very widespread and successful Doves and pigeons, classified in the family Columbidae and the In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Near passerine or higher land-bird assemblage are terms often given to Arboreal Birds or those most often believed to be related to the true Passerines Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. In general parlance the terms "dove" and "pigeon" are used somewhat interchangeably. In ornithological practice, there is a tendency for "dove" to be used for smaller species and "pigeon" for larger ones, but this is in no way consistently applied, and historically the common names for these birds involve a great deal of variation between the term "dove" and "pigeon. For Wikipedia aspects see WikipediaNaming conventions (common names, WikipediaNaming conventions, and WikipediaStyle manual. " This family occurs worldwide, but the greatest variety is in the Indomalaya and Australasia ecozones. The Indomalaya ecozone is one of the eight Ecozones that cover the planet's land surface The Australasian zone is an ecological region that is coincident but not synonymous (by some definitions with the geographic Region of Australasia The young doves and pigeons are called "squabs. "

Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. Anatomy Stegosaurus --> Beaks can vary significantly in size and shape from species to species The species commonly referred to just as the "pigeon" is the feral Rock Pigeon, common in many cities. A feral organism is one that has escaped from Domestication and returned partly or wholly to its wild state

Their usually flimsy nests are made of sticks, and the two white eggs are incubated by both sexes. In most Birds and Reptiles an egg ( Latin ovum) is the Zygote, resulting from Fertilization of the Ovum. Doves feed on seeds, fruit and plants. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. Unlike most other birds (but see flamingo), the doves and pigeons produce "crop milk," which is secreted by a sloughing of fluid-filled cells from the lining of the crop. Flamingos or flamingoes ( are gregarious Wading birds in the Genus Phoenicopterus and family Crop milk, also known as pigeon's milk, is a secretion from the lining of the crop of pigeons and doves with which the parents feed their young by A crop (or croup) is a thin-walled expanded portion of the Alimentary tract used for the storage of food prior to Digestion that is found in many animals Both sexes produce this highly nutritious substance to feed to the young.

Contents

Biology

Morphology

The Common Ground Dove is the smallest species in the family
The Common Ground Dove is the smallest species in the family

The pigeons and doves exhibit considerable variation in size. The Common Ground Dove ( Columbina passerina) is a small New World tropical Dove. The largest species are the crowned pigeons of New Guinea, which can weigh up to 2000 g, the smallest species is the new World Common Ground-dove, which is the same size as a House Sparrow and weighs only 30g. The Genus Goura consists of three species of crowned pigeons They are the largest members of the pigeon family New Guinea, located just north of Australia, is the world's second largest island, having become separated from the Australian mainland when the area now known The Common Ground Dove ( Columbina passerina) is a small New World tropical Dove. The House Sparrow ( Passer domesticus) is a member of the Old World Sparrow family Passeridae, considered by some to be a relative of the [1] The largest arboreal species are the imperial-pigeons like the New Caledonian Imperial-pigeon and the Kereru of New Zealand. Ducula is a genus of Bird in the Columbidae family It contains the following species Pink-bellied Imperial-pigeon ( UserPolbot. --> The New Caledonian Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula goliath) is a species of Bird in the The kererū or New Zealand Pigeon ( Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) is a Bird endemic to New Zealand. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Smaller species tend to be known as doves, and larger species as pigeons, but there is no taxonomic basis for distinguishing between the two.

Overall, the Columbidae tend to have short bills and legs, small heads on large compact bodies. The wings are large and have low wing loadings; pigeons have strong wing muscles (wing muscles comprise 31-44% of their body weight) and are amongst the strongest fliers of all birds. They are also highly manoeuvrable in flight.

The plumage of the family is variable. Plumage refers both to the layer of Feathers that cover a Bird and the pattern colour and arrangement of those feathers Granivorous species tend to have dull plumage, with a few exceptions, whereas the frugivorous species have brightly coloured plumage. [1] The Ptilinopus fruit-doves are some of the brightest coloured pigeons, with the three endemic species of Fiji and the Indian Ocean Alectroenas being amongst the brightest coloured. The fruit-doves are a Genus ( Ptilinopus) of Doves They occur from Southeast Asia via the Wallacea and the Philippines UserPolbot. --> Alectroenas is a genus of Birds in the Columbidae family Pigeons and doves may be sexually monochromatic or dichromatic. Sexual dimorphism is the systematic difference in form between individuals of different Sex in the same Species. In addition to bright colours pigeons may sport crests or other ornamentation.

