Columbia University in the City of New York
Motto:	In lumine Tuo videbimus lumen (Latin)
Motto in English:	In Thy light shall we see light (a paraphrase of Psalms 36:9)
Established:	1754
Type:	Private
Endowment:	US $7. A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Psalms ( Hebrew: Tehilim, תהילים, or "praises" is a book of the Hebrew Bible (the Christian Old Testament) included The date of establishment or date of founding of an Institution is the date on which that institution chooses to claim as its starting point Unlike Public universities, private universities generally do not receive direct operational funding from national or subnational governments and thus rely on private A financial endowment is a Transfer of Money or Property donated to an Institution, usually with the stipulation that it be invested The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 15 Billion[1]
President:	Lee Bollinger
Faculty:	3,543[2]
Students:	24,820[3]
Undergraduates:	6,923[3]
Postgraduates:	15,731[3]
Location:	New York, NY
Campus:	Urban, 36 acres (0. University president is the title of the highest ranking officer within a University, within university systems that prefer that appellation over other variations such as Lee C Bollinger is an American lawyer and educator who is currently serving as the 19th president of Columbia University. A faculty is a division within a University. The concept of a university with different faculties for different subjects dates back to Al-Azhar University, which had The word student is etymologically derived through Middle English from the Latin second-type conjugation Verb "studēre" In some Educational systems undergraduate education is Post-secondary education up to the level of a Bachelor's degree. See also Postgraduate Training in Education Postgraduate education (synonymous in North America with graduate education, and sometimes described The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous 15 km²) Morningside Heights Campus, 26 acres (0. 1 km²), Baker Field athletic complex, 20 acres (0. 09 km²), Medical Center, 157 acres (0. 64 km²) Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, 60 acres (0. 25 km²), Nevis Laboratories, Reid Hall (Paris)
Former names:	*King's College (1754-1776) *Columbia College (1784-1896)
Newspaper:	Columbia Daily Spectator
Colors:	Columbia blue and White
Nickname:	Columbia Lions
Athletics:	NCAA Division I FCS, Ivy League 29 sports teams
Affiliations:	MAISA; AAU
Website:	www.columbia.edu

Columbia University is a private university in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Columbia Daily Spectator is the daily newspaper written by Columbia University undergraduates servicing the university community and the neighborhood of Morningside School colors are the Colors chosen by a School to represent it on uniforms and other items of identification Columbia blue is a light Blue tertiary Color. The typical Columbia blue is defined by Pantone as Columbia Blue 3 (PANTONE 292 White is a Color, the perception which is evoked by Light that stimulates all three types of color sensitive Cone cells in the Human eye The athletic nickname, or equivalently athletic moniker, of a University or College within the United States is the name officially adopted by Ivy League athletics The eight-institution athletic league to which Columbia University belongs the Ivy League, also includes Brown University, Cornell The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA, often pronounced "N-C-Double-A" is a voluntary association of about 1200 institutions conferences organizations Division I (or D-I) is the highest level of intercollegiate athletics sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States The Ivy League is an Athletic conference comprising eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. Middle Atlantic Intercollegiate Sailing Association (MAISA organizes and regulates intercollegiate sailing in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, The Association of American Universities (AAU is an Organization of leading research universities devoted to maintaining a strong system of academic Research A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Ivy League is an Athletic conference comprising eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. Columbia's main campus lies in the Morningside Heights neighborhood in the borough of Manhattan, in New York City. Morningside Heights is a neighborhood of the Borough of Manhattan in New York City and is chiefly known as the home of institutions such as Barnard In New York City, a borough is a unique form of government which administers the five fundamental constituent parts that make up the consolidated city Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York The City of New York The university is legally known as Columbia University in the City of New York. The institution was established as King's College by the Church of England, receiving a Royal Charter in 1754 from George II of Great Britain. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican A Royal Charter is a Charter granted by the Sovereign on the advice of the Privy council to legitimize an incorporated body such as a city company George II (George Augustus 10 November 1683 &ndash 25 October 1760 was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( It was the first college established in New York, and the fifth college established in the Thirteen Colonies. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The Colonial Colleges are nine institutions of Higher education chartered in the American Colonies before the American Revolution (1775&ndash1783 The Thirteen Colonies were part of what became known as British America, a name that was used by Great Britain until the Treaty of Paris (1783 recognized the After the American Revolution it was briefly chartered as a New York State entity from 1784-1787, however the university now operates under a 1787 charter that places the institution under a private board of trustees. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Trustee is a Legal term that refers to a holder of property on behalf of a beneficiary.

Columbia University is home to the Pulitzer Prize, which, for over a century, has rewarded outstanding achievement in journalism, literature and music. The Pulitzer Prize, ˈpʊlɨtsɚ PULL-it-sər is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in Newspaper journalism, 87 Nobel Prize winners have been affiliated with Columbia, more than any other institution in the world. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature (See Nobel laureates by university affiliation). The following list provides information on nobel laureates and their affiliation to academic institutions.

Columbia was the birthplace of FM radio, the first American university to offer historic preservation, anthropology and political science as academic disciplines, the first American school to grant the M.D. degree, and the birthplace of modern genetics. See also Frequency modulation, FM band FM broadcasting is a broadcast Technology invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong that Historic preservation or heritage conservation is a professional endeavor that seeks to preserve the ability of older (e Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems An academic discipline or field of study is a branch of Knowledge which is taught or Researched at the college or university level Doctor of Medicine ( MD or MD, from the Latin Medicinæ Doctor meaning "Teacher of Medicine" is a doctoral Genetics (from Ancient Greek grc-Latn genetikos, “genitive” and that from grc-Latn genesis, “origin” a discipline of Biology, is An early research center for Manhattan Project development of the atomic bomb, its Morningside Heights campus was the first North American site where the uranium atom was split. The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from Nuclear reactions either fission or a combination of fission and fusion. Uranium (jʊˈreɪniəm is a silvery-gray Metallic Chemical element in the History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny Literary and artistic movements as varied as the Harlem Renaissance, the Beat movement and postcolonialism all took shape within Columbia's gates in the 20th century. The Harlem Renaissance was named after the anthology The New Negro, edited by Alain Locke in 1925 Postcolonialism ( postcolonial theory, post-colonial theory) is an intellectual discourse that holds together a set of theories found among the texts and

Columbia has had a long association with American political leaders. Among the earliest students and trustees of King's College were four "founding fathers" of the United States. The Founding Fathers of the United States are the Political leaders who signed the Declaration of Independence or otherwise participated in the U. S. Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin D. Roosevelt both studied law at Columbia, and Dwight D. Eisenhower was president of the University before making his White House bid. Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence Current Democratic Party presidential nominee Barack Obama and Libertarian Party candidate Mike Gravel received their undergraduate degrees at Columbia, as did current U.S. Attorney General Michael Mukasey, the current Governor of New York State David Paterson, and a number of current U.S. Senators and Members of Congress. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. The Libertarian Party is a United States political party founded on December 11 1971 Maurice Robert "Mike" Gravel (grəˈvɛl (born May 13 1930 is a former Democratic United States Senator from Alaska, who served two terms from The United States Attorney General is the head of the United States Department of Justice (see) concerned with legal affairs and is the chief law enforcement Michael Bernard Mukasey (mjuːˈkeɪzi(born July 28, 1941)is an American lawyer currently the 81st Attorney General of the United States, and David Alexander Paterson (born May 20 1954 is an American politician and the current Governor of New York. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses

Contents 1 Campus 1.1 Morningside Heights 1.2 Other campuses 1.3 University Hospital 2 History 2.1 King's College: 1754-1776 2.2 Early Columbia College: 1784-1857 2.3 Expansion and the move to Madison Avenue 2.4 Morningside Heights 3 Academics 3.1 Admissions and financial aid 3.2 Organization and rankings 3.2.1 Organization 3.2.2 Rankings 3.3 Academic freedom 4 High School Programs 5 Life 5.1 The geography of student life 5.1.1 Alma Mater 5.1.2 Butler Library 5.1.3 Residence halls 5.1.4 The Steps 5.1.5 Sundial 5.1.6 Tunnels 5.1.7 Online 5.2 Clubs and activities 5.2.1 Publications 5.2.2 Broadcasting 5.2.3 Speech and debate 5.2.4 Greek life 5.2.5 Entrepreneurship at Columbia 5.2.6 Other 5.2.7 Athletics 6 Controversies and student demonstrations 6.1 Nazi Germany 6.2 Protests of 1968 6.3 Protests against racism and apartheid 6.4 Antiwar protests 6.5 Ad Hoc Grievance Committee (Allegations of faculty intimidation of Jewish students) 6.6 Minuteman protest 6.7 Mahmoud Ahmadinejad visit and speech controversy 6.8 Tenure Battles 7 Traditions 7.1 Orgo Night 7.2 Tree-Lighting and Yule Log ceremonies 7.3 The Varsity Show 8 Inventions, discoveries and patents 9 Awards and honors 10 Presidents 11 Notable Columbians 11.1 Alumni and attenders 11.2 Faculty and affiliates 11.3 Fictitious Columbians 12 In film, television, and the arts 13 In geography 14 See also 15 References 16 Further reading 17 External links

Campus

Morningside Heights

Most of Columbia's graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in Morningside Heights at Seth Low's late-19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught in one location. Morningside Heights is a neighborhood of the Borough of Manhattan in New York City and is chiefly known as the home of institutions such as Barnard Seth Low ( January 18, 1850 - September 17, 1916) born in Brooklyn, New York, was an American educator and The campus was designed along Beaux-Arts principles by acclaimed architects McKim, Mead, and White and is considered one of their best works. Beaux Arts architecture denotes the academic classical Architectural style that was taught at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. McKim Mead and White was a prominent architectural firm in the eastern United States at the turn of the twentieth century

Columbia's main campus occupies more than six city blocks, or 32 acres (132,000 m²), in Morningside Heights, a neighborhood located between the Upper West Side and Harlem sections of Manhattan that contains a number of academic institutions. The Nicholas Murray Butler Library, commonly known simply as Butler Library, is the largest single library in the Columbia University Library System, which contains A campus is traditionally the land on which a College or University and related institutional buildings are situated A city block, urban block or simply block is a central element of Urban planning and Urban design. Morningside Heights is a neighborhood of the Borough of Manhattan in New York City and is chiefly known as the home of institutions such as Barnard The Upper West Side is a neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan in New York City that lies between Central Park and the Hudson River Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, long known as a major African American cultural and business center Manhattan Island, in New York Harbor, is much the largest part of the Borough of Manhattan, one of the Five Boroughs which form the City of New York The university owns over 7,800 apartments in Morningside Heights, which house faculty, graduate students, and staff. Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories (purpose-built or converted) are located on campus or in Morningside Heights. ^[4]

New buildings and structures on the campus, especially those built following the Second World War, have often only been constructed after a contentious process often involving open debate and protest over the new structures. An architectural Structure is a free-standing immobile outdoor construction World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Often the complaints raised by these protests during these periods of expansion have included issues beyond the debate over the construction of any of the architectural features which diverged from the original McKim, Mead, and White plan, and often involved complaints against the administration of the university. This was the case with Uris Hall, which sits behind Low Library, built in the 1960s, and the more recent Alfred Lerner Hall, a deconstructivist structure completed in 1998 and designed by Columbia's then-Dean of Architecture, Bernard Tschumi. Alfred Lerner Hall is the student center or students' union of Columbia University. Deconstructivism in architecture also called deconstruction, is a development of Postmodern architecture that began in the late 1980s Bernard Tschumi (born January 25 1944 Lausanne, Switzerland) is an Deconstructivist Architect, Writer, Elements of these same issues have been reflected in the current debate over the future expansion of the campus into Manhattanville, several blocks uptown from the current campus. Manhattanville is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan bordered on the south by Morningside Heights on the west by ^[5]

Columbia's library system includes over 9. The Columbia University Libraries, with over 93 million volumes contains one of the largest library collections in the United States and is the nation's fifth-largest academic library 5 million volumes. ^[6] One library of note on campus is the Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library which is the largest library of architecture in the United States and among, if not the largest, in the world. The Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library is one of twenty-five libraries in the Columbia University Library System and is located in Avery Hall on the Morningside Heights ^[7] The library contains more than 400,000 volumes, of which most are non-circulating and must be read on site. One of the library's prominent undertakings is the Avery Index to Architectural Periodicals, which is one of the foremost international resources for locating citations to architecture and related topics in periodical literature. The Avery Index covers periodicals thoroughly back to the 1930s, with limited coverage dating to the nineteenth century, up to the present day.

Several buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP is the United States government's official list of districts sites buildings structures and objects deemed worthy of Low Memorial Library, the centerpiece of the campus, is listed for its architectural significance. The Low Memorial Library is the administrative center of Columbia University. Philosophy Hall is listed as the site of the invention of FM radio. Philosophy Hall is a building on the campus of Columbia University in New York City. See also Frequency modulation, FM band FM broadcasting is a broadcast Technology invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong that Also listed is Pupin Hall, also a National Historic Landmark, which houses the physics and astronomy departments, where initial experiments on the nuclear fission of uranium were conducted by Enrico Fermi. Pupin Hall is the home of the physics and astronomy departments at Columbia University in New York City. A National Historic Landmark (NHL is a Building, site, Structure, Object, or District, that is officially recognized by the The uranium atom was split there ten days after the world's first atom-splitting in Copenhagenhaper, Denmark.

Other campuses

Health-related schools are located at the Columbia University Medical Center, twenty acres located in the neighborhood of Washington Heights, fifty blocks uptown. Columbia University Medical Center is the name of the medical complex associated with Columbia University, and covers several blocks (primarily between 165th and 168th Streets Washington Heights is a New York City neighborhood in the northern reaches of the borough of Manhattan. Columbia also owns the 26 acre Baker Field, which includes the Lawrence A. Wien Stadium as well as facilities for field sports, outdoor track, tennis, and growing small trains at the northern tip of Manhattan island (in the neighborhood of Inwood). Robert K Kraft Field at Lawrence A Wien Stadium at the Baker Field Athletics Complex is a Stadium located in Manhattan New York. Inwood is the northernmost neighborhood on Manhattan Island in the New York City Borough of Manhattan. There is a third campus on the west bank of the Hudson River, the 157-acre (0. The Hudson River, called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk, the Great Mohegan by the Iroquois, or as the Lenape Native Americans called it in Unami 64 km²) Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in Palisades, New York, and another, the 60 acre Nevis Laboratories, in Irvington, New York. The Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO is a research institution specializing in the Earth sciences and is part of Columbia University. Palisades, formerly known as Sneden's Landing and then Rockland is a hamlet in the Town of Orangetown Rockland County, New York, United Nevis Labs is a research center owned and operated by Columbia University. Irvington, sometimes known as "Irvington-on-Hudson" is an affluent suburban village in the Town of Greenburgh in Westchester County There is a satellite campus in Paris, Reid Hall. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Reid Hall is a complex of academic facilities owned and operated by Columbia University that is located in the Montparnasse district of Paris France. The Arden House in Harriman, New York is primarily used for the Executive MBA Program. Harriman is a Village in Orange County, New York, United States.

University Hospital

New York-Presbyterian Hospital is affiliated with medical schools of both Columbia and Cornell universities. According to the US News and World Report's Americas Best Hospitals 2007, it is ranked 6th overall (3rd among university hospitals). Columbia medical school has a strategic partnership with New York State Psychiatric Institute. Columbia is also affiliated with nineteen hospitals in the US and four hospitals overseas.