Distribution and habitat

The Common Bronzewing has a widespread distribution across all of Australia and lives in most habitat types except dense rainforest and the driest deserts
The Common Bronzewing has a widespread distribution across all of Australia and lives in most habitat types except dense rainforest and the driest deserts

The pigeons and doves are distributed everywhere on Earth except for the driest areas of the Sahara Desert, Antarctica and its surrounding islands and the high Arctic. The Common Bronzewing ( Phaps chalcoptera) is a species of medium-sized heavily built Pigeon. The Sahara (الصحراء الكبرى aṣ-ṣaḥrā´ al-kubra, "The Great Desert" is the world's largest hot Desert and the world's second largest The Arctic is the Region around the Earth 's North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. They have colonised most of the world's oceanic islands (with the notable exception of Hawaii), reaching eastern Polynesia and the Chatham Islands in the Pacific, Mauritius, the Seychelles and Reunion in the Indian Ocean, and the Azores in the Atlantic Ocean. The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a Subregion of Oceania, comprising a large grouping of over The Archipelago of the Chatham Islands ( Rekohu in the Moriori language and Wharekauri in the Māori language) is a territory The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Mauritius (pronounced məˈrɪʃəs L’île Maurice /il mɔ'ʁis/ Mauritian Creole: Maurice) officially the Republic of Mauritius, République Seychelles (seɪˈʃɛl or /seɪˈʃɛlz/ in English and seʃɛl in French) officially the Republic of Seychelles (République des Seychelles Creole The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface The Azores ( Açores ɐˈsoɾɨʃ or) is a Portuguese Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 km (950  mi) from

The family has adapted to most of the habitats available on the planet. The largest number of species are found in tropical forests and woodlands, where they may be arboreal, terrestrial or semi-terrestrial. Various species also inhabit savannas, grasslands, deserts, temperate woodlands and forests, mangrove forests, and even the barren sands and gravels of atolls.

Some species have large natural ranges. The Eared Dove ranges across the entirety of South America from Colombia to Tierra Del Fuego, the Eurasian Collared Dove has a massive (if discontinuous) distribution from Britain across Europe, the Middle East, India and China, and the Laughing Dove across most of sub-Saharan Africa as well as India and the Middle-east. The Eared Dove, Zenaida auriculata, is a New World tropical Dove. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Tierra del Fuego ( Spanish for " Land of Fire " in English tiˈɛərə dɛl ˈfweɪgoʊ] Spanish ˈtjerað̞elˈfweɰo is an Archipelago The Eurasian Collared Dove, Streptopelia decaocto, also called the Eurasian Collared-Dove or simply the Collared Dove, is one of the great colonisers See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Laughing Dove ( Streptopelia senegalensis) is a small pigeon which is a resident breeding bird in the tropics in Africa south of the Sahara the Other species have a tiny restricted distribution, this is most common in island endemics. Endemism is the Ecological state of being unique to a place Endemic species are not naturally found elsewhere The Whistling Dove is endemic to the tiny island of Kadavu in Fiji, the Caroline Ground-dove is restricted to two islands, Truk and Pohnpei in the Caroline Islands and the Grenada Dove is restricted to Grenada in the Caribbean. The Whistling Dove, Ptilinopus layardi is a small fruit dove from Fiji. Kadavu (kandaβu with an area of 411 square kilometers is the fourth largest island in Fiji, and the largest island in the Kadavu Group, a Fiji (Matanitu ko Viti फ़िजी officially the Republic of the Fiji Islands (Matanitu Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko Viti फ़िजी द्वीप समूह गणराज्य UserPolbot. -->The Caroline Islands Ground-dove ( Gallicolumba kubaryi) is a species of Bird in the Chuuk &mdash formerly Truk, Ruk, Hogoleu, Torres, Ugulat, and Lugulus &mdash is an island group in the south western Pohnpei "upon ( pohn) a stone altar ( pei)" (formerly known as Ponape) is the name of one of the four states in the Federated The Caroline Islands form a large Archipelago of widely scattered islands in the western Pacific Ocean, northeast of New Guinea. The Grenada Dove ( Leptotila wellsi) is a medium-sized New World Tropical Dove. Grenada (grɪˈneɪdə is an Island nation that includes the southern Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Some continental species also have tiny distributions; for example the Black-banded Fruit-dove is restricted to a small area of the Arnhem Land of Australia, the Somali Pigeon is restricted to a tiny area of northern Somalia, and Bare-eyed Ground-dove is restricted to the area around Salta and Tucuman in northern Argentina. The Banded Fruit-Dove, Ptilinopus cinctus, is a large (38-44 cm in length 450-570 g in weight pigeon with white head neck and upper breast black back and upperwing grading The Arnhem Land Region is one of the five regions of the Northern Territory of Australia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. UserPolbot. --> The Somali Pigeon ( Columba oliviae) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known UserPolbot. -->The Bare-eyed Ground-dove ( Metriopelia morenoi) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae For the village in Bangladesh see Salta Bangladesh. Salta is a city in northwestern Argentina and the capital city of the Salta San Miguel de Tucumán (usually referred to as simply Tucumán) is the largest City in northern Argentina, with a population of 525853 per the. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics.