History

Columbia is the oldest institution of higher education in the state of New York. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Founded and chartered as King's College in 1754, Columbia is the sixth-oldest such institution in the United States (by date of founding; fifth by date of chartering). After the American Revolutionary War, King's College was renamed Columbia College in 1784, and in 1896 it was further renamed Columbia University. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Columbia has grown over time to encompass twenty schools and affiliated institutions.

King's College: 1754-1776

Discussions regarding the foundation of a college in the Province of New York began as early as 1704, but serious consideration of such proposals was not entertained until the early 1750s, when local graduates of Yale and members of the congregation of Trinity Church (then Church of England, now Episcopal) in New York City became alarmed by the establishment of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University); both because it was founded by "new-light" Presbyterians influenced by the evangelical Great Awakening and, as it was located in the province just across the Hudson River, because it provoked fears of New York developing a cultural and intellectual inferiority. The Province of New York (1664-1776 (Provincie New York resulted from the capture of the Dutch Republic colony of Provincie Nieuw-Nederland by the Trinity Church, at 79 Broadway in New York City, is a historic full service Parish church in the Episcopal Diocese of New York. The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican The Episcopal Church is the official name of the Province of the Anglican Communion in the United States. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity The Great Awakenings refer to several periods of rapid and dramatic Religious revival in Anglo-American religious history generally recognized as beginning in the 1730s The Hudson River, called Muh-he-kun-ne-tuk, the Great Mohegan by the Iroquois, or as the Lenape Native Americans called it in Unami They established their own 'rival' institution, King's College, and elected as its first president Samuel Johnson. The Reverend Doctor Samuel Johnson (1696&mdash1772 was a clergyman educator and philosopher in colonial British North America Classes began on July 17, 1754 in Trinity Church yard, with Johnson as the sole faculty member. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Year 1754 ( MDCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or A few months later, on October 31, 1754, Great Britain's King George II officially granted a royal charter for the college. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 1754 ( MDCCLIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands George II (George Augustus 10 November 1683 &ndash 25 October 1760 was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( In 1760, King's College moved to its own building at Park Place, near the present City Hall, and in 1767 it established the first American medical school to grant the M.D. degree. New York City Hall is located at the center of City Hall Park in the Civic Center section of Lower Manhattan between Broadway, Park Row and Medical education A medical school or faculty of medicine is a Tertiary educational institution—or part of such an institution—that teaches Medicine Doctor of Medicine ( MD or MD, from the Latin Medicinæ Doctor meaning "Teacher of Medicine" is a doctoral

Controversy surrounded the founding of the new college in New York, as it was a thoroughly Church of England institution dominated by the influence of Crown officials, such as the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Crown Secretary for Plantations and Colonies, in its governing body. The Reverend Doctor Samuel Johnson (1696&mdash1772 was a clergyman educator and philosopher in colonial British North America Throughout the Commonwealth realms The Crown is an abstract metonymic concept which represents the legal authority for the existence of any government The Archbishop of Canterbury is the chief bishop and principal leader of the Church of England, the symbolic head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the Fears of the establishment of a Church of England episcopacy and of Crown influence in America through King's College were underpinned by its vast wealth, far surpassing all other colonial colleges of the period. Episcopal polity is a form of church governance which is hierarchical in structure with the chief authority over a local Christian church resting in a Bishop (Greek TalkCommonewalth realm.--> The monarchy The Colonial Colleges are nine institutions of Higher education chartered in the American Colonies before the American Revolution (1775&ndash1783 ^[8]

The American Revolution and the subsequent war were catastrophic for King's College. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" It suspended instruction in 1776, and remained so for eight years, beginning with the arrival of the Continental Army in the spring of that year and continuing with the military occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The American Continental Army was an Army formed after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America Following the American Revolution, Evacuation Day on November 25 marks the day in 1783 when the last vestige of British authority in the The college's library was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a military hospital first by American and then British forces. Additionally, many of the college's alumni, primarily Loyalists, fled to Canada or Great Britain in the war's aftermath, leaving its future governance and financial status in question. This article concerns Loyalists in the American Revolution. For information on the role of those Loyalists in Canadian history after their emigration see United Empire Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page

Although the college had been considered a bastion of Tory sentiment, it nevertheless managed to produce many key leaders of the Revolutionary generation - individuals later instrumental in the college's revival. In the political tradition of some English-speaking countries, the term Tory has referred to a variety of political parties and Creeds since it was The Founding Fathers of the United States are the Political leaders who signed the Declaration of Independence or otherwise participated in the Among the earliest students and trustees of King's College were four "founding fathers" of the United States: John Jay, who negotiated the Treaty of Paris between the United States and Great Britain, ending the Revolutionary War, and who later became the first Chief Justice of the United States; Alexander Hamilton, military aide to General George Washington, author of most of the Federalist Papers, and the first Secretary of the Treasury; Gouverneur Morris, the author of the final draft of the United States Constitution; and Robert R. Livingston, a member of the Committee of Five that drafted the Declaration of Independence. The Founding Fathers of the United States are the Political leaders who signed the Declaration of Independence or otherwise participated in the John Jay (December 12 1745 – May 17 1829 was an American Politician, Statesman, revolutionary, Diplomat, a Supreme Court The Treaty of Paris, signed on September 3, 1783, and approved by the Congress of the Confederation on January 14, 1784, formally The Chief Justice of the United States is the head of the judicial branch of the government of the United States, and presides over the U George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the The Federalist Papers are a series of 85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution. The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and until Gouverneur Morris ( January 31, 1752 November 6, 1816) was an American statesman who represented Pennsylvania in the The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. The Committee of Five was the group delegated by the Second Continental Congress on June 11, 1776, to draft the United States The United States Declaration of Independence is a statement adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4 1776 announcing that the thirteen American colonies then

Hamilton's first experience with the military came while a student during the summer of 1775, after the outbreak of fighting at Boston. Along with Nicholas Fish, Robert Troup, and a group of other students from King's he joined a volunteer militia company called the "Hearts of Oak" – Hamilton achieving the rank of Lieutenant. Nicholas Fish (1758-1833 was an American Revolutionary soldier born in New York City. Robert Troup ( August 9, 1756 &ndash January 14, 1832) was a soldier lawyer and jurist from New York. The Hearts of Oak (originally "The Corsicans" were a volunteer Militia in the British colonial Province of New York as part of the They adopted distinctive uniforms, complete with the words "Liberty or Death" on their hatbands, and drilled under the watchful eye of a former British officer in the graveyard of the nearby St. Paul's Chapel. St Paul's Chapel, at 209 Broadway, is an Episcopal Chapel located on Church Street between Fulton and Vesey Streets opposite the east side of the In August 1775, while under fire from the HMS Asia, the Hearts of Oak (a. k. a. the "Corsicans") participated in a successful raid to seize cannon from the Battery, becoming an artillery unit thereafter. Battery Park is a 25-acre (10 hectare public park located at the Battery the southern tip of the New York City borough of Manhattan, facing Ironically, in 1776 Captain Hamilton would engage in and survive the Battle of Harlem Heights, which took place on and around the site that would become home to his Alma Mater over a century later, only to be - after his dueling death twenty-eight years later - entombed on the site of the first home for King's College in the Trinity Church yard. Positions The British On the evening of the 15th the British were encamped in what is today Central Park, around 96th street Trinity Church Cemetery consists of three separate burial grounds associated with Trinity Church in Manhattan, New York, USA.

Early Columbia College: 1784-1857

After the war, the remaining members of the Board of Governors of King’s sought to resuscitate the college, petitioning the Legislature of New York to “make such alterations in the Charter as the changed condition of affairs might demand. DeWitt Clinton ( March 2, 1769 Little Britain New York February 11, 1828 Albany New York) was an early American politician ” The Legislature agreed, and on May 1, 1784, it passed “an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called King’s College. ” ^[9] The Act created a Board of Regents to oversee the resuscitation of King’s, giving them the power to hire a college president and appoint professors, but prohibiting the College from administering any “religious test-oath” to its faculty. Finally, in an effort to demonstrate its support for the New Republic, the Legislature stipulated that “the College within the City of New York heretofore called King’s College be forever hereafter called and known by the name of Columbia College. History Columbia College was founded as King’s College by royal charter of King George II of England in the ” ^[9]

On May 5, 1784, the Regents held their first meeting, instructing Treasurer Brockholst Livingston and Secretary Robert Harpur (who was Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at King’s) to recover the books, records and any other assets that had been dispersed during the war, and appointing a committee to supervise the repairs of the college building. For the US Representative see Henry W Livingston Henry Brockholst Livingston ( November 25, 1757 - March 18, Robert Harpur ( January 25, 1731 Ballybay, County Monaghan, Ireland - 1825 was an American teacher politician pioneer and landowner In addition, the Regents moved quickly to rebuild Columbia’s faculty, appointing William Cochran instructor of Greek and Latin. ^[9]

In the summer of 1784, after the legislature passed the act restoring the college, Major General James Clinton, a hero of the revolutionary war, brought his son DeWitt Clinton to New York on his way to Princeton to enroll him as a student. James Clinton ( August 9, 1733 &ndash September 22 1812) was an American Revolutionary War soldier who obtained the rank of DeWitt Clinton ( March 2, 1769 Little Britain New York February 11, 1828 Albany New York) was an early American politician When James Duane, the Mayor of New York and a member of the Regents, heard that the younger Clinton was leaving the state for his education, he pleaded with Cochran to offer him admission to Columbia. James Duane ( February 6, 1733 &ndash February 1, 1797) was a lawyer jurist and Revolutionary leader from New York. Cochran agreed - in no small part due to the fact that DeWitt’s uncle, George Clinton, the Governor of New York, had recently been elected Chancellor of the College by the Regents - and DeWitt Clinton became one of nine students admitted to Columbia that year. This page is for the US Vice President For others of that name see George Clinton. ^[9]

As the state proved negligent in its funding of the institution, this arrangement became increasingly unsatisfactory for both. An expansion of the Regents to 20 New York City residents had placed Hamilton and Jay at the helm, and they, along with New York City mayor James Duane, argued for privatization of the college. James Duane ( February 6, 1733 &ndash February 1, 1797) was a lawyer jurist and Revolutionary leader from New York. In 1787 a new charter was adopted for the college, still in use today, granting power to a private board of Trustees. Samuel Johnson's son, William Samuel Johnson, became its president. William Samuel Johnson (1727-1819 was an early American statesman who was notable for signing the United States Constitution, for representing Connecticut in the

For a period in the 1790s, with New York City as the federal and state capital and the country under successive Federalist governments, a revived Columbia thrived under the auspices of Federalists such as Hamilton and Jay. The Federalist Party (or Federal Party) was an American political party in the period 1792 to 1816 with remnants lasting into the 1820s George Washington, notably, attended the commencement of 1790, and nascent interest in legal education commenced under Professor James Kent. George Washington (February 22 1732 December 14 1799 served as the first President of the United States of America (1789&ndash1797 and led the James Kent ( July 31, 1763 Fredericksburg, then Dutchess, now Putnam County New York – December 12, 1847 New York As the state and country transitioned to a considerably more Jeffersonian era, however, the college's good fortunes began to dry up. Jeffersonian Democracy is the set of political goals that were named after Thomas Jefferson The primary difficulty was funding; the college, already receiving less from the state following its privatization, was beset with even more financial difficulties as hostile politicians took power and as new upstate colleges, particularly Hamilton and Union, lobbied effectively for subsidies. Hamilton College is a private independent liberal arts college located in Clinton, New York. Union College is a non-denominational independent liberal arts college located in Schenectady New York. What Columbia did receive was Manhattan real estate, which would only later prove lucrative.

Columbia's performance flagged for the remainder of the 19th century's first half. The law faculty never managed to thrive during this period, and in 1807 the medical school, hoping to arrest its decline, broke off to merge with the independent College of Physicians and Surgeons. Contention between students and faculty were highlighted by the "Riotous Commencement" of 1811, in which students violently protested the faculty's decision not to confer a degree upon John Stevenson, who had inserted objectionable words into his commencement speech. Though the college was finally able to shake its embarrassing reputation for structural shabbiness by adding several wings to College Hall and refinishing it in the more fashionable Greek Revival style, the effort failed to halt Columbia's long-term downturn, and was soon overshadowed by the Gibbs Affair of 1854, in which famed chemistry professor Oliver Wolcott Gibbs was denied a professorship at the college, from which he had graduated, due to his Unitarian affiliation. The Greek Revival was an architectural movement of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries predominantly in northern Europe and the United States For the writer see Wolcott Gibbs. Oliver Wolcott Gibbs ( February 21, 1822 &ndash December 9, 1908) was an American The event demonstrated to many, including frustrated diarist and trustee George Templeton Strong, the narrow-mindedness of the institution. George Templeton Strong (1820 &ndash July 21, 1875) was an American Lawyer and diarist. By July, 1854 the Christian Examiner of Boston, in an article entitled "The Recent Difficulties at Columbia College", noted that the school was "good in classics" yet "weak in sciences", and had "very few distinguished graduates". ^[10]

Expansion and the move to Madison Avenue

In 1857, the College moved from Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue, where it remained for the next fifty years. The Gothic Revival is an architectural movement which began The Gothic Revival is an architectural movement which began The transition to the new campus coincided with a new outlook for the college; during the commencement of that year, College President Charles King proclaimed Columbia "a university". Charles King may refer to Charles King (composer, English composer and musician of the 17th and 18th century During the last half of the nineteenth century, under the leadership of President F.A.P. Barnard, the institution rapidly assumed the shape of a true modern university. Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard ( May 5, 1809 - April 27, 1889) Columbia Law School was founded in 1858, and in 1864 the School of Mines, the country's first such institution and the precursor to today's Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, was established. Columbia Law School, located in New York City, is one of the professional schools of Columbia University, a member of the Ivy League. History Original charter of 1754 and the establishing of a school of engineering Included in the original charter for Columbia History Original charter of 1754 and the establishing of a school of engineering Included in the original charter for Columbia Barnard College for women, established by the eponymous Columbia president, was established in 1889; the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons came under the aegis of the University in 1891, followed by Teachers College, Columbia University in 1893. Barnard College is a women's liberal arts college founded in 1889 Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, abbreviated P&S, is a graduate school of Columbia University located on the health sciences campus in the Rankings According to US News & World Report, Teachers College Columbia University currently ranks as the #1 Graduate The Graduate Faculties in Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Science awarded its first PhD in 1875. ^[10][11] This period also witnessed the inauguration of Columbia's participation in intercollegiate sports, with the creation of the baseball team in 1867, the organization to the football team in 1870, and the creation of a crew team by 1873. GB coxless pair of Toby Garbett & Rick Dunn at Henley Royal Regatta 2004 The first intercollegiate Columbia football game was a 6-3 loss to Rutgers. Rutgers The State University of New Jersey (also known as Rutgers University) is the largest institution for higher education in the state of New Jersey The Columbia Daily Spectator began publication during this period as well, in 1877. Columbia Daily Spectator is the daily newspaper written by Columbia University undergraduates servicing the university community and the neighborhood of Morningside ^[12]

Morningside Heights

In 1896, the trustees officially authorized the use of yet another new name, Columbia University, and today the institution is officially known as "Columbia University in the City of New York. " Additionally, the engineering school was renamed the "School of Mines, Engineering and Chemistry. " At the same time, University president Seth Low moved the campus again, from 49th Street to its present location, a more spacious (and, at the time, more rural) campus in the developing neighborhood of Morningside Heights. Seth Low ( January 18, 1850 - September 17, 1916) born in Brooklyn, New York, was an American educator and Morningside Heights is a neighborhood of the Borough of Manhattan in New York City and is chiefly known as the home of institutions such as Barnard The site was formerly occupied by the Bloomingdale Insane Asylum. One of the asylum's buildings, the warden's cottage (later known as East Hall and Buell Hall), is still standing today.

The building often depicted as emblematic of Columbia is the centerpiece of the Morningside Heights campus, Low Memorial Library. The Low Memorial Library is the administrative center of Columbia University. Constructed in 1895, the building is still referred to as "Low Library" although it has not functioned as a library since 1934. It currently houses the offices of the President and Provost, the Visitor's Center, the Trustees' Room and Columbia Security. Patterned on several precursors, including the Parthenon and the Pantheon, it is surmounted by the largest all-granite dome in the United States. The Parthenon ( Ancient Greek:) is a temple of the Greek goddess Athena, built in the 5th century BC on the Athenian Acropolis The Pantheon ( Latin Pantheon, from Greek Πάνθειον Pantheon, meaning "Temple of all the gods" is a building in Rome ^[13]

Under the leadership of Low's successor, Nicholas Murray Butler, Columbia rapidly became the nation's major institution for research, setting the "multiversity" model that later universities would adopt. The Low Memorial Library is the administrative center of Columbia University. Nicholas Murray Butler ( April 2, 1862 &ndash December 7, 1947) was an American philosopher diplomat and educator On the Morningside Heights campus, Columbia centralized on a single campus the College, the School of Law, the Graduate Faculties, the School of Mines (predecessor of the Engineering School), and the College of Physicians & Surgeons. Butler went on to serve as president of Columbia for over four decades and became a giant in American public life (as one-time vice presidential candidate and a Nobel Laureate). This is a list of Nobel Prize Laureates awarded for their outstanding contributions to Humanitarian causes for Peace, work in Literature His introduction of "downtown" business practices in university administration led to innovations in internal reforms such as the centralization of academic affairs, the direct appointment of registrars, deans, provosts, and secretaries, as well as the formation of a professionalized university bureaucracy, unprecedented among American universities at the time.

In 1893 the Columbia University Press was founded in order to "promote the study of economic, historical, literary, scientific and other subjects; and to promote and encourage the publication of literary works embodying original research in such subjects. Hamilton Hall is an academic building on the Morningside Heights campus of Columbia University in the City of New York. Columbia University Press is a University press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University. " Among its publications are The Columbia Encyclopedia, first published in 1935, and The Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World, first published in 1952. The Columbia Encyclopedia is a highly regarded one-volume Encyclopedia produced by Columbia University Press and sold by the Gale Group.

In 1902, New York newspaper magnate Joseph Pulitzer donated a substantial sum to the University for the founding of a school to teach journalism. Joseph Pulitzer ( English pronunciation PULL-itser; April 10, 1847 He sought a military career but was turned down by the The result was the 1912 opening of the Graduate School of Journalism — the only journalism school in the Ivy League. Academic Programs Columbia’s Journalism School offers three degree programs Master of Science in journalism (full and part-time The school is the administrator of the Pulitzer Prize and the duPont-Columbia Award in broadcast journalism. The Pulitzer Prize, ˈpʊlɨtsɚ PULL-it-sər is an American award regarded as the highest national honor in Newspaper journalism, The Alfred I duPont-Columbia University Award is an American award that honors excellence in broadcast Journalism.

In 1904 Columbia organized adult education classes into a formal program called Extension Teaching (later renamed University Extension). Courses in Extension Teaching eventually give rise to the Columbia Writing Program, the Columbia Business School, and the School of Dentistry and Oral Surgery. History Alonzo Barton Hepburn, then president of Chase Manhattan Bank, founded the School in 1916 with 11 full-time faculty members

Columbia Business School was added in the early 20th century. History Alonzo Barton Hepburn, then president of Chase Manhattan Bank, founded the School in 1916 with 11 full-time faculty members During the first half of the 20th Century Columbia and Harvard had the largest endowments in the US.

By the late 1930s, a Columbia student could study with the likes of Jacques Barzun, Paul Lazarsfeld, Mark Van Doren, Lionel Trilling, and I. I. Rabi. Jacques Martin Barzun (born Paul Felix Lazarsfeld (1901–1976 was one of the major figures in 20th-century American Sociology. Mark Van Doren ( June 13, 1894 &ndash December 10, 1972) was an American Pulitzer Prize -winning poet and critic Lionel Trilling (born Lionel Mordechai 4 July 1905 &ndash 5 November 1975 was an American Literary critic, author and teacher Isidor Isaac Rabi ( July 29, 1898 &ndash January 11, 1988) Galician born Physicist, and Nobel laureate. The University's graduates during this time were equally accomplished — for example, two alumni of Columbia's Law School, Charles Evans Hughes and Harlan Fiske Stone (who also held the position of Law School dean), served successively as Chief Justices of the United States. Charles Evans Hughes Sr ( April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was a Lawyer and Republican politician from the State Harlan Fiske Stone ( October 11 1872 – April 22 1946) was an American Lawyer and jurist. Dwight Eisenhower served as Columbia's president from 1948 until he became the President of the United States in 1953. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by

Research into the atom by faculty members John R. Dunning, I. John Ray Dunning ( September 24, 1907 in Shelby Nebraska - August 25, 1975 in Key Biscayne Florida) was an American I. Rabi, Enrico Fermi and Polykarp Kusch placed Columbia's Physics Department in the international spotlight in the 1940s after the first nuclear pile was built to start what became the Manhattan Project^[14]. Polykarp Kusch ( January 26, 1911 &ndash March 20, 1993) was a German-American physicist The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb

Following the end of World War II the School of International Affairs was founded in 1946. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Focusing on developing diplomats and foreign affairs specialists the school began by offering the Master of International Affairs. Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states The Master of International Affairs is a Professional Master's degree. To satisfy an increasing desire for skilled public service professionals at home and abroad, the School added the Master of Public Administration degree in 1977. See also Bureaucrat The term civil service has two distinct meanings Branch of governmental service in which individuals are hired on the basis The Master of Public Administration ( MPA or MPA) degree is one of several Master's level professional public affairs degrees that In 1981 the School was renamed the School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA). Degree programs SIPA provides an education that enables its graduates to function wisely and effectively in a variety of professional settings The School introduced an MPA in Environmental Science and Policy in 2001 and, in 2004, SIPA inaugurated its first doctoral program — the interdisciplinary Ph. Environmental science is the study of interactions among physical chemical and biological components of the environment. Environmental policy is any (course of action deliberately taken (or not taken to manage human activities with a view to prevent reduce or mitigate harmful effects on nature and natural D. in Sustainable Development. Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present

In 1947, to meet the needs of GIs returning from World War II, University Extension was reorganized as an undergraduate college and designated the Columbia University School of General Studies. For other uses of GI see GI GI or GI is a term describing members of the U The School of General Studies, commonly known as General Studies or simply GS, is Columbia University 's undergraduate college for Non-traditional While University Extension had granted the B. S. degree since 1921, the School of General Studies first granted the B. A. degree in 1968.

Columbia College first admitted women in the fall of 1983 after a decade of failed negotiations with Barnard College, an all female institution affiliated with the University, to merge the two schools. Barnard College still remains affiliated with Columbia and all Barnard graduates are issued diplomas authorized by both Columbia and Barnard.

In 1990 the Faculty of Arts & Sciences was created, unifying the faculties of Columbia College, the School of General Studies, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and the School of International and Public Affairs.

In 1997, the Columbia Engineering School was renamed the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, in honor of Chinese businessman Z. History Original charter of 1754 and the establishing of a school of engineering Included in the original charter for Columbia Y. Fu, who gave Columbia $26 million. The school is now referred to as "SEAS" or simply, "the engineering school. "

As of April 2007, the university had purchased more than two-thirds of 17 acres desired for a new campus in Manhattanville, to the north of the Morningside Heights campus. Manhattanville is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan bordered on the south by Morningside Heights on the west by Stretching from 125th Street to 133rd Street, the new campus would house buildings for Columbia's schools of business and the arts and allow the construction of the Jerome L. Greene Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, where research will occur on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. ^[15] The $7 billion expansion plan includes demolishing all buildings, except three that are historically significant, eliminating the existing light industry and storage warehouses, and relocating tenants in 132 apartments.

The project has suffered from criticism of a lack of transparency and concern for community needs. According to the Environmental Impact Statement recently certified by the Department of City Planning, almost 300 people would be displaced from the project zone, and almost 3,300 would be displaced from areas surrounding it. Community activist groups in West Harlem have committed to fighting the expansion. ^[16] Despite a constant barrage of opposition at a series of public hearings, the City Council of New York green-lighted Columbia's Manhattanville expansion plan on December 19th, 2007, after receiving strong support from Councilman Robert Jackson (D-West Harlem) and Councilwoman Inez Dickens (D-Central Harlem). Critics accuse the university of having used its political muscle to silence dissent.

On April 11, 2007, Columbia University announced a $400m to $600m donation from media billionaire John Kluge^[17] to be used exclusively for financial aid. John Werner Kluge (born September 21, 1914) is a German - American Entrepreneur and a Billionaire. The donation is among the largest single gifts to higher education. Its exact value will depend on the eventual value of Kluge's estate at the time of his death.

Academics

Admissions and financial aid

In 2008, Columbia College admitted 8. 7% of applicants for the Class of 2012, one of the lowest rates in the country. ^[18] The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Sciences admitted 17. 6%, a record for the School. ^[18]

Columbia is also a diverse school, with approximately 49% of all students identifying themselves as persons of color. Additionally, over 50% of all undergraduates in the Class of 2011 will be receiving financial aid. The average financial aid package for these students exceeds $27,000, with an average grant size of over $20,000. ^[18]

Organization and rankings

Organization

Its undergraduate schools are Columbia College (CC) the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS) and, for students who want to begin or resume their education after one or more years of interruption, the School of General Studies (GS). History Columbia College was founded as King’s College by royal charter of King George II of England in the History Original charter of 1754 and the establishing of a school of engineering Included in the original charter for Columbia The School of General Studies, commonly known as General Studies or simply GS, is Columbia University 's undergraduate college for Non-traditional The university has numerous graduate schools, the most notable of which include the Columbia Law School, the Graduate School of Business (Columbia Business School or CBS), the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons (Columbia's medical school), Columbia University School of Nursing, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia College of Dental Medicine, the Graduate School of Journalism (J-School or CJS), the School of International and Public Affairs (SIPA), the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation (GSAPP), the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS), the Columbia University School of the Arts (SoA), Columbia University School of Social Work. Columbia Law School, located in New York City, is one of the professional schools of Columbia University, a member of the Ivy League. History Alonzo Barton Hepburn, then president of Chase Manhattan Bank, founded the School in 1916 with 11 full-time faculty members Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, abbreviated P&S, is a graduate school of Columbia University located on the health sciences campus in the Academic Programs Columbia’s Journalism School offers three degree programs Master of Science in journalism (full and part-time Degree programs SIPA provides an education that enables its graduates to function wisely and effectively in a variety of professional settings The Graduate School of Architecture Planning and Preservation at Columbia University in New York City, also known simply as GSAPP, is regarded as one of History GSAS began to take shape in the late 19th century when Columbia until then a primarily undergraduate institution with a few professional The Columbia University School of the Arts, also known simply as the School of the Arts or as SoA, is the division of the university that offers Master History In 1898 the Charity Organization Society established the first Summer School in Philanthropic Work at 105 East Some graduate students also attend the engineering school. Columbia University's School of Continuing Education offers classes for non-matriculated elective course students, Master of Science Degrees, Postbaccalaureate Certificates, English Language Programs, Overseas Programs, Summer Session, and High School Programs. History Non-degree programs were first located in the School of General Studies renamed the Division of Special Programs in 1995 and then

The university is affiliated with Barnard College, Teachers College, the Union Theological Seminary, and the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, all located nearby in Morningside Heights. Barnard College is a women's liberal arts college founded in 1889 Rankings According to US News & World Report, Teachers College Columbia University currently ranks as the #1 Graduate Union Theological Seminary in the City of New York is a preeminent independent graduate school of Theology, located in Manhattan between Claremont Avenue and Broadway A joint undergraduate program is available through the Jewish Theological Seminary of America as well as through the Juilliard School. The Juilliard School, located in New York City, is a world renowned Performing arts conservatory. ^[19]

Rankings

U.S. University Rankings
USNWR National University[20]	9th
USNWR Business School[21]	9th
USNWR Law School[22]	4th
USNWR Medical School (research) [23]	11th
USNWR Medical School (primary care) [24]	58th
USNWR Engineering School[25]	21st
USNWR Education School[26]	4th
ARWU World[27]	7th
ARWU National[28]	6th
ARWU Natural Science & Math[29]	12th
ARWU Engineering & CS[30]	43rd
ARWU Life Sciences[31]	7th
ARWU Clinical Medicine[32]	5th
ARWU Social Sciences[33]	3rd
THES World[34]	11th
THES National[35]	7th
CMUP[36]	1st
Washington Monthly[37]	41st

The undergraduate school of Columbia University is ranked 9th (tied with The University of Chicago) among national universities by U.S. News and World Report (USNWR),^[38] 7th among world universities and 6th among universities in the Americas by Shanghai Jiao Tong University,^[39] 11th among world universities and 7th in North America by the THES - QS World University Rankings,^[40] 41st among national universities by The Washington Monthly,^[41] 10th among "global universities" by Newsweek,^[42] and 1st in the U. In Higher education, college and university rankings are listings of Universities and Liberal arts colleges in an order determined by any combination of USNews & World Report is an influential weekly American Newsmagazine published in Washington D The Academic Ranking of World Universities is compiled by Shanghai Jiao Tong University ’s Institute of Higher Education and includes major institutes of higher education ranked Times Higher Education ( THE) formerly The Times Higher Education Supplement ( THES) is a magazine based The Center for Measuring University Performance (CMUP is a research center at Arizona State University. The Washington Monthly is a monthly Magazine of United States Politics and Government that is based in Washington D The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. USNews & World Report is an influential weekly American Newsmagazine published in Washington D Shanghai Jiao Tong University ( abbreviated Jiao Da (交大 or SJTU) located in Shanghai, is one of the oldest and most influential universities The THES - QS World University Rankings is an annual publication of university rankings around the world published by The Times Higher Education Supplement (THES The Washington Monthly is a monthly Magazine of United States Politics and Government that is based in Washington D Newsweek is an American weekly Newsmagazine published in New York City. S. among both national research universities and private universities by The Center for Measuring University Performance. The Center for Measuring University Performance (CMUP is a research center at Arizona State University. ^[43] According to the National Research Council, graduate programs are ranked 8th nationally. The National Research Council (NRC of the USA is the working arm of the United States National Academy of Sciences and the United States National Academy of

Columbia also participates in the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities (NAICU)'s University and College Accountability Network (U-CAN). Founded in 1976 the National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities (NAICU is an organization of private US colleges and universities

Graduate and professional schools of Columbia University are among the best in the US with most of them ranking among the top 10 programs in the country. According to the U.S. News & World Report,^[44]The Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, home to the Pulitzer Prize, ranks #1. USNews & World Report is an influential weekly American Newsmagazine published in Washington D Teachers College (Columbia's Graduate School of Education) ranks #1. School of Social Work ranks #3. The Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation (GSAPP) ranks #3 (according to Architect magazine's November 2007 issue). Columbia Law School ranks #4. The Mailman School of Public Health ranks #6. Columbia Business School ranks #9 (#2 according to The Financial Times; #6 according to Fortune Magazine). The Financial Times ( FT) is a British international business Newspaper. Fortune is a Global Business Magazine published by Time Inc's Fortune|Money Group Columbia's medical school, called the College of Physicians and Surgeons, ranks #10. According to Foreign Policy magazine, the School of International & Public Affairs (SIPA) PhD program (overall) in international relations is ranked #2, and the Master's program (policy area) is ranked #5. Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American Magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P Finally, Columbia's Institute of Human Nutrition ranks #1 according to The Chronicle for Higher Education.