The Zebra Dove has been widely introduced around the world
The Zebra Dove has been widely introduced around the world

The largest range of any species is that of the Rock Pigeon (formerly Rock Dove). The Zebra Dove Geopelia striata, also known as Barred Ground Dove, is a bird of the Dove family Columbidae native to South-east Asia. The species had a large natural distribution from Britain and Ireland to northern Africa, across Europe, Arabia, Central Asia, India, the Himalayas and up into China and Mongolia. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East The range of the species increased dramatically upon domestication as the species went feral in cities around the world. The species is currently resident across most of North America, and has established itself in cities and urban areas in South America, sub-Saharan Africa, South East Asia, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island The species is not the only pigeon to have increased its range due to actions of man, several other species have become established outside of their natural range after escaping captivity, and other species have increased their natural ranges due to habitat changes caused by human activities. An introduced species (also known as naturalized species or exotic species) is an Organism that is not indigenous to a given location but

Diet

The White-bellied Green-pigeon feeding on fruit
The White-bellied Green-pigeon feeding on fruit

Seeds and fruit form the major component of the diet of pigeons and doves. UserPolbot. -->The White-bellied Green-pigeon ( Treron sieboldii) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae In fact, the family can be divided into the seed eating or granivorous species (subfamily Columbinae) and the fruit eating or frugivorous species (the other four subfamilies). The granivorous typically feed on seed found on the ground, whereas the species that feed on fruit and mast tend to feed in trees. There are morphological adaptations that can be used to distinguish between the two groups, granivorous species tend to have thick walls in the gizzards, whereas the frugivores tend to have thin walls. In addition fruit eating species have short intestines whereas those that eat seeds have longer ones. Frugivores are capable of clinging to branches and even hang upside down in order to reach fruit.

In addition to fruit and seeds a number of other food items are taken by many species. Some species, particularly the ground-doves and quail-doves take a large number of prey items such as insects and worms. Gallicolumba is a Genus of ground-dwelling Doves which occur in rainforests on the Philippines, Indonesia, and in the Pacific Geotrygon is a Bird Genus in the pigeon and dove family ( Columbidae) One species, the Atoll Fruit-dove is specialised in taking insect and reptile prey. UserPolbot. -->The Atoll Fruit-dove ( Ptilinopus coralensis) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae Snails, moths and other insects are taken by White-crowned Doves, Orange Doves and Ruddy Ground Doves. The Orange Dove ( Ptilinopus victor) also known as Flame Dove, is a small approximately 20 cm (8 in long short-tailed Fruit-dove in the family Columbidae

Systematics and evolution

This family is a highly coherent group with no members showing obvious links with other bird families, or vice versa. The dodo and solitaires are clearly related, as discussed below, but equally lacking in obvious links with other bird families. The dodo ( Raphus cucullatus) was a Flightless bird endemic to the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius. The limited fossil record also consists only of unequivocal Columbidae species. Links to the sandgrouse and parrots have been suggested, but resemblances to the first group are due to convergent evolution and the second depend on the parrot-like features of the Tooth-billed Pigeon. Sandgrouse is also the name of the journal of the Ornithological Society of the Middle East - see Sandgrouse (journal The sandgrouse are a Parrots are birds of the roughly 350 Species in 85 genera comprising the order Psittaciformes, found in most warm and tropical regions Convergent evolution describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages The Tooth-billed Pigeon, Didunculus strigirostris, also known as Samoan Pigeon, is a medium-sized approximately 34 cm long dark pigeon with reddish feet However, the distinctive features of that bird seem to have arisen from its specialized diet rather than a real relationship to the parrots.

The family is usually divided into five subfamilies, but this is probably inaccurate. For example, the American ground and quail doves which are usually placed in the Columbinae seem to be two distinct subfamilies[2]. The order presented here follows Baptista et al. (1997) with some updates (Johnson & Clayton 2000, Johnson et al. 2001, Shapiro et al. 2002).