Academic freedom

The University states that it "is committed to maintaining a climate of academic freedom," in which professors are given the "widest possible latitude in their teaching and scholarship. "^[45] Its policy on academic freedom prohibits the penalization by the University of a professor for expressions of opinion or associations in their private or civic capacity. ^[46]

In 2005, the University became embroiled in a controversy regarding the academic freedom of students in connection with their studies in the department of Middle East and Asian Languages and Cultures ("MEALAC"). The students charged that MEALAC faculty showed an anti-Israel bias, with one student who was formerly with the Israeli Defense Forces charging that a professor, Joseph Massad, refused to answer his question until he "revealed how many Palestinians he had killed. "^[47] The professor denied that the incident took place. ^[47] A group called "The David Project"^[48] produced a documentary entitled Columbia Unbecoming in which the charges were made. ^[47] In response, President Bollinger convened an ad hoc panel to investigate the incidents described in the film and established a standing panel and grievance procedure for future claims of student intimidation. ^[47]

High School Programs

Columbia offers a program called the Columbia University Science Honors Program, which is a program that caters to high school students (sophomores, juniors, and seniors). Columbia University Science Honors Program or Columbia SHP is a highly selective program for tenth eleventh and twelfth grade high school students The program is highly competitive, admitting about one-sixth of applicants who are selected based on their transcripts, student-written essays, a teacher recommendation, and a three-hour science and math test. It offers college-level courses in science and math every Saturday during the academic year.

Life

The geography of student life

Alma Mater

Main article: Alma Mater (New York sculpture)

This name refers to a statue on the steps (see below) of Low Memorial Library by sculptor Daniel Chester French. Alma Mater is the name given to a sculpture of the goddess Minerva by Daniel Chester French on the outdoor steps leading to Low Memorial Library The Low Memorial Library is the administrative center of Columbia University. Daniel Chester French ( April 20 1850 &ndash October 7 1931) was an American sculptor. There is a small owl "hidden" on the sculpture. Alma Mater is also the subject of many Columbia legends. The main legends include that the first student in the freshmen class to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian, and that any subsequent Barnard student who finds it will marry a Columbia man, seeing as how Barnard is a women's college.

Butler Library

Main article: Butler Library

The main library, packed during midterms and finals weeks, is composed of three main parts: the stacks, the study rooms, and the cafe. The Nicholas Murray Butler Library, commonly known simply as Butler Library, is the largest single library in the Columbia University Library System, which contains Students are known to leave their belongings as a placeholder for days on end, a few only leaving the library to sleep a few hours while others come and go as they please. During finals, to get a spot at Butler, students wake up early in the morning and compete with others for a seat. Some students are reported to have gone so far as to set up offices in disused sections of the library on the ninth floor. Butler houses 1. 9 million of the university's 9. 2 million volumes,^[49] mostly in the humanities and history. Unlike the libraries of most other schools, Butler remains at least partially open 24 hours a day and acts as a center of late night studying. Butler also houses Columbia University's Rare Books and Manuscripts Library (including the Columbiana University Archives), the Philip L. Milstein Undergraduate Library, the Oral History collection, and the Butler Media Collection. Butler Library is one of two dozen libraries on campus, mostly distinguished by subject disciplines. ^[50]

Residence halls

First-year students usually live in one of the residence halls situated around South Lawn: Hartley, Wallach, John Jay, Furnald or Carman. Hartley Hall was the first official residence hall (or Dormitory) constructed on the campus of Columbia University, and currently houses undergraduate students from Wallach Hall is the second oldest residence hall (or Dormitory) on the campus of Columbia University, and currently houses undergraduate students from Columbia John Jay Hall is a 15-story building located on the southeastern extremity of the Morningside Heights campus of Columbia University in the City of New York Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. Upperclass students may also live in Hartley and Wallach, which are collectively part of the Living and Learning Center (LLC), through a highly selective application process. Other upperclassmen participate in a housing lottery. Rising sophomores may also live in Furnald Hall, depending on the lottery results. The other upperclassmen students can choose, depending on their luck, among Broadway, East Campus, 47 Claremont, Hogan, McBain Hall, River Hall, Ruggles Hall, Schapiro, 600 W 113th, Watt Hall, Wien Hall, and Woodbridge Hall. Broadway Residence Hall is a postmodern dormitory at Columbia University in New York City. East Campus is a prominent building on the Morningside Heights campus of Columbia University in New York City, located along Morningside Drive between Hogan Hall is primarily a Dormitory of Columbia University reserved for fourth-year undergraduate students (seniors Morris A Schapiro Hall, popularly known as Schapiro, is an undergraduate residence hall of Columbia University. Most students consider a townhouse in East Campus the best suite style housing option, which includes two-story suites for six students including a kitchen, common lounge, large single rooms, and a quiet location. A four or five person suite in Hogan, in which each person lives in a single and the suite shares a full kitchen, bathroom and living room, is also considered excellent housing, as its location is near many restaurants on Broadway and much closer to the subway than East Campus. Very lucky seniors with the best lottery numbers can get their own studio apartment in Watt. The watt (symbol W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one Joule of energy per Second.

The Steps

"The Steps", alternatively known as "Low Steps" or the "Urban Beach", are a popular meeting area and hangout for Columbia students. The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus (South Field) to its upper terrace, atop which sits Low Memorial Library, as well as adjacent areas, including Low Plaza and small nearby lawns. The Low Memorial Library is the administrative center of Columbia University. On warm days, particularly in the spring, the steps become crowded with students conversing, reading, or sunbathing. Occasionally, they play host to film screenings and concerts. The King's Crown Shakespeare Troupe annually performs an outdoor play by "the Bard", in which the Steps frequently play a prominent role. The design of the steps are modeled after the architecture in Raphael's "The School of Athens," a fresco in the Vatican.

Sundial

This elevated stone pedestal at the center of the main campus quadrangle now serves as a podest for various speeches. Originally there was a large granite sphere located upon the pedestal, which would mark the time via its shadow. It sat upon the pedestal from approximately 1914 to 1946. It was removed in that year due to cracks that formed within it. The ball was assumed destroyed for 55 years until it was discovered intact in a Michigan field in 2001. As of 2006, it seems unlikely that the sundial will ever be restored to a working state. ^[51]

Tunnels

Main article: Columbia University tunnels

Columbia University has an extensive underground tunnel system dating back more than a century, with the oldest portions existing even before the present campus was constructed. Columbia University has an extensive tunnel system connecting most buildings on campus and acting as Conduits for Steam, Electricity Some of these tunnels are open to students today, while others have been closed off to the public.

Online

Columbia's most famous online contribution has been Go Ask Alice!, which, since1993, has provided students and the general public with frank and progressive answers to anonymously posted health questions. Go Ask Alice! is a Q&A service provided by Columbia University for both students and the general public with questions or curiosity about health topics Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Topics covered include drug abuse, sexuality, and interpersonal and romantic relationships. Drug abuse has a wide range of definitions related to taking a Psychoactive drug or Performance enhancing drug for a non-therapeutic or non-medical effect The site receives approximately 2,000 questions a week.

In recent years, new outlets for Columbia student life have opened online. Some, such as the Bwog,^[52] the blog of the undergraduate magazine The Blue and White and a medium for campus gossip, and the professor ratings site CULPA^[53] (the Columbia Underground Listing of Professor Ability), have flourished. A blog (a contraction of the term " Web log " is a Web site, usually maintained by an individual with regular entries of commentary descriptions of CULPA, established in 1997 and unaffiliated officially with the university, allows students to anonymously post their own reviews of their professors. It is regarded as one of the most useful tools for students looking to enroll in a class, boasting over 10,000 reviews. Because of the candid nature of the submissions, the site has occasionally been accused of harboring biased reviews and misrepresenting professors. Still, it is the main source of professor review currently available to the Columbia student body.

Students have launched a number of other, sometimes pioneering, websites. CU Community was a popular online networking website created by Adam Goldberg (SEAS ´06) containing 85% of the undergraduate student body, that later rebranded itself CampusNetwork and launched across several universities, before succumbing to its long-time competitor, Facebook. Facebook is a social networking Website launched on February 4 2004 The Columbia Daily Spectator launched a blog called SpecBlogs,^[54] but this has also since been shut down. Columbia Daily Spectator is the daily newspaper written by Columbia University undergraduates servicing the university community and the neighborhood of Morningside Other ventures have been more successful. Carsplit, also created by Adam Goldberg (SEAS ´06), launched in 2005 as a way for students to split the cost of taking a taxi to the airport. Usage peaks during winter break where, last year, over 1,000 students used the service. CU Snacks, authored by Brandon Arbiter (SEAS ´06) was one of the first online, late night snack delivery services. It started from Wien Residence Hall in 2004 and, although it remains completely student-run, it is now part of the experiential education program of Columbia's Center for Career Education. A more recent launch was WikiCU,^[55], a student-run wiki about Columbia University and its surrounding neighborhood of Morningside Heights.

Clubs and activities

Publications

Major publications include the Columbia Daily Spectator, the nation's second-oldest student newspaper;^[56] The Current ,^[57] a journal of politics, culture and Jewish Affairs; The Columbian, the second oldest collegiate yearbook in the nation; Columbia Review,^[58] the nation's oldest college literary magazine; The Columbia Journal of Literary Criticism;^[59] The Columbia Observer; the Columbia Science Review, the Columbia Political Review,^[60] the multi-partisan political magazine of the Columbia Political Union; The Fed^[61] a triweekly satire and investigative newspaper; Jester of Columbia,^[62] the newly (and frequently) revived campus humor magazine; The Blue and White,^[63] a literary magazine established in 1890 that has recently begun to foray into in-depth pieces on campus life and politics; and the Journal of Politics & Society,^[64] a journal of undergraduate research in the social sciences, published by the Helvidius Group. Columbia Daily Spectator is the daily newspaper written by Columbia University undergraduates servicing the university community and the neighborhood of Morningside The Columbia Political Review is Columbia University 's undergraduate multi-partisan political magazine The Federalist Paper, known more recently as The Fed, is a tabloid-sized (as opposed to Broadsheet) newspaper published every three weeks The Jester of Columbia, or simply the Jester, is a humor magazine at Columbia University in New York City. The Journal of Politics & Society is an academic journal of the Social sciences published annually by undergraduate members of the Helvidius Group. The Helvidius Group is a publisher based at Columbia University, New York whose primary activity is the editing Columbia also has an online arts and literary web magazine, The Mobius Strip. ^[65] AdHoc,^[66] denotes itself as the "progressive" campus magazine; it deals largely with local political issues and arts events. Another group of undergraduates started The Current,^[67] a journal of politics, culture, and Jewish affairs. The Birch,^[68] Columbia's undergraduate journal of Eastern European and Eurasian culture, is the first national student-run undergraduate journal of its kind. The Birch is a national undergraduate journal of Eastern European and Eurasian culture Professional journals published by academic departments at Columbia University include Current Musicology^[69] and The Journal of Philosophy. The Journal of Philosophy is a well-known Philosophical Journal published monthly from Columbia University. ^[70] The Science Review is the University's only science magazine that prints hard copies; it prints general interest articles, faculty profiles and student research papers. During the spring semester, graduate students in the Journalism School publish The Bronx Beat,a bi-weekly newspaper covering the South Bronx.

Broadcasting

Columbia is home to two pioneers in undergraduate student broadcasting, WKCR-FM and CTV.

WKCR, the student run radio station broadcasts to the Tri-State area and claims to be the oldest FM radio station in the world, owing to the University's affiliation with Major Edwin Armstrong. WKCR-FM (899 FM) Licensed to New York New York, USA the radio station serves the New York area Edwin Howard Armstrong ( December 18, 1890 &ndash January 31, 1954) was an American Electrical engineer and Inventor The station currently has its studios on the second floor of Alfred Lerner Hall on the Morningside campus with its main transmitter tower at 4 Times Square in Midtown Manhattan.

Columbia Television (CTV)^[71] is the nation's second oldest student television station and home of CTV News,^[72] a weekly live news program produced by undergraduate students. CTV transmits a cablecast and webcast from its studio in Alfred Lerner Hall.

Speech and debate

The Philolexian Society is a literary and debating club founded in 1802, making it the oldest student group at Columbia, as well as the third oldest collegiate literary society in the country. The Philolexian Society of Columbia University is one of the oldest collegiate literary societies in the United States and the oldest student group at Columbia It has many famous alumni, and administers the Joyce Kilmer Bad Poetry Contest (see below). Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League.

The Columbia University Mock Trial Program^[73] was founded in 1998. It fields four teams that compete in tournaments across the country under the umbrella American Mock Trial Association (AMTA). ^[74] In recent years the Columbia Mock Trial Program has won tournaments at Northwestern University, George Washington University, Yale University, UCLA, as well as three Northeast Regional Titles. The George Washington University ( GW or GWU) is a private coeducational university located in Washington D The University of California Los Angeles (generally known as UCLA) is a public research university located in Westwood Los Angeles, California, United The Columbia program is one of the best in the country, ranked in the Top-Ten since 2003 and peaking at the Number 2 ranking in 2004. In 2005-2006, Columbia Mock Trial had one team finish 5th Place at the National Tournament in St. Petersburg, FL and one team finish 6th Place at the National Championship Tournament in Des Moines, Iowa. Every year Columbia hosts the Columbia University Big Apple Invitational Tournament (CUBAIT), one of the best invitational tournaments in the nation. CUBAIT annually attracts many of the top twenty teams in the nation.

The Columbia Model United Nations holds several functions. Model United Nations (informally abbreviated as Model UN or MUN) is an academic simulation of the United Nations that aims to educate participants Its traveling team competes in conferences both domestically and internationally and is considered one of the top Model United Nations teams in the country. It also holds the Columbia Model United Nations Conference and Exposition (CMUNCE),^[75] an annual high school international affairs conference, founded in 2001 by Erica DeBruin. The conference is known for its crisis-oriented committees and the comparatively small committee size. Columbia Model United Nations in New York (CMUNNY]),^[76] is a small crisis-oriented Model United Nations conference for college students that prides itself in non-conventional committees. It was founded in 2006 by David Coates.

The Columbia Parliamentary Debate Team,^[77] competes in tournaments around the country as part of the American Parliamentary Debate Association, and hosts both high school and college tournaments on Columbia's campus, as well as public debates on issues affecting the university. The American Parliamentary Debate Association ( APDA) is the oldest intercollegiate parliamentary debating association in the United States and one of two in the nation

Greek life

Columbia University is home to many fraternities, sororities, and co-educational Greek organizations. Fraternities and sororities (from the Latin words la frater and la soror, meaning "brother" and "sister" respectively are fraternal Approximately 10-15% of undergraduate students are associated with Greek life. ^[78] There has been a Greek presence on campus since the establishment in 1842 of the Lambda Chapter of Psi Upsilon. Fraternity Origin In the 18th and 19th centuries college extracurricular activities were primarily intellectual exercises in the form of literary debates readings and oratorical Today, there are thirteen NIC fraternities on the campus. Membership requirements Member The NIC membership requirements are detailed in the By-Laws of the North-American Interfraternity Conference The prominent fraternities at Columbia include:

• Pi Kappa Alpha
• Sigma Chi
• Beta Theta Pi
• Delta Sigma Phi
• Psi Upsilon
• Phi Gamma Delta
• Sigma Nu
• Zeta Beta Tau
• Alpha Epsilon Pi
• Sigma Phi Epsilon
• Zeta Psi
• Kappa Delta Rho

In addition, there are four NPC sororities on campus:

• Kappa Alpha Theta
• Delta Gamma
• Sigma Delta Tau
• Alpha Chi Omega

There are also various multicultural Greek organizations, including:

• Alpha Delta Phi, a co-educational literary society
• Kappa Phi Lambda, an Asian-interest cultural sorority
• Lambda Phi Epsilon, an Asian-interest fraternity
• Sigma Iota Alpha, a Latina-interest sorority
• Lambda Pi Chi, a Latina-interest sorority

Entrepreneurship at Columbia

The Columbia University Organization of Rising Entrepreneurs (CORE) was founded in 1999. History Pi Kappa Alpha is an international brotherhood composed of 210 student chapters 9 colonies and 120 alumni associations Sigma Chi ( ΣΧ) is one of the largest and oldest all-male college Greek-letter social fraternities and a Secret society. Delta Sigma Phi ( ΔΣΦ, also known as DSF or Delta Sigs or Delt Sigs or D-Sigs) is a fraternity established at the Fraternity Origin In the 18th and 19th centuries college extracurricular activities were primarily intellectual exercises in the form of literary debates readings and oratorical Origins of Phi Gamma Delta Historical sketch of Jefferson College In 1803 only a small percentage of Americans attended college ΣΝ (Sigma Nu is an undergraduate College fraternity with chapters in the United States and Canada Zeta Beta Tau ( ZBT, brothers of which are nicknamed Zebes) is a historically Jewish, presently Nonsectarian international fraternity Alpha Epsilon Pi ( ΑΕΠ or AEPi) is the only international Jewish college fraternity in North America, with chapters in the ΣΦΕ ( Sigma Phi Epsilon) commonly Nicknamed SigEp or SPE, is a social fraternity for male College students in the The Zeta Psi Fraternity of North America was founded June 1, 1847 as a social college fraternity. Kappa Delta Rho ( ΚΔΡ) is an American College social fraternity, with 35 active chapters spread out over the United States primarily in the Members History Early histories of women's fraternities contain accounts of "rushing and pledging agreements" or "compacts" among fraternities Kappa Alpha Theta ( ΚΑΘ) is an international women's fraternity founded on January 27, 1870 at DePauw University. Delta Gamma ( ΔΓ) is one of the oldest and largest women's fraternities in the United States and Canada with its Executive Offices based in Columbus Sigma Delta Tau ( ΣΔΤ) is a national sorority and member of the National Panhellenic Conference, was founded March 25, 1917 Alpha Chi Omega ( ΑΧΩ, also known as A-Chi-O or Alpha Chi) is a women's fraternity founded on October 15 1885. The Split Since the 1992 split the Fraternity and the Society are completely separate and independent legal entities with separate governing bodies and are not separate or parallel ΛΦΕ ( Lambda Phi Epsilon, also known as Lambdas, LPhiE, LFE) is a nationally-recognized Asian-interest fraternity based in the United Sigma Iota Alpha Sorority ( ΣΙΑ)--Official name is Hermandad de Sigma Iota Alpha Inc Lambda Pi Chi Sorority( ΛΠΧ ( also known as Latinas Promoviendo Comunidad/Lambda Pi Chi Sorority Inc The student-run group aims to foster entrepreneurship on campus. Each year CORE hosts dozens of events, including a business plan competition and a series of seminars. Recent seminar speakers include Mark Cuban, owner of the Dallas Mavericks and Chairman of HDNet, and Blake Ross, creator of Mozilla Firefox. As of 2006, CORE has awarded graduate and undergraduate students with over $100,000 in seed capital. Events are possible through the contributions of various private and corporate groups; previous sponsors include Deloitte & Touche, Citigroup, and i-Compass. There are currently over 2,000 members in CORE. The organization is governed by its executive board, which comprises fifteen undergraduates.

Other

The Columbia University Asian American Alliance (AAA or triple-A) has recently become one of the most active Asian American student organizations in the nation and one of the largest student organizations at Columbia. In the past three years of growth, AAA has founded the regional NYC Asian American student conference and a national daily blog on Asian American issues called TheBlaaag. With three subcommittees that specialize in social life, political issues, and community service, AAA works on a variety of issues including addressing hate crimes and bias incidents, large scale event programming, social networking, workshops, and collaborating with the greater community at Columbia.

Black Students Organization [7] The Columbia University Black Students Organization is one of the oldest and most active organizations of its kind in the nation. Dating back to as early as 1964, the BSO still remains an active force on the Columbia University campus. It runs one of the few student operated safe spaces on campus, the Malcolm X Lounge which can be found in 106 Hartley Hall.

The Columbia University Orchestra was founded by composer Edward MacDowell in 1896, and is the oldest continually operating university orchestra in the United States. [8] Undergraduate student composers at Columbia may choose to become involved with Columbia New Music, which sponsors concerts of music written by undergraduate students from all of Columbia's schools.

Columbia Community Outreach (CCO) is a student organized, student run service day that promotes community service on campus. Founded in 1997, CCO is a community service initiative that seeks to bring together the Columbia University community, raise awareness of opportunities for long-term service and to form mutually beneficial relationships with Columbia's neighboring communities. Every year over 1,000 students, faculty, staff and alumni volunteer for a day alongside community members and non-profit organizations, such as the New York City Parks Department and Habitat for Humanity. [9]

Art History Underground, the student club for arts, organizes yearly events such as roundtables, panels and discussions. Art History Underground is a student led club in Columbia University. The first traditional "What is Art History?" roundtable took place in October, 2006 with the support of the Art History Department. The club also has a biannual journal with the same name, whose first issue was printed in late Fall, 2006.

The Columbia Queer Alliance is the central Columbia student organization that represents the lesbian, gay, transgender, and questioning student population. The Columbia Queer Alliance, the oldest LGBTQ student organization in the world is the central Columbia University student organization that represents the lesbian gay transgender It is the oldest gay student organization in the world, founded as the Student Homophile League in 1966 by students including lifelong activist Stephen Donaldson. The word homophile is an alternative to the word homosexual, preferred by some because it emphasizes love (" -phile " from Greek φιλία over Stephen Donaldson is the name of Stephen Donaldson, US bisexual LGBT rights activist Stephen R [10]

Conversio Virium is the college's student-run BDSM education and discussion group, providing Columbia students with a safe, confidential space to discuss BDSM activities and interests. Conversio Virium (CV, the oldest university student-run BDSM education group in the United States, is the central Columbia University Student organization It is the oldest still-running University group of its kind, recently celebrating its ten-year anniversary. [11]

Columbia's Bhangra team "cuBhangra" is one of the most energetic and entertaining college, co-ed bhangra teams in the nation. Bhangra (ਭੰਗੜਾ pa-PK بھنگڑا pə̀ŋgɽäː is a lively form of music and dance that originated in the Punjab region of Pakistan and India Established in 2002, it has already secured placings at various bhangra competitions in the states and enjoys performing around New York City and in various on-campus performances.

Columbia University campus military groups include the U.S. Military Veterans of Columbia University and Advocates for Columbia ROTC. In the 2005-06 academic year, the Columbia Military Society, Columbia's student group for ROTC cadets and Marine officer candidates, was renamed the Hamilton Society for "students who aspire to serve their nation through the military in the tradition of Alexander Hamilton".

There are a number of performing arts groups at Columbia dedicated to producing student theater, including King's Crown Shakespeare Troupe (KCST), Columbia Musical Theater Society (CMTS), New and Original Material Authored by Students (NOMADS), Columbia University Performing Arts League (CUPAL), Black Theatre Ensemble (BTE), sketch comedy group Chowdah, Columbia University Players, and improvisational troupes Fruit Paunch and Sweeps.

The Columbia University Muslim Students Association is one of the oldest and most active Muslim Students Associations in the country. The Muslim Students' Association, or Muslim Student Union, of the U

The largest undergraduate club on campus is the Columbia University College Democrats, who won College Democrats of America's Chapter of the Year award for the 2006-2007 school year.

Athletics

Main article: Columbia Lions

A member institution of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, Columbia fields varsity teams in 29 sports. Ivy League athletics The eight-institution athletic league to which Columbia University belongs the Ivy League, also includes Brown University, Cornell The National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA, often pronounced "N-C-Double-A" is a voluntary association of about 1200 institutions conferences organizations The football Lions play home games at the 17,000-seat Lawrence A. Wien Stadium at Baker Field. Robert K Kraft Field at Lawrence A Wien Stadium at the Baker Field Athletics Complex is a Stadium located in Manhattan New York. One hundred blocks north of the main campus at Morningside Heights, the Baker Athletics Complex also includes facilities for baseball, softball, soccer, lacrosse, field hockey, tennis, track and rowing. The basketball, fencing, swimming & diving, volleyball and wrestling programs are based at the Dodge Physical Fitness Center on the main campus.

The Columbia mascot is a lion named Roar-ee. At football games, the Columbia University Marching Band plays "Roar, Lion, Roar" each time the team scores and "Who Owns New York?" with each first down. At halftime, alumni stand and sing the alma mater, "Sans Souci. "

The Lions boast a rich athletic tradition. The wrestling team is the oldest in the nation, and the football team was the third to join intercollegiate play. Collegiate wrestling is the commonly-used name of the style of Amateur wrestling practiced at the College and University level in the United States American football, known in the United States and Canada simply as football, is a competitive Team sport known for mixing strategy with A Columbia crew was the first from outside Britain to win at the Henley Royal Regatta. GB coxless pair of Toby Garbett & Rick Dunn at Henley Royal Regatta 2004 Henley Royal Regatta is a rowing event held every year on the River Thames by the town of Henley-on-Thames, England. Former students include baseball Hall of Famers Lou Gehrig and Eddie Collins and football Hall of Famer Sid Luckman. Henry Louis "Lou" Gehrig ( June 19 1903  – June 2 1941) born Ludwig Heinrich Gehrig, was an American Edward Trowbridge Collins Sr ( May 2 1887 &ndash March 25 1951) nicknamed "Cocky" was an American Second baseman The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the Hall of fame of the National Football League (NFL Sidney Luckman, known as Sid Luckman, (November 21 1916 – July 5 1998 was an American football Quarterback for the Chicago Bears from 1939

More recently, Columbia has excelled at archery, cross country, fencing and wrestling. Archery is the practice of using a bow or Crossbow to shoot Arrows Archery has historically been used in Hunting and Combat and has Cross Country running is a Sport of running Compete to complete a course over open or rough terrain faster than other teams Fencing is the art of armed Combat involving Cutting, Stabbing, or slapping bludgeoning Weapons directly manipulated by hand Collegiate wrestling is the commonly-used name of the style of Amateur wrestling practiced at the College and University level in the United States In 2000, Olympic gold medal swimmer Cristina Teuscher became the first Ivy League student to win the Honda-Broderick Cup, awarded to the best collegiate woman athlete in the nation. The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games Gold Medal is an Album by American band The Donnas, released in 2004 (see 2004 in music) Swimming is the movement by humans or animals through Water, usually without artificial assistance Cristina Teuscher (born March 12, 1978 in New Rochelle New York) is a former freestyle and medley Swimmer from The Honda-Broderick Cup is a Sports Award for College -level female athletes Other recent Lions include Pro Bowl defensive end Marcellus Wiley, whose success in the NFL is credited with drawing the attention of professional scouts back to the Ivy League. In professional American football, the Pro Bowl is the All-star game of the National Football League (NFL Marcellus Vernon Wiley, Nicknamed " Dat Dude " (born November 30, 1974 in Compton California) is a retired American In 2007, the Men's Track Team captured the 4x800 Penn Relay's victory. This was the first time an Ivy League school won this race since 1974.

Columbia became the third school in the United States to play intercollegiate football when it sent a squad to New Brunswick, N. J. , in 1870 to play a team from Rutgers. Rutgers The State University of New Jersey (also known as Rutgers University) is the largest institution for higher education in the state of New Jersey Three years later, Columbia students joined representatives from Princeton, Rutgers and Yale to ratify the first set of rules to govern intercollegiate play. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey.

During the first half of the 20th century, the Lions had consistent success on the gridiron. Under Hall of Fame coach Lou Little, the 1934 squad shut out heavily favored Stanford in the Rose Bowl winning what was the precursor to the national championship. Lou "Luigi Piccolo" Little (1893 Leominster Massachusetts - May 28 1978, Delray Beach Florida) was an American football Leland Stanford Junior University, commonly known as Stanford University or simply Stanford, is a private Research university located in The Rose Bowl Game is an annual American College football Bowl game, usually played on January 1 ( New Year's Day) at the Rose During World War II football players were recruited to move uranium in support of the school's participation in the Manhattan Project. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb ^[79] Little’s 1947 edition beat defending national champion Army, then riding a 32-game win streak, in one of the most stunning upsets of the century. An army (from Latin Armata "act of arming" via Old French armée) in the broadest sense is the land-based Armed forces Greats of the era included the All-American Luckman, the quarterback who would lead the Chicago Bears to four NFL championships in the 1940s while ushering football into the modern era with the T formation. An All-American "team" is an honorary Sports team composed of outstanding Amateur players those considered the best players of a specific season for The Chicago Bears are a professional American football team based in Chicago, Illinois. In American football, a T formation is a formation used by the Offensive team in which three Running backs line up in a row about five yards behind

Since sharing their only Ivy League title with Harvard in 1961, the football Lions have had three winning seasons (6-3 in 1971, 5-4-1 in 1994 and 8-2 in 1996). The distance of practice facilities at Baker Athletics Complex from the main campus at Morningside Heights, competition for the attention of the student body with all the diversions that Manhattan has to offer, and the lack of a winning tradition sometimes are cited as challenges to recruiting at Columbia. Morningside Heights is a neighborhood of the Borough of Manhattan in New York City and is chiefly known as the home of institutions such as Barnard Norries Wilson, a runner-up for national assistant coach of the year while at the University of Connecticut in 2004, is the latest head coach brought in to try to turn the program around. Norries Wilson is the 18th Head coach of the Columbia University football team and the first African-American head football coach in the The University of Connecticut ( Connecticut or UConn) is the State of Connecticut 's Land-grant university. The 2006 squad had a 5-5 record (the program's first . 500-or-better season in 10 years), with two victories to close out the year against Cornell and Brown.

The baseball team boasts involvement in the first-ever televised sporting event. On May 17, 1939 fledgling NBC filmed the doubleheader of the Columbia Lions vs. Events 1521 - Edward Stafford 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for Treason. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Princeton Tigers at Columbia's Baker Field. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. ^[80] Columbia won the 2008 Ivy baseball title.