Note that the arrangement of genera and naming of subfamilies is in some cases provisional because analyzes of different DNA sequences yield results that differ, often radically, in the placement of certain (mainly Indo-Australian) genera. A DNA sequence or genetic sequence is a succession of letters representing the Primary structure of a real or hypothetical DNA Molecule This ambiguity, probably caused by Long branch attraction, seems to confirm that the first pigeons evolved in the Australasian region, and that the "Treronidae" and allied forms (crowned and pheasant pigeons, for example) represent the earliest radiation of the group. Long branch attraction (LBA is a phenomenon in Phylogenetic analyses (most commonly those employing Maximum parsimony) when rapidly evolving lineages are inferred

As the Dodo and Rodrigues Solitaire are in all likelihood part of the Indo-Australian radiation that produced the 3 small subfamilies mentioned above with the fruit-doves and -pigeons (including the Nicobar Pigeon), they are here included as a subfamily Raphinae, pending better material evidence of their exact relationships. The dodo ( Raphus cucullatus) was a Flightless bird endemic to the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius. The Rodrigues Solitaire ( Pezophaps solitaria) was a flightless member of the Pigeon order endemic to Rodrigues, Mauritius The Nicobar Pigeon, Caloenas nicobarica, is a pigeon which is a resident breeding bird on small uninhabited islands in Indonesia and the Nicobar The Raphinae are a Subfamily of Extinct Flightless birds colloquially called didines or didine birds

Exacerbating these issues, columbids are not well represented in the fossil record. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. No truly primitive forms have been found to date. The genus Gerandia which most likely belongs to the Columbinae has been described from Early Miocene deposits of France. The Early Miocene (also known as Lower Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages: the Aquitanian and This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Fragmentary remains of an indeterminate (probably "treronine") Early/Middle Miocene pigeon were found in New Zealand. The Middle Miocene is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages: the Langhian and Serravallian stages New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Apart from that, all other fossils belong to extant genera. For these, and for the considerable number of more recently extinct prehistoric species, see the respective genus accounts.

A list of all the species, sortable by common and scientific name, is at list of Columbidae species

Subfamily Columbinae - typical pigeons & doves

Brown Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia phasianella.
Brown Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia phasianella. This is a list of Columbidae species sortable by common or binomial name The Brown Cuckoo-dove, Macropygia phasianella, is a Dove in the genus Macropygia.

Genus Columba including Aplopelia - Old World pigeons (33-34 living species, 2-3 recently extinct)

Genus Streptopelia including Stigmatopelia and Nesoenas - turtledoves (14-18 living species)

Genus Patagioenas - American pigeons; formerly included in Columba (17 species)

Genus Macropygia (10 species)

Genus Reinwardtoena (3 species)

Genus Turacoena (2 species)

Emerald Dove, Chalcophaps indica, native to tropical southern Asia and Australia.
Emerald Dove, Chalcophaps indica, native to tropical southern Asia and Australia. The large Bird Genus Columba comprises a group of medium to large stout-bodied pigeons, often referred to as the typical pigeons In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. Streptopelia is a genus of Birds in the dove family These are mainly slim small to medium-sized species Patagioenas is a genus of New World pigeons that was split from the genus Columba (Johnson et al UserPolbot. --> Macropygia is a genus of Bird in the Columbidae family Reinwardtoena is a small genus of doves It includes 3 species Turacoena is a small genus of Doves It includes just 2 species The Emerald Dove ( Chalcophaps indica) is a pigeon which is a widespread resident breeding bird in tropical southern Asia from Pakistan to For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

Subfamily N. N. - Bronzewings and relatives

Genus Turtur - African wood-doves (5 species; tentatively placed here)

Genus Oena - Namaqua Dove (tentatively placed here)

Genus Chalcophaps (2 species)

Genus Henicophaps (2 species)

Genus Phaps (3 species)

Genus Ocyphaps - Crested Pigeon

Genus Geophaps (3 species)

Genus Petrophassa - rock-pigeons (2 species)

Genus Geopelia (3-5 species)

Subfamily Leptotilinae - Zenaidine and quail-doves

Genus Zenaida

Genus Ectopistes - Passenger Pigeon (extinct; 1914)

White-tipped Dove (Leptotila verreauxi)
White-tipped Dove (Leptotila verreauxi)

Genus Leptotila

Genus Geotrygon - quail-doves

Genus Starnoenas

Subfamily Columbininae - American ground doves

Ruddy Ground Dove
Ruddy Ground Dove

Genus Columbina

Genus Claravis

Genus Metriopelia

Genus Scardafella - possibly belongs into Columbina

Genus Uropelia

Subfamily N. N. - Indopacific ground doves

Luzon Bleeding-heart Pigeon Gallicolumba crinigera, native to the Philippines.
Luzon Bleeding-heart Pigeon Gallicolumba crinigera, native to the Philippines. The Luzon Bleeding-heart ( Gallicolumba luzonica) is one of a number of species of ground Dove in the Genus Gallicolumba that

Genus Gallicolumba (16-17 living species, 3-4 recently extinct)

Genus Trugon

Subfamily Otidiphabinae - Pheasant Pigeon

Genus Otidiphaps - Pheasant Pigeon

Subfamily Didunculinae - Tooth-billed Pigeon

Genus Didunculus

Subfamily Gourinae - crowned pigeons

Victoria Crowned Pigeon Goura victoria in Bristol Zoo.
Victoria Crowned Pigeon Goura victoria in Bristol Zoo. Prehistoric birds are various taxa of Birds that became Extinct before recorded History, or more precisely before they could be studied UserPolbot. -->The Caroline Islands Ground-dove ( Gallicolumba kubaryi) is a species of Bird in the UserPolbot. -->The Polynesian Ground-dove ( Gallicolumba erythroptera) is a species of Bird in the Prehistoric birds are various taxa of Birds that became Extinct before recorded History, or more precisely before they could be studied Prehistoric birds are various taxa of Birds that became Extinct before recorded History, or more precisely before they could be studied Prehistoric birds are various taxa of Birds that became Extinct before recorded History, or more precisely before they could be studied UserPolbot. -->The Shy Ground-dove ( Gallicolumba stairi) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. -->The Santa Cruz Ground-dove ( Gallicolumba sanctaecrucis) is a species of Bird in the The Tanna Ground Dove ( Gallicolumba ferruginea) also known as Forster's Dove of Tanna, is an extinct dove species In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar The Thick-billed Ground Dove ( Gallicolumba salamonis) is an extinct dove species of the Gallicolumba genus In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. The twentieth century of the Common Era began on The Marquesan Ground-dove ( Gallicolumba rubescens) is a Bird Species in the family Columbidae. UserPolbot. -->The Bronze Ground-dove ( Gallicolumba beccarii) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. -->The Palau Ground-dove ( Gallicolumba canifrons) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. -->The Wetar Ground-dove ( Gallicolumba hoedtii) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. --> The Thick-billed Ground-pigeon ( Trugon terrestris) is a species of Bird in the The Pheasant Pigeon ( Otidiphaps nobilis) is a large terrestrial Pigeon found in the primary Rainforests of New Guinea and nearby The Tooth-billed Pigeon, Didunculus strigirostris, also known as Samoan Pigeon, is a medium-sized approximately 34 cm long dark pigeon with reddish feet The Tooth-billed Pigeon, Didunculus strigirostris, also known as Samoan Pigeon, is a medium-sized approximately 34 cm long dark pigeon with reddish feet Prehistoric birds are various taxa of Birds that became Extinct before recorded History, or more precisely before they could be studied The Victoria Crowned Pigeon, Goura victoria, is a large approximately 74cm (29  in) long and weighing up to 2 Bristol Zoo is a Zoo in the city of Bristol in South West England.

Genus Goura (3 species)

Subfamily N. The Genus Goura consists of three species of crowned pigeons They are the largest members of the pigeon family The Western Crowned Pigeon or Common Crowned Pigeon, Goura cristata, is a large turkey -sized approximately 75cm long blue- Grey pigeon with The Southern Crowned Pigeon, Goura scheepmakeri, is a large approximately 75cm long terrestrial pigeon confined to Southern Lowland forests of New The Victoria Crowned Pigeon, Goura victoria, is a large approximately 74cm (29  in) long and weighing up to 2 N. ("Treroninae") - green and fruit-doves and imperial pigeons

Genus Ducula - imperial-pigeons

Pied Imperial Pigeon Ducula bicolor.
Pied Imperial Pigeon Ducula bicolor. Ducula is a genus of Bird in the Columbidae family It contains the following species Pink-bellied Imperial-pigeon ( The Pink-bellied Imperial Pigeon (Ducula poliocephala, otherwise known as the Philippine Zone-tailed Imperial Pigeon the Zone-tailed Pigeon or the Philippine Imperial UserPolbot. --> The White-bellied Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula forsteni) is a species of Bird in the The Mindoro Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula mindorensis) is a Bird Species in the family Columbidae. UserPolbot. --> The Grey-headed Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula radiata) is a species of Bird in the UserPolbot. --> The Spotted Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula carola) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae The Green Imperial Pigeon ( Ducula aenea) is a pigeon which is a widespread resident breeding bird in tropical southern Asia from India east UserPolbot. -->The White-eyed Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula perspicillata) is a species of Bird in the The Elegant Imperial-pigeon, ( Ducula concinna) also known as Blue-tailed Imperial-pigeon, is a large (43 cm in length pigeon with upperparts mainly dark blue-green UserPolbot. -->The Pacific Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula pacifica) is a widespread species of Pigeon in the UserPolbot. --> The Micronesian Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula oceanica) is a species of Bird in the UserPolbot. -->The Polynesian Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula aurorae) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae The Marquesan Imperial-pigeon or Nukuhiva Pigeon ( Ducula galeata) is a pigeon which is endemic to Nuku Hiva in the The Red-knobbed Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula rubricera) is a Bird Species in the family Columbidae. The Pied Imperial-pigeon, ( Ducula bicolor) also known as the Nutmeg Pigeon, Torresian Imperial-pigeon or Torres Strait Pigeon is a