In basketball, perhaps the greatest player to wear Columbia Blue was All-American Chet Forte, the 1957 national college player of the year. An All-American "team" is an honorary Sports team composed of outstanding Amateur players those considered the best players of a specific season for Fulvio Chester "Chet" Forte Jr ( August 7, 1935 in Hackensack New Jersey – May 18, 1996 in San Diego California George Gregory, Jr. became the first African-American All-American in 1931. The 1968 Ivy League championship team included future NBA player Jim McMillian. James M "Jim" McMillian (born March 11, 1948 in Raeford North Carolina) is a former pro Basketball player

Controversies and student demonstrations

Nazi Germany

In 1933 the German Ambassador to the United States, Hans Luther, was the featured speaker at the Institute of Arts and Sciences at the Columbia University. Hans Luther ( 10 March 1879 &ndash 11 May 1962) was a German Politician and Chancellor of Germany. When he started to speak a woman in the audience asked him about the burning of the homes of exiled professors. She and two other protesters were forcibly removed by security. Hans Luther's speech stressed Hitler's "peaceful intentions" toward his European neighbors. Afterward, Nicholas Murray Butler, Columbia's president, held a reception in his honor. Nicholas Murray Butler ( April 2, 1862 &ndash December 7, 1947) was an American philosopher diplomat and educator The head of the institute, Russell Potter, called the protestors "ill-mannered children"^[81]. Protestors handing out leaflets protesting against Nazi Germany were arrested. ^[81][82]

Protests of 1968

Main article: Columbia University protests of 1968

Students initiated a major demonstration in 1968 over two major issues. The Columbia University protests of 1968 were among the many student demonstrations that occurred around the world in that year The first was Columbia's proposed gymnasium in neighboring Morningside Park; this was seen by the protesters to be an act of aggression aimed at the black residents of neighboring Harlem. Morningside Park is a New York City public Park in the northern portion of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Harlem is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Manhattan, long known as a major African American cultural and business center A second issue was the Columbia administration's failure to resign its institutional membership in the Pentagon's weapons research think-tank, the Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA). The Pentagon is the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia. The Institute for Defense Analyses (IDA is a non-profit corporation that administers three Federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs to assist the United States Students barricaded themselves inside Low Library, Hamilton Hall, and several other university buildings during the protests, and New York City police were called onto the campus to arrest or forcibly remove the students. The Low Memorial Library is the administrative center of Columbia University. Hamilton Hall is an academic building on the Morningside Heights campus of Columbia University in the City of New York. ^[83][84]

Protests against racism and apartheid

Further student protests, including hunger strike and more barricades of Hamilton Hall during the late 1970s and early 1980s, were aimed at convincing the university trustees to divest all of the university's investments in companies that were seen as active or tacit supporters of the apartheid regime in South Africa. Hamilton Hall is an academic building on the Morningside Heights campus of Columbia University in the City of New York. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa A variety of more recent protests, most notably those of Spring 2004 and Spring 2006, have primarily concerned perceived racism on campus.

Antiwar protests

In addition to the 1968 protests (see above), tangentially related to the Vietnam War, students and faculty have protested U. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia S. involvement in various other conflicts. Most recently and controversially, at a faculty sit-in protest of the Iraq War, Professor Nicholas de Genova praised "fragging" (soldiers murdering fellow soldiers) and called for U. The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign Nicholas de Genova is an assistant professor of Anthropology and Latino Studies at Columbia University. Fragging is a term from the Vietnam War, used primarily by US S. troops to experience "a million Mogadishus," a reference to the casualties U. S. troops suffered in the Battle of Mogadishu in 1993. The Battle of Mogadishu (also referred to as the Battle of the Black Sea) or The U. S. Military Veterans of Columbia University, a Columbia University student-veterans group, issued this letter in response to Professor De Genova's remarks.

Ad Hoc Grievance Committee (Allegations of faculty intimidation of Jewish students)

In 2004 Columbia drew nationwide attention when allegations were made that some professors intimidated and harassed students with pro-Israel views. ^[85] Nat Hentoff of the Village Voice accused Columbia of sweeping a serious problem under the carpet. Nat Hentoff (born June 10, 1925) is an American Historian, Novelist, Jazz Critic, and Columnist for This article is about a New York newspaper For the Ottawa Hills Ohio magazine see The Village Voice of Ottawa Hills. ^[86]

Minuteman protest

On October 4, 2006, a group of students disrupted a speech by Jim Gilchrist, the founder of the Minuteman Project, a group that patrols the border between the United States and Mexico, who had been invited to campus by the Columbia College Republicans. Events 610 - Heraclius arrives by ship from Africa at Constantinople, overthrows Byzantine Emperor Phocas Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. James "Jim" Walter Gilchrist Jr (born January 13 1949) is the American co-founder along with Chris Simcox, of the Minuteman Project The Minuteman Project is an activist organization started in April 2005 by a group of private individuals in the United States to monitor the United Two student members of the International Socialist Organization stepped on to the stage and unfurled a banner that stated, in Spanish, English, and Arabic, "No human being is illegal", a criticism of the Minuteman Project's attitude toward illegal immigrants. This article is about the International Socialist Organization in the United States. This action incited other students to rush the stage, including members of the school's Chicano Caucus. A brawl between protestors and supporters of the Minuteman project ensued. Gilchrist and Marvin Stewart, another Minuteman member, were escorted away after the protesters took to the stage. ^[87]

The protesters were initially accused of attacking the Minutemen. However, video tape of the events surfaced that shows violence being initiated by supporters of the Minuteman Project against the protestors. ^[88][89]

The students' actions were condemned as violations of the Minuteman Project's right to free speech by New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg^[90], University President Lee Bollinger^[91], and media figures from across the country. Michael Rubens Bloomberg (born February 14, 1942) is an American businessman and the Mayor of New York City. Lee C Bollinger is an American lawyer and educator who is currently serving as the 19th president of Columbia University. ^[89] Representatives of the protestors claimed they were fighting hatred, not free speech. ^[92]

The University responded with disciplinary action, charging eight students with violating University rules. Three Latino students received harsher punishments than the other students, resulting in some accusations of unfairness and racism at the University. ^[93]

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad visit and speech controversy

Further information: Lee Bollinger

On September 24, 2007, Columbia and its School of International and Public Affairs invited Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to speak on campus as part of Columbia University's World Leaders Forum. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Degree programs SIPA provides an education that enables its graduates to function wisely and effectively in a variety of professional settings For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (محمود احمدی‌نژاد; born October 28, 1956) is the sixth and current President of the Islamic Republic of Iran ^[94] The invitation was criticized by some, applauded by others. ^[95]

In his introductory speech, University President Lee Bollinger called Ahmadinejad, a "petty and cruel dictator" and asked him questions about previous remarks concerning the holocaust and his record on human rights. Lee C Bollinger is an American lawyer and educator who is currently serving as the 19th president of Columbia University. ^[96] Ahmadinejad responded to Bollinger's remarks by saying:

"In Iran, tradition requires when you invite a person to be a speaker, we actually respect our students enough to allow them to make their own judgment, and don't think it's necessary before the speech is even given to come in with a series of complaints to provide vaccination to the students and faculty. "

During his speech, Ahmadinejad criticized Israel's policies towards the Palestinians, called for research on the historical accuracy of Holocaust (though he admitted that the Holocaust did occur), expressed his sympathy for the families of the victims of 9/11 attacks, raised questions as to who initiated the attacks, expressed the self-determination of Iran's nuclear power program, criticizing the United Nation's policy of sanctions on his country, and criticized U. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Self-determination is defined as free choice of one’s own acts without external compulsion and especially as the freedom of the people of a given Territory to determine their The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security S. policy in the Middle East. In response to a question about Iran's treatment of women and homosexuals, he asserted that women are respected in Iran, and denied that there are any homosexuals in Iran. Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. ^[97][98]

Tenure Battles

Political battles over tenure decisions drew national attention, particularly to Joseph Massad and Nadia Abu El Haj. Joseph Andoni Massad (born 1963 is Associate Professor of Modern Arab Politics and Intellectual History at Columbia University, whose Nadia Abu El Haj (born 1962 and the Director of Graduate Studies for the Department of Anthropology at Columbia University.

Traditions

For a more comprehensive list see: Columbia traditions

Orgo Night

On the day before the Organic Chemistry exam—which is often on the first day of finals—at precisely the stroke of midnight, the Columbia University Marching Band occupies Butler Library to distract diligent students from studying. Columbia University has developed many traditions over its 253 year long existence The Columbia University Marching Band (CUMB has performed for Columbia University since 1904 The Nicholas Murray Butler Library, commonly known simply as Butler Library, is the largest single library in the Columbia University Library System, which contains After a half-hour of campus-interest jokes, the procession then moves out to the lawn in front of Hartley, Wallach and John Jay residence halls to entertain the residents there. The band then plays at various other locations around Morningside Heights, including the residential quadrangle of Barnard College, where students of the all-women's school, in mock-consternation, rain trash - including notes and course packets - and water balloons upon them from their dormitories above. Barnard College is a women's liberal arts college founded in 1889 The band tends to close their Orgo Night performances before Furnald Hall, known among students as the more studious and reportedly "anti-social" residence hall, where the underclassmen in the marching band serenade the seniors with an entertaining, though vulgar, mock-hymn to Columbia, composed of quips that poke fun at the various stereotypes about the Columbia student body.

Tree-Lighting and Yule Log ceremonies

The campus Tree-Lighting Ceremony is a relatively new tradition at Columbia, inaugurated in 1998. It celebrates the illumination of the medium-sized trees lining College Walk in front of Kent and Hamilton Halls on the east end and Dodge and Journalism Halls on the west, just before finals week in early December. The lights remain on until February 28. Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Students meet at the sun-dial for free hot chocolate, performances by various a cappella groups, and speeches by the university president and a guest.

Immediately following the College Walk festivities is one of Columbia's older holiday traditions, the lighting of the Yule Log. The ceremony dates to a period prior to the Revolutionary War, but lapsed before being revived by University President Nicholas Murray Butler in the early 20th century. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" Nicholas Murray Butler ( April 2, 1862 &ndash December 7, 1947) was an American philosopher diplomat and educator A troop of students dressed in Continental Army soldiers carry the eponymous log from the sun-dial to the lounge of John Jay Hall, where it is lit amid the singing of seasonal carols. The American Continental Army was an Army formed after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America ^[99] The ceremony is accompanied by a reading of A Visit From St. Nicholas by Clement Clarke Moore (Columbia College class of 1798) and Yes, Virginia, There is a Santa Claus by Francis Pharcellus Church (Class of 1859). Clement Clarke Moore ( July 15, 1779 – July 10, 1863) is the credited author of A Visit from St "Is There a Santa Claus?" was the Headline that appeared over an Editorial in the September 20 1897 edition of the New York Sun. Francis Pharcellus Church ( February 22 1839 &ndash April 11 1906) was an American publisher and editor

The Varsity Show

Main article: The Varsity Show

An annual musical written by and for students, this is one of Columbia's oldest and finest traditions. The Varsity Show is one of the oldest traditions at Columbia University and certainly its oldest performing arts presentation Past writers and directors have included Columbians Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein, Lorenz Hart, I.A.L. Diamond, and Herman Wouk. Richard Charles Rodgers ( June 28, 1902, Arverne Queens, New York City &ndash December 30, 1979, New York Oscar Hammerstein II (ˈhæmɚstaɪn (born Oscar Greeley Clendenning Hammerstein) ( July 12, 1895 – August 23, 1960) was Lorenz "Larry" Hart ( May 2, 1895 &ndash November 22, 1943) was the lyricist half of the famed Broadway songwriting team IAL Diamond ( June 27, 1920 - April 21, 1988) was a comedy writer in Hollywood during the 1940s and '50s. Herman Wouk ( "woke" born May 27, 1915) is a bestselling American Author with a number of notable Novels to his The show has one of the largest operating budgets of all university events. ^[100]

Inventions, discoveries and patents

Columbia is home to numerous scientific and technological breakthroughs. The Riverside Church in the City of New York is an Interdenominational ( American Baptist and United Church of Christ) interracial international church It was the first North American site where the Uranium atom was split. Uranium (jʊˈreɪniəm is a silvery-gray Metallic Chemical element in the It was the birthplace of FM radio and the laser. See also Frequency modulation, FM band FM broadcasting is a broadcast Technology invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong that A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission. ^[101] The MPEG-2 algorithm of transmitting high quality audio and video over limited bandwidth was developed by Dimitris Anastassiou, a Columbia professor of electrical engineering. MPEG-2 is a standard for "the generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information" Biologist Martin Chalfie was the first to introduce the use of Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in labelling cells in intact organisms^[102]. The green fluorescent protein ( GFP) is composed of 238 Amino acids (26 Other inventions and products related to Columbia include Sequential Lateral Solidifcation (SLS) technology for making LCDs, System Management Arts (SMARTS), Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (which is used for audio, video, chat, instant messaging and whiteboarding), pharmacopeia, Macromodel (software for computational chemistry), a new and better recipe for glass concrete, Blue LEDs, Beamprop (used in photonics), among others. The Session Initiation Protocol ( SIP) is a signalling protocol widely used for setting up and tearing down Multimedia Communication sessions Pharmacopoeia (literally the art of the drug compounder in its modern technical sense is a book containing directions for the identification of samples and the preparation of compound ^[103]

Some of the greatest contributions by Columbia scientists have been in the health sciences field, including about 175 new inventions each year^[103]. More than 30 pharmaceutical products based on discoveries and inventions made at Columbia are on the market today. These include Remicade (for arthritis), Reopro (for blood clot complications), Xalatan (for glaucoma), Benefix, Latanoprost (a glaucoma treatment), shoulder prosthesis, homocysteine (testing for cardiovascular disease), Zolinza (for cancer therapy)^[104]. Infliximab (brand name Remicade) is a drug used to treat Autoimmune disorders. Abciximab (previously known as c7E3 Fab) manufactured by Centocor and distributed by Eli Lilly under the trade name ReoPro, is a platelet aggregation Latanoprost (pronounced la-TA-noe-prost) ophthalmic solution is a topical medication used for controlling the progression of Glaucoma or ocular Hypertension Factor IX (or Christmas factor) is one of the Serine proteases ( of the Coagulation system it belongs to peptidase family S1 Latanoprost (pronounced la-TA-noe-prost) ophthalmic solution is a topical medication used for controlling the progression of Glaucoma or ocular Hypertension Homocysteine is a Chemical compound with the formula HSCH2CH2CH(NH2CO2H Vorinostat ( rINN) or suberoyl[[aniline anilide]] Hydroxamic acid (SAHA is a member of a larger class of compounds that inhibit Histone deacetylases

Columbia ranks among the top U. S. schools in revenues earned from patents and license agreements on its inventions and discoveries. Its Science and Technology Ventures currently manages some 600 patents and more than 250 active license agreements^[104]. Patent-related deals earned Columbia more than $230 million in the 2006 fiscal year, according to the university^[105]. In 2004, Columbia made $178 million (compared to $24 million made by Harvard)^[105].

Awards and honors

As of October 2006, 76^[106]Columbia University affiliates have been honored with Nobel Prizes for their work in physics^[107], chemistry, medicine, literature, peace, and economics. In the last 10 years (1996-2006) 15 Columbia affiliates have won Nobel Prizes, of which 8 are current faculty members. (Economics-6, Physiology/Medicine-4, Physics-2, Chemistry-2, Literature-1)

Columbia faculty awarded the Nobel Prize in the last 10 years (1996-2006):^[108]

Faculty	Affiliation at Columbia	Nobel Prize
1. Orhan Pamuk	Dept. Ferit Orhan Pamuk (born on 7 June 1952 in Istanbul) generally known simply as Orhan Pamuk, is a Turkish Novelist and professor of Comparative of Middle East Languages & Cultures	Literature, 2006
2. Edmund Phelps	Dept. Edmund Strother Phelps Jr (born July 26, 1933) is an American economist and the winner of the 2006 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences of Economics	Economics, 2006
3. Richard Axel	Center for Neurobiology & Behavior, A. Richard Axel (born July 2, 1946, New York City) is an American Neuroscientist whose work on the Olfactory system won him B. 1967	Physiology/Medicine, 2004
4. Joseph Stiglitz	Dept. Joseph Eugene Stiglitz (born February 9, 1943) is an American Economist and a professor at Columbia University. of Economics	Economics, 2001
5. Eric Kandel	Center for Neurobiology & Behavior	Physiology/Medicine, 2000
6. Eric Richard Kandel (born November 7, 1929) is a Psychiatrist, a neuroscientist and Professor of Biochemistry Robert Mundell	Dept. Robert Alexander Mundell CC (born October 24, 1932) is a professor of economics at Columbia University. of Economics	Economics, 1999
7. Horst Ludwig Störmer	Dept. Horst Ludwig Störmer (born April 6, 1949 in Frankfurt, Germany) is a German physicist who shared the 1998 Nobel Prize in Physics of Physics	Physics, 1998
8. William Vickrey	Dept. William Spencer Vickrey ( June 21, 1914, Victoria British Columbia - October 11, 1996, New York State), US citizen of Economics, M. A. 1937,PhD1948	Economics, 1996

Columbia affiliates awarded the Nobel Prize in the last 10 years (1996-2006):^[108]

Name	Affiliation at Columbia	Nobel Prize
9. John Mather	Goddard Institute for Space Studies	Physics, 2006
10. John Mather can refer to John C Mather, winner of Nobel Prize in Physics 2006 Robert Grubbs	PhD 1968	Chemistry, 2005
11. Linda Buck	Research Scientist 1980-91	Physiology/Medicine, 2004
12. Linda B Buck, PhD, (born January 29, 1947) is an American Biologist best known for her work on the Olfactory system William Standish Knowles	PhD 1942	Chemistry, 2001
13. William S Knowles (born June 1, 1917) is an American Chemist. James Heckman	Faculty 1970-74	Economics, 2000
14. James Joseph Heckman (born April 19, 1944) is a leading Economist at The University of Chicago, Distinguished Chair of Microeconometric Louis Ignarro	B. Louis J Ignarro (May 31 1941 –) is an American Pharmacologist. S. 1962	Physiology/Medicine, 1998
15. Robert Merton	B. S. 1966	Economics, 1997

Other awards/honors won by current faculty include:

• MacArthur Foundation Award: 28^[108]
• National Medal of Science: 4^[108]
• The National Academies: 99 (sum of 41+20+38, below)

• National Academy of Sciences: 41^[108]
• National Academy of Engineering: 20^[109]
• Institute of Medicine of the National Academies: 38^[110]

• American Academy of Arts and Sciences: 143^[108]

Presidents

	President	Birth Year–Death Year	Years as President	Name of Institution; Notes
1	Samuel Johnson	(1696–1772)	(1754–1763)	King's College
2	Myles Cooper	(1735–1785)	(1763–1775)	King's College
2. The John D and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation is a major private grant -making Private foundation based in Chicago that has awarded more than US$4 billion The National Medal of Science is an honor bestowed by the President of the United States to individuals in Science and Engineering who have made important A national academy is an organizational body usually operating with State financial support and approval that co-ordinates scholarly Research activities and standards The National Academy of Sciences (NAS is a corporation in the United States whose members serve Pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science The United States National Academy of Engineering (NAE is a private non-profit institution which was founded in 1964 under the same congressional act that led to the founding of the The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS is an organization dedicated to scholarship and the advancement of learning The Reverend Doctor Samuel Johnson (1696&mdash1772 was a clergyman educator and philosopher in colonial British North America Myles Cooper (1735 – 1785 was a figure in colonial New York. 1	Benjamin Moore	(1748–1816)	(1775–1776)	King's College; acting
2. Benjamin Moore (1748 &ndash 1816 was the second Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York. 2	George Clinton	(1739–1812)	(1784–1787)	Columbia College "in the State of New York"; Chancellor (Regents government)
3	William Samuel Johnson	(1727–1819)	(1787–1800)	Columbia College "in the City of New York" (Trustees government)
4	Charles Henry Wharton	(1748–1833)	(1801–1801)	Columbia College
5	Benjamin Moore	(1748–1816)	(1801–1810)	Columbia College
6	William Harris	(1765–1829)	(1811–1829)	Columbia College; shares authority with Provost John Mitchell Mason until 1816
7	William Alexander Duer	(1780–1858)	(1829–1842)	Columbia College
8	Nathaniel Fish Moore	(1782–1872)	(1842–1849)	Columbia College
9	Charles King	(1789–1867)	(1849–1863)	Columbia College; presides over move to Madison Avenue campus
10	Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard	(1809–1889)	(1864–1889)	Columbia College
11	Seth Low	(1850–1916)	(1890–1901)	Columbia College; presides over move to Morningside Heights campus; name changes to "Columbia University in the City of New York"
12	Nicholas Murray Butler	(1862–1947)	(1902–1945)	Columbia University
12. This page is for the US Vice President For others of that name see George Clinton. William Samuel Johnson (1727-1819 was an early American statesman who was notable for signing the United States Constitution, for representing Connecticut in the Charles Henry Wharton ( 5 June, 1748 in St Mary's County, Maryland – 22 July, 1833 in Burlington New Jersey Benjamin Moore (1748 &ndash 1816 was the second Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York. William Harris, an Episcopalian minister was the sixth president of Columbia College, serving from 1811 to 1829. For other men with similar names see the disambiguation page William Duer. Nathaniel Fish Moore, the nephew of former president Benjamin Moore, was Columbia's eighth president he had earlier been a lawyer and served on the faculty Charles King (1789&ndash1867 was an American academic politician and newspaper editor Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard ( May 5, 1809 - April 27, 1889) Seth Low ( January 18, 1850 - September 17, 1916) born in Brooklyn, New York, was an American educator and Morningside Heights is a neighborhood of the Borough of Manhattan in New York City and is chiefly known as the home of institutions such as Barnard Nicholas Murray Butler ( April 2, 1862 &ndash December 7, 1947) was an American philosopher diplomat and educator 1	Frank D. Fackenthal	(1883–1968)	(1945–1948)	Columbia University (acting)
13	Dwight D. Eisenhower	(1890–1969)	(1948–1953)	Columbia University; on leave while Supreme Commander of NATO
14	Grayson L. Kirk	(1903–1997)	(1953–1968)	Columbia University; resigned after 1968 protests
15	Andrew W. Cordier	(1901–1975)	(1969–1970)	Columbia University
16	William J. McGill	(1922–1997)	(1970–1980)	Columbia University
17	Michael I. Sovern	(1931– )	(1980–1993)	Columbia University
18	George Erik Rupp	(1942– )	(1993–2002)	Columbia University
19	Lee C. Bollinger	(1947– )	(2002– )	Columbia University

Notable Columbians

Main article: List of Columbia University people

Alumni and attenders

Two former Presidents of the United States have attended Columbia. Frank Diehl Fackenthal (1883 Hellertown Pennsylvania – 1968 was an American educator Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general The North Atlantic Treaty Grayson Louis Kirk ( October 12, 1903 - November 21, 1997) was president of Columbia University during the Columbia University The Columbia University protests of 1968 were among the many student demonstrations that occurred around the world in that year Andrew Wellington Cordier ( March 1, 1901 - July 11,1975 was a United Nations official and President of Columbia University. William James McGill (February 27 1922 &ndash October 19 1997 was a distinguished Psychologist, author and academic administrator Michael Ira Sovern (born December 1, 1931) was the 17th president of Columbia University. George Erik Rupp (born 1942) is an American educator and theologian the former President of Rice University and later of Columbia University, and president Lee C Bollinger is an American lawyer and educator who is currently serving as the 19th president of Columbia University. This is a partially sorted list of notable persons who have had ties to Columbia University. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Six Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States and 39 Nobel Prize winners have obtained degrees from Columbia. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Today, three United States Senators and 16 current Chief Executives of Fortune 500 companies hold Columbia degrees, as do three of the 25 richest Americans[12]. The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives Please do not add the complete list of fortune 500 companies The list is copyrighted by Fortune which makes money by selling the content

Attendees of King's College, Columbia's predecessor, included Founding Fathers Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Robert R. Livingston, and Gouverneur Morris. Founding Fathers are persons instrumental in the establishment of an Institution, usually a political institution especially those connected to the origination of its Ideals John Jay (December 12 1745 – May 17 1829 was an American Politician, Statesman, revolutionary, Diplomat, a Supreme Court Gouverneur Morris ( January 31, 1752 November 6, 1816) was an American statesman who represented Pennsylvania in the U. S. Supreme Court Chief Justices Harlan Fiske Stone, Charles Evans Hughes and Associate Justice Benjamin Cardozo, as well as former US Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, were all educated at the law school. Harlan Fiske Stone ( October 11 1872 – April 22 1946) was an American Lawyer and jurist. Charles Evans Hughes Sr ( April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was a Lawyer and Republican politician from the State Benjamin Nathan Cardozo ( May 24, 1870 &ndash July 9, 1938) was a well-known American Lawyer and Jurist, remembered Theodore Roosevelt (ˈroʊzəvɛlt October 27 1858 January 6 1919 also known as T Former U. S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower served as President of the University. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general Other significant figures in American history to attend the university were John L. O'Sullivan, the journalist who coined the phrase "manifest destiny", Alfred Thayer Mahan, the geostrategist who wrote on the significance of sea power, and progressive intellectual Randolph Bourne. John Louis O'Sullivan ( November 15, 1813 – March 24, 1895) was an American columnist and editor who used the term " Manifest Alfred Thayer Mahan (September 27 1840–December 1 1914 was a United States Navy Flag officer, geostrategist, and educator Randolph Silliman Bourne ( May 30, 1886 – December 22, 1918) was a progressive writer and public intellectual born in Bloomfield Former Secretary of State Alexander Haig studied at Columbia Business School between 1954 and 1955. Secretary of State is a commonly used title for a Government Official. Alexander Meigs Haig Jr (born December 2 1924 is a retired four-star General in the United States Army who served as the U History Alonzo Barton Hepburn, then president of Chase Manhattan Bank, founded the School in 1916 with 11 full-time faculty members Wellington Koo, a Chinese diplomat who argued passionately against Japanese and Western imperialism in Asia at the Paris Peace Conference, is a graduate, having honed his debating skills in Columbia's Philolexian Society, as is Dr. Vi Kyuin "Wellington" Koo ( Traditional Chinese: 顧維鈞 Simplified Chinese: 顾维钧 Pinyin: Gù Wéijūn Wade-Giles: Ku The Philolexian Society of Columbia University is one of the oldest collegiate literary societies in the United States and the oldest student group at Columbia Bhimrao Ambedkar, founding father of India and co-author of its constitution. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar ( Marathi:डॊभीमराव रामजी आंबेडकर ( April 14, 1891 — December 6, 1956 Local politicians have been no less represented at Columbia, including Seth Low, who served as both President of the University and Mayor of the City of New York, and New York governors Thomas Dewey, also an unsuccessful US presidential candidate, DeWitt Clinton, who presided over the construction of the Erie Canal, Hamilton Fish, later to become US Secretary of State, and Daniel D. Tompkins, who also served as a Vice President of the United States. Seth Low ( January 18, 1850 - September 17, 1916) born in Brooklyn, New York, was an American educator and Thomas Edmund Dewey ( March 24, 1902 – March 16, 1971) was the Governor of New York (1943-1955 and the unsuccessful Republican DeWitt Clinton ( March 2, 1769 Little Britain New York February 11, 1828 Albany New York) was an early American politician The Erie Canal is a popular canal in New York state from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, approximately 360 miles connecting the Great Lakes See Hamilton Fish (disambiguation for others with the same name Hamilton Fish ( August 3, 1808 September 7, Daniel D Tompkins (June 21 1774 June 11 1825 was an entrepreneur jurist Congressman, Governor of New York, and the sixth Vice President of the United

Toomas Hendrik Ilves, the President of Estonia, received his BA in psychology at Columbia in 1976. Toomas Hendrik Ilves (ˈtoːmɑs ˈhendrik ˈilves born 26 December 1953) is the current President of Estonia. Philip Gunawardena, a Sri Lankan Revolutionary and Indian Freedom Fighter, who was later to be known as "The Father of Socialism in Sri Lanka", joined Columbia in 1925 for his post-graduate studies. Don Philip Rupasinghe Gunawardena (b 11 January 1901 - d 26 March 1972) is a national hero of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka ( Sinhalese:, இலங்கை known as Ceylon before 1972 is an Island India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country He was later to become a Cabinet Minister, instituting far-reaching changes in Sri Lanka's agrarian structure. General, historian, and author John Watts de Peyster, who was influential in the modernization of the New York National Guard, New York Police Department, and the Fire Department of New York, attendeed Columbia College and later received a M.A. degree. For his son see John Watts de Peyster Jr John Watts de Peyster Sr The New York National Guard consists of the New York Army National Guard and the New York Air National Guard New York National The New York City Fire Department or the Fire Department City of New York ( FDNY) has the responsibility for protecting the citizens and property of New York City A Master of Arts ( Latin: Magister Artium) is a Postgraduate academic Master's degree awarded by universities in a large

More recent political figures educated at Columbia include current U. John Jay (December 12 1745 – May 17 1829 was an American Politician, Statesman, revolutionary, Diplomat, a Supreme Court S. Senators Barack Obama of Illinois,Judd Gregg of New Hampshire and Frank Lautenberg of New Jersey, Governor of New York David Paterson and his Chief of Staff Charles J. O'Byrne, former U. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Judd Alan Gregg (born February 14 1947) is a former Governor of New Hampshire and current United States Senator serving as Ranking New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Frank Raleigh Lautenberg (born January 23 1924 is an American businessman and Democratic Party Politician. New Jersey ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. The Governor of New York is the head of the Executive branch of New York 's government and the Commander-in-chief of the state's military David Alexander Paterson (born May 20 1954 is an American politician and the current Governor of New York. Charles J O'Byrne (born 1959 is an American Lawyer and political staffer who is second in command to Governor of New York David Paterson, serving S. Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, UN weapons inspector Hans Blix, former UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali, conservative commentators Patrick J. Buchanan and Norman Podhoretz, U. Madeleine Korbel Albright (born Marie Jana Korbelová on May 15, 1937) was the first woman to become United States Secretary of State. (born 28 June, 1928 in Uppsala, Sweden) is a Swedish Diplomat and Politician. Boutros Boutros-Ghali ( Arabic: بطرس بطرس غالي Coptic: Ⲃⲟⲩⲧⲣⲟⲥ Ⲃⲟⲩⲧⲣⲟⲥ Ⲅⲁⲗⲏ (born November 14, 1922 Patrick Joseph "Pat" Buchanan (born November 2 1938 is an American Political commentator, Author, syndicated Columnist Norman B Podhoretz (b January 16, 1930) is an American neoconservative theorist and writer for Commentary. S. Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, former chairman of the US Federal Reserve Bank Alan Greenspan, George Stephanopoulos, Senior Advisor to former US President Bill Clinton, George Pataki, the former governor of New York State, and Mikhail Saakashvili, the current President of the country of Georgia. Ruth Joan Bader Ginsburg (born March 15 1933 Brooklyn New York) is an Associate Justice on the U Alan Greenspan (born March 6 1926 in New York City) is an American Economist and was from 1987 to 2006 the Chairman of the Federal Reserve of George Robert Stephanopoulos (born February 10, 1961) is an American broadcaster George Elmer Pataki (born June 24, 1945) is an American politician who was the 53rd Governor of New York serving three consecutive Mikheil Saakashvili (მიხეილ ნიკოლოზის ძე სააკაშვილი (born 21 December 1967, a Georgian Politician, the Louisiana Lieutenant Governor (1956–1960) Lether Frazar, who was president of two universities in his state, obtained his Ph. The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America A Lieutenant Governor is a high officer of state whose precise role and rank vary by jurisdiction Lether Edward Frazar ( December 1, 1904 &ndash May 15, 1960) was the Democratic Lieutenant governor of Louisiana D. from Columbia in 1942.