Genus Lopholaimus - Topknot Pigeon

Kererū (New Zealand Pigeon), Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae.
Kererū (New Zealand Pigeon), Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae. UserPolbot. -->The Spice Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula myristicivora) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. --> The Purple-tailed Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula rufigaster) is a species of Bird in the UserPolbot. --> The Cinnamon-bellied Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula basilica) is a species of Bird in the Finsch's Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula finschii) is a Bird Species in the family Columbidae. UserPolbot. -->The Shining Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula chalconota) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. --> The Island Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula pistrinaria) is a species of Bird in the UserPolbot. -->The Pink-headed Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula rosacea) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae The Christmas Island Imperial-Pigeon, ( Ducula whartoni) is a large (39 cm in length 450-700 g in weight pigeon mainly dark grey in colour with an iridescent sheen UserPolbot. -->The Grey Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula pickeringii) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. -->The Peale's Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula latrans) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. --> The Chestnut-bellied Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula brenchleyi) is a species of Bird in UserPolbot. -->The Vanuatu Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula bakeri) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. --> The New Caledonian Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula goliath) is a species of Bird in the UserPolbot. --> The Pinon Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula pinon) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. --> The Bismarck Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula melanochroa) is a species of Bird in the The Collared Imperial-pigeon, ( Ducula mullerii) is a large (40 cm in length 600 g in weight pigeon with grey upperparts and largely grey-pink underparts distinguished UserPolbot. -->The Banded Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula zoeae) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. -->The Mountain Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula badia) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. -->The Dark-backed Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula lacernulata) is a species of Bird in the UserPolbot. -->The Timor Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula cineracea) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae The Pied Imperial-pigeon, ( Ducula bicolor) also known as the Nutmeg Pigeon, Torresian Imperial-pigeon or Torres Strait Pigeon is a UserPolbot. --> The Torresian Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula spilorrhoa) is a species of Bird in the UserPolbot. -->The White Imperial-pigeon ( Ducula luctuosa) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae The Topknot Pigeon ( Lopholaimus antarcticus) is a Pigeon native to Australia. The kererū or New Zealand Pigeon ( Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae) is a Bird endemic to New Zealand.

Genus Hemiphaga

Genus Cryptophaps

Genus Gymnophaps - mountain-pigeons

Rose-crowned Fruit-dove (Ptilinopus regina) from eastern Australia and Indonesia
Rose-crowned Fruit-dove (Ptilinopus regina) from eastern Australia and Indonesia

Genus Ptilinopus - fruit-doves (some 50 living species, 1-2 recently extinct)

Genus Natunaornis - Viti Levu Giant Pigeon (prehistoric)

Genus Drepanoptila

Genus Alectroenas - blue pigeons

Subfamily Raphinae - didines

Genus Raphus - Dodo (extinct; late 17th century)

Genus Pezophaps - Rodrigues Solitaire (extinct; c. In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. The Mauritius Blue Pigeon or Pigeon Hollandais ( Alectroenas nitidissima)is an Extinct Species of Pigeon formerly endemic In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. The Rodrigues Grey Pigeon is an Extinct species of Pigeon formerly endemic to the Mascarene island of Rodrigues. In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. The Raphinae are a Subfamily of Extinct Flightless birds colloquially called didines or didine birds The dodo ( Raphus cucullatus) was a Flightless bird endemic to the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius. In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The Rodrigues Solitaire ( Pezophaps solitaria) was a flightless member of the Pigeon order endemic to Rodrigues, Mauritius In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. 1730)

Placement unresolved

The unusual Nicobar Pigeon, Caloenas nicobarica
The unusual Nicobar Pigeon, Caloenas nicobarica
Thick-billed Green Pigeon
Thick-billed Green Pigeon

Genus Caloenas

Genus Treron - green pigeons

Wonga Pigeon, Leucosarcia melanoleuca, native to Australia.
Wonga Pigeon, Leucosarcia melanoleuca, native to Australia. Year 1730 ( MDCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Nicobar Pigeon, Caloenas nicobarica, is a pigeon which is a resident breeding bird on small uninhabited islands in Indonesia and the Nicobar UserPolbot. -->The Thick-billed Green-pigeon ( Treron curvirostra) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae Caloenas is a Genus of pigeons The only surviving Species is the Nicobar Pigeon. The Nicobar Pigeon, Caloenas nicobarica, is a pigeon which is a resident breeding bird on small uninhabited islands in Indonesia and the Nicobar Prehistoric birds are various taxa of Birds that became Extinct before recorded History, or more precisely before they could be studied The Liverpool Pigeon ( Caloenas maculata) is a presumed extinct pigeon species from an unknown provenance In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. UserPolbot. --> Treron is a Genus of Bird in the pigeon family Columbidae. UserPolbot. -->The Cinnamon-headed Green-pigeon ( Treron fulvicollis) is a species of Bird in the UserPolbot. -->The Little Green-pigeon ( Treron olax) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. -->The Pink-necked Green-pigeon ( Treron vernans) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae The Orange-breasted Green Pigeon ( Treron bicincta) is a pigeon which is a widespread resident breeding bird in tropical southern Asia in the Himalaya The Pompadour Green Pigeon, also known as Grey-fronted Green Pigeon ( Treron pompadora) is a pigeon which is a widespread resident breeding bird in UserPolbot. -->The Thick-billed Green-pigeon ( Treron curvirostra) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. -->The Grey-cheeked Green-pigeon ( Treron griseicauda) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. -->The Sumba Green-pigeon ( Treron teysmannii) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. --> The Flores Green-pigeon ( Treron floris) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. -->The Timor Green-pigeon ( Treron psittaceus) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. -->The Large Green-pigeon ( Treron capellei) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae The Yellow-footed Green Pigeon Treron phoenicoptera also known as Yellow-legged Green Pigeon is a common species of Green Pigeon found in South Asia UserPolbot. -->The Bruce's Green-pigeon ( Treron waalia) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. -->The Madagascar Green-pigeon ( Treron australis) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. -->The African Green-pigeon ( Treron calvus) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. -->The Pemba Green-pigeon ( Treron pembaensis) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. -->The São Tomé Green-pigeon ( Treron sanctithomae) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. -->The Pin-tailed Green-pigeon ( Treron apicauda) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. -->The Sumatran Green-pigeon ( Treron oxyurus) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. -->The Yellow-vented Green-pigeon ( Treron seimundi) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. -->The Wedge-tailed Green-pigeon ( Treron sphenurus) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. -->The White-bellied Green-pigeon ( Treron sieboldii) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. -->The Whistling Green-pigeon ( Treron formosae) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae

Genus Phapitreron - brown doves

Genus Leucosarcia - Wonga Pigeon

Genus Microgoura - Choiseul Crested Pigeon (extinct; early 20th century)

Genus Dysmoropelia

Genus indeterminate

Relationship with humans

Doves in a dove house
Doves in a dove house

Doves as food

Main article: Squab (food)

Several species of pigeon or dove are used as food, and probably any could be; the powerful breast muscles characteristic of the family make excellent meat. Prehistoric birds are various taxa of Birds that became Extinct before recorded History, or more precisely before they could be studied In Culinary terminology squab is the Meat from a young Domestic pigeon; formerly adult birds from several species were called by the same name In Europe the Wood Pigeon is commonly shot as a game bird, while Rock Pigeons were originally domesticated as a food species, and many breeds were developed for their meat-bearing qualities. For the New Zealand Pigeon or Kererū (often incorrectly called "wood pigeons" see Kererū. Game is any Animal hunted for Food or not normally domesticated (such as Venison) The extinction of the Passenger Pigeon was at least partly due to shooting for use as food. The passenger pigeon ( Ectopistes migratorius) or wild pigeon was a species of pigeon that was once the most common Bird in North America

Doves in religion

According to the Tanakh, doves are kosher, and they are the only birds that may be used for a korban. See also Old testament, Septuagint, Targum, Peshitta The Tanakh (תַּנַ"ךְ (taˈnax or; also Tenakh or Tenak is Korban ( Hebrew: "sacrifice" קרבן (plural Korbanot קרבנות in Judaism, is the term for a variety of sacrificial offerings Other kosher birds may be eaten, but not brought as a korban. In the New Testament a dove is the symbol of the Holy Spirit. In mainstream Christianity, the Holy Spirit or Holy Ghost is one of the three entities of the Holy Trinity which make up the single substance

Threats and conservation

While many species of pigeons and doves have benefited from human activities and have increased their ranges, many other species have declined in numbers and some have become threatened or even succumbed to extinction. Threatened species are any species (including Animals Plants fungi, etc In Biology and Ecology, extinction is the cessation of existence of a Species or group of taxa. Amongst the 10 species that have become extinct since 1600 (the conventional date for estimating modern extinctions) are two of the most famous extinct species, the Dodo and the Passenger Pigeon. The dodo ( Raphus cucullatus) was a Flightless bird endemic to the Indian Ocean island of Mauritius. The passenger pigeon ( Ectopistes migratorius) or wild pigeon was a species of pigeon that was once the most common Bird in North America The Passenger Pigeon was exceptional for a number of reasons, along with being the only pigeon species to have gone extinct in modern times that was not an island species it was once the most numerous species of bird on Earth. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 Its former numbers are difficult to estimate but one ornithologist, Alexander Wilson, estimated that one flock he observed contained over two billion birds. Alexander Wilson ( July 6, 1766 &ndash August 23, 1813) was a Scottish-American Poet, Ornithologist, naturalist The decline of the species was abrupt; in 1871 a breeding colony was estimated to contain over a hundred million birds, yet the last individual in the species was dead by 1914. Although habitat loss was a contributing factor, the species is thought to have been massively overhunted, being used as food for slaves and, later, the poor in the United States throughout the 19th century. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

The Dodo, and its extinction, was more typical of the extinctions of pigeons in the past. Like many species that colonize remote islands with few predators it lost much of its anti-predator behaviour, along with its ability to fly. Island tameness is the tendency of many populations and Species of animals living on isolated Islands to lose their wariness of potential predators, particularly The arrival of people, along with a suite of other introduced species such as rats, pigs and cats, quickly spelt the end for this species and all the other island forms that have become extinct. An introduced species (also known as naturalized species or exotic species) is an Organism that is not indigenous to a given location but

Around 59 species of pigeon and dove are threatened with extinction today, this is 19% of all species. [3] Most of these are tropical and live on islands. All of the species threatened today are threatened by introduced predators, habitat loss and hunting, or a combination of these factors. In some cases they may be extinct in the wild, as is the Socorro Dove of Socorro Island, Mexico, which was driven to the edge of extinction by habitat loss and introduced feral cats. Extinct in the Wild ( EW) is a Conservation status assigned to species or lower taxa the only known living members of which are being kept in captivity or as a naturalized The Socorro Dove ( Zenaida graysoni) is a Dove that is Extinct in the wild Socorro Island ( Spanish: Isla Socorro) is a Volcanic island in the Revillagigedo Islands, a Mexican possession lying some A feral cat (or stray cat, alley cat) is a Cat which has been separated from Domestication through abandonment loss or running away and becomes In some areas a lack of knowledge means that the true status of a species is unknown; the Negros Fruit Dove has not been seen since 1953 and may or may not be extinct, and the Polynesian Ground-dove is classified as critically endangered as it is unknown whether it survives or not on remote islands in the far west of the Pacific Ocean. UserPolbot. --> The Negros Fruit-dove ( Ptilinopus arcanus) is a species of Bird in the Columbidae UserPolbot. -->The Polynesian Ground-dove ( Gallicolumba erythroptera) is a species of Bird in the Organisms with a conservation status of critically endangered have an extremely high risk of becoming extinct The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions

Various conservation techniques are employed in order to prevent these extinctions. "Conservation Biology" redirects here For the Scientific journal, see Conservation Biology (journal. These include laws and regulations in order to control hunting pressure, the establishment of protected areas to prevent further habitat loss, the establishment of captive populations for reintroduction back into the wild (ex situ conservation) and the translocation of individuals to suitable habitat to create additional populations. Ex-situ conservation means literally "off-site conservation "

See also

References

Footnotes

  1. ^ a b Baptista, L. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. F. ; Trail, P. W. & Horblit, H. M. (1997): Family Columbidae (Doves and Pigeons). In: del Hoyo, J. ; Elliott, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors): Handbook of birds of the world, Volume 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-22-9
  2. ^ Basically, the conventional treatment had 2 large subfamilies, one for the fruit-doves, imperial pigeons and fruit-pigeons, and another for nearly all of the remaining species. Additionally, there were 3 monotypic subfamilies, one each for the genera Goura, Otidiphaps and Didunculus. Monotypic is an adjective that refers to a taxonomic group with only one type: In Botany, "monotypic" means that a Taxon has only The old subfamily Columbinae consists of 5 distinct lineages, whereas the other 4 groups are more or less accurate representations of the evolutionary relationships.
  3. ^ Walker, J. (2007) "Geographical patterns of threat among pigeons and doves (Columbidae)" Oryx 41 (3): 289-299.

External links

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