Scientists Stephen Jay Gould, Robert Millikan and Michael Pupin, cultural historian Jacques Barzun, literary critic Lionel Trilling, sociologists Immanuel Wallerstein and Seymour Martin Lipset, behavioral psychologist Charles Ferster, poet-professor Mark Van Doren, philosophers Irwin Edman and Robert Nozick, and economists Milton Friedman, Former Afghan Finance Minister Ashraf Ghani, Daniel C. Kurtzer, and communications economist Harvey J. Levin all obtained degrees from Columbia. Stephen Jay Gould (September 10 1941 &ndash May 20 2002 was a prominent American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science Robert Andrews Millikan (March 22 1868 – December 19 1953 was an American experimental physicist, and Nobel laureate in physics for his measurement Mihajlo Idvorski Pupin, PhD LLD ( 4 October, 1858 &ndash 12 March, 1935; Serbian Cyrillic: Михајло Идворски Jacques Martin Barzun (born Lionel Trilling (born Lionel Mordechai 4 July 1905 &ndash 5 November 1975 was an American Literary critic, author and teacher Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein (born 28 September 1930, New York City) is a U Seymour Martin Lipset ( March 18, 1922 – December 31, 2006) was an American Political sociologist. Charles Bohris Ferster (1922-1981 was an American behavioral psychologist Mark Van Doren ( June 13, 1894 &ndash December 10, 1972) was an American Pulitzer Prize -winning poet and critic Irwin Edman ( November 28, 1896 – September 4, 1954) was an American Philosopher and Professor of philosophy Robert Nozick ( November 16, 1938  &ndash January 23, 2002) was an American Philosopher and Pellegrino University Milton Friedman (July 31 1912 November 16 2006 was an American Nobel Laureate Economist and Public intellectual. Dr Ashraf Ghani is the Chairman of the Institute of State Effectiveness an organization set up in January 2005 to promote the ability of states to serve their citizens Daniel Charles Kurtzer (born in June 1949 in Elizabeth New Jersey in the United States) served as the United States ambassador to Israel from

In culture and the arts, Rodgers and Hammerstein, Lorenz Hart, screenwriters Sidney Buchman and I.A.L. Diamond, critic and biographer Tim Page and musician Art Garfunkel are all among Columbia's alumni. Richard Rodgers (1902 &ndash 1979 and Oscar Hammerstein II (1895 &ndash 1960 were a well-known American songwriting duo Lorenz "Larry" Hart ( May 2, 1895 &ndash November 22, 1943) was the lyricist half of the famed Broadway songwriting team Sidney Robert Buchman ( March 27, 1902 &ndash August 23, 1975) was a Film Writer and producer who worked on IAL Diamond ( June 27, 1920 - April 21, 1988) was a comedy writer in Hollywood during the 1940s and '50s. Tim Page (born October 11, 1954 in San Diego California, is a writer editor producer and professor Arthur Ira Garfunkel (born November 5, 1941) is an American Singer-songwriter and Actor of Romanian Jewish ancestry The poets Langston Hughes, Federico García Lorca, Joyce Kilmer and John Berryman; the writers Eudora Welty, Isaac Asimov, J. D. Salinger, Upton Sinclair, Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, Phyllis Haislip, Roger Zelazny, Herman Wouk, Hunter S. Thompson, and Paul Auster; playwrights Tony Kushner and Eulalie Spence; the architects Robert A. M. Stern, Ricardo Scofidio, Peter Eisenman and Christine Wang; the composer Béla Bartók; and film director and screenwriter Cetywa Powell also attended the university. Langston Hughes (February 1 1902 &ndash May 22 1967 was an American Poet, Novelist Playwright, Short story writer and Columnist Federico García Lorca' ( 5 June 1898 &ndash 19 August 1936) was a Spanish Poet and dramatist also remembered as Alfred Joyce Kilmer (December 6 1886 &ndash July 30 1918 was an American Journalist, poet literary critic, Lecturer,and editor. John Allyn Berryman (originally John Allyn Smith) ( October 25, 1914 – January 7, 1972) was an American Eudora Alice Welty ( April 13 1909 &ndash July 23 2001) was an award-winning American Author and Photographer who wrote Isaac Asimov (c January 2 1920 &ndash April 6 1992 ˈaɪzək ˈæzɪmʌv originally Исаак Озимов but now transcribed into Russian as, was a Russian Jerome David "J D" Salinger (born January 1 1919 (ˈsælɨndʒɚ is an American author best known for his 1951 Novel The Catcher in the Rye Upton Beall Sinclair Jr ( September 20, 1878 &ndash November 25, 1968) was a Pulitzer Jack Kerouac ( March 12 1922 &ndash October 21 1969) was an American Novelist, Writer, Poet, and Irwin Allen Ginsberg (ˈgɪnzbɝg (June 3 1926 &ndash April 5 1997 was an American Poet. Phyllis Haislip (born September 1, 1944) is an American author and Historian. Roger Joseph Zelazny ( May 13, 1937 – June 14, 1995) was an American writer of Fantasy and Science fiction Herman Wouk ( "woke" born May 27, 1915) is a bestselling American Author with a number of notable Novels to his Hunter Stockton Thompson ( July 18, 1937 &ndash February 20, 2005) was an American Journalist and Author, most Paul Benjamin Auster (born February 3, 1947, Newark New Jersey) is a Brooklyn -based author known for works blending Absurdism Tony Kushner (born July 16, 1956) is an award-winning American playwright most famous for his play Angels in America, for which Eulalie Spence (June 11 1894 - March 7 1981 was a black female writer teacher Actress and Playwright from the British West Indies during the Robert Arthur Morton Stern, usually credited as Robert A M Stern, (born May 23 1939) is an American Architect and Dean of the Ica exterior institute contemporary art bostonjpg|thumb|250px|Exterior shot of the ICA Institute of Contemporary Art Boston September 2 2007]] Diller Scofidio + Renfro is a New York Peter Eisenman (born August 11, 1932 in Newark, New Jersey) is an American architect Christine Wang (born 1967) is a Taiwan -born American Architect, new media curator art critic and founder of the Wang Museum of Technology. Béla Viktor János Bartók (March 25 1881&ndashSeptember 26 1945 was a Hungarian Composer and Pianist, considered to be one of the greatest Cetywa Powell is an American Film director and Screenwriter. Filmography Dirty Hands (2008 Book Trappist monk, author, and humanist Thomas Merton is an alumnus both as an undergraduate and graduate student, and converted to Catholicism while attending. Trappist redirects here This article is about the Cistercian order Thomas Merton ( 31 January 1915 – 10 December 1968) was one of the most influential Catholic writers of the 20th century Urban theorist and cultural critic Jane Jacobs spent time at the School of General Studies. Jane Jacobs, OC, OOnt ( May 4, 1916 – April 25, 2006) was an Educator Elisabeth Irwin received her M. Elisabeth Antoinette Irwin ( 29 August, 1880, Brooklyn New York - 16 October, 1942, Manhattan) was the founder of the Little A. there in 1923. Television talk show host Sally Jesse Raphael is a graduate. Sally Jessy Raphael (born Sally Lowenthal February 25, 1935 in Easton Pennsylvania) is an American Talk show host Vampire Weekend band members Ezra Koenig, Rostam Batmanglij, Chris Tomson, and Chris Baio. Vampire Weekend is an Indie rock band from New York, formed in 2006 and signed to XL Recordings. Vampire Weekend is an Indie rock band from New York, formed in 2006 and signed to XL Recordings. Allison Starling and Remy Zaken, both Broadway actresses, are currently attending Columbia. Remy Zaken (born May 9 1989) is an American actress Zaken was born in Norwalk Connecticut.

Baseball legends Lou Gehrig, Mo Berg (The Catcher Was a Spy) and Sandy Koufax, along with football quarterback Sid Luckman and sportscaster Roone Arledge, are alumni. Henry Louis "Lou" Gehrig ( June 19 1903  – June 2 1941) born Ludwig Heinrich Gehrig, was an American Morris "Moe" Berg ( March 2, 1902 &ndash May 29, 1972) was an American Catcher and coach in Major Sanford Koufax (ˈkoʊfæks (born Sanford Braun, on December 30, 1935) is an American Left-handed former Pitcher in Sidney Luckman, known as Sid Luckman, (November 21 1916 – July 5 1998 was an American football Quarterback for the Chicago Bears from 1939 Roone Arledge ( July 8, 1931 &ndash December 5, 2002) was an American sports broadcasting pioneer who was chairman of ABC

Celebrities who graduated from Columbia include the actors Brian Dennehy, Jesse Bradford, Ben Stein, George Segal, Amanda Peet, Rafael Salguero, Maggie Gyllenhaal, Matthew Fox (Dr. Brian Mannion Dennehy (born July 9 1938 is an American two-time Tony Award -winning Actor who has appeared in movies, on television and performed Jesse Bradford Watrouse (born May 28, 1979) better known as Jesse Bradford, is an American Actor. Benjamin Jeremy Stein (born November 25 1944) is an American attorney political figure and Entertainment personality who in his early career George Segal (born February 13, 1934 in Great Neck, Long Island, New York) is an American film and stage actor Amanda Peet (born January 11 1972 is an American film and television actress. Margaret Ruth "Maggie" Gyllenhaal (born November 16 1977 is an American actress. Matthew Chandler Fox (born July 14, 1966) is an American actor and former model. Jack Shephard in the TV drama Lost), Rider Strong (Corey's best friend in the sitcom Boy Meets World) and Julia Stiles of 10 Things I Hate about You and Save the Last Dance, among other films. Lost is an Emmy and Golden Globe award-winning American serial drama television series. Rider King Strong (born December 11, 1979) is an American film and television Actor, best known for his role as Shawn Hunter Boy Meets World was an American Television sitcom that chronicles the events and everyday life lessons of Cory Matthews, who grows up from a Julia O'Hara Stiles (born March 28 1981 is an American stage and screen actress. Save the Last Dance is a 2001 Drama movie produced by MTV Films, directed by Thomas Carter, written by Duane Adler and released by Paramount Joseph Gordon-Levitt, also of 10 Things I Hate About You, as well as 3rd Rock from the Sun, attended Columbia. Joseph Leonard Gordon-Levitt (born February 17, 1981) is an American Actor. 3rd Rock from the Sun is an Emmy Award -winning American sitcom that aired from 1996 until 2001 on NBC. Anna Paquin, who won an Oscar for her performance in the The Piano, also attended Columbia. Anna Helene Paquin (born July 24 1982 is an Academy Award -winning Emmy - and Golden Globe -nominated Canadian - New Zealander "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. The Piano is a 1993 Film about a mute pianist and her daughter set during the mid-19th century in a rainy muddy frontier New Zealand backwater Henry Mortensen, the son of Oscar nominated actor Viggo Mortensen is currently in his Sophomore year at Columbia and DJs a history of Rock n' Roll show on the Barnard College, Columbia radio station. Henry Mortensen (born January 28, 1988) is an American actor Mortensen had a small cameo role in The Lord of the Rings The Two Towers "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. Viggo Peter Mortensen Jr (born October 20 1958 is a Golden Globe - and Academy Award -nominated Danish American Theater and movie Sophomore is a term used to describe a second effort instance or release Barnard College is a women's liberal arts college founded in 1889 The actress Famke Janssen graduated with a degree in writing and literature at Columbia. Famke Janssen ( IPA: /fɑmkə bømər jɑnsən/ (born November 5, 1965) is a Dutch actress and former fashion model. Liza Weil of Gilmore Girls attended as well. Gilmore Girls was an Emmy Award -winning Golden Globe -nominated American Comedy-drama series created by Amy Sherman-Palladino The actors Ed Harris and Jake Gyllenhaal attended Columbia for a time before dropping out as well. Edward Allen "Ed" Harris (born November 28 1950 is a four-time Academy Award -nominated and Golden Globe -winning American actor writer and director Jacob Benjamin "Jake" Gyllenhaal ( born December 19 1980 is an American actor R&B Singer Lauryn Hill entered Columbia, but left after one year. Lauryn Noel Hill is a Grammy Award -winning American Singer, Rapper, Musician, Songwriter, producer, and Another R&B singer, Alicia Keys, was accepted to Columbia but never attended in order to dedicate herself fully to her musical career. Alicia J Augello-Cook (born January 25 1981 professionally known as Alicia Keys, is an American R&B, soul, and Neo soul Likewise, Japanese-American pop-star Utada Hikaru opted to pursue a musical career instead of finishing her undergraduate studies at Columbia. also known by her fans as, is a Singer-songwriter, Arranger and Record producer in Japan. In other hand, Korean-American pop-star Lena Park attended the University in 2006. Lena Park, also known as Park Jung-hyun, (born March 23, 1976 in Los Angeles California) is a Korean American R&B ^[111] Current head of the New York City Planning Department, Amanda Burden, received her masters at Columbia. Amanda Jay Mortimer Burden (born 1944 is the director of the New York City Department of City Planning and chair of the City Planning Commission Radio personality Tom Griswold of the nationally syndicated morning radio show The Bob and Tom Show graduated from Columbia. Thomas "Tom" Bruce Griswold (born April 22, 1953 in Cleveland, Ohio) co-hosts the radio show The Bob & Tom Show The Bob & Tom Show is a syndicated US Radio program established by Bob Kevoian and Tom Griswold at radio station WFBQ James Doty, the foremost chef of his generation and the "inventor" or pene a la vodka, is a graduate of Columbia College. Director Spike Lee has been spotted arriving for an evening class on campus. Shelton Jackson "Spike" Lee (born March 20 1957 is an Emmy Award -winning and Academy Award -nominated American Film director, ^[112] Claire-Aimee "Claire" Unabia from America's Next Top Model, Cycle 10 is also a graduate of the School of General Studies, with a degree in Film Studies and a minor in Psychology. America's Next Top Model Cycle 10 is the tenth cycle of America's Next Top Model and the fourth season to be aired on The CW network ^[113]

Faculty and affiliates

Jacques Barzun, Lionel Trilling, and Mark Van Doren were legendary Columbia faculty members as well as graduates, teaching alongside such luminaries as the philosopher John Dewey, American historians Richard Hofstadter, John A. Garraty, Charles Beard and Reinhard H Luthin, educator George Counts, sociologists Daniel Bell, C. Wright Mills, Robert K. Merton, and Paul Lazarsfeld, and art historian Meyer Schapiro. John Dewey (October 20 1859 &ndash June 1 1952 was an American Philosopher, Psychologist, and educational reformer, whose thoughts and ideas have Jacques Martin Barzun (born Lionel Trilling (born Lionel Mordechai 4 July 1905 &ndash 5 November 1975 was an American Literary critic, author and teacher Mark Van Doren ( June 13, 1894 &ndash December 10, 1972) was an American Pulitzer Prize -winning poet and critic John Dewey (October 20 1859 &ndash June 1 1952 was an American Philosopher, Psychologist, and educational reformer, whose thoughts and ideas have Richard Hofstadter ( August 6, 1916 - October 24, 1970) was an American Historian and DeWitt Clinton Professor of American History John Arthur Garraty ( July 4 1920 &ndash December 19 2007) was an American Historian and Biographer. Charles Austin Beard ( November 27, 1874 – September 1, 1948) is widely regarded along with Frederick Jackson Turner, as one of Reinhard Henry Luthin (1905 – November 24, 1962) was a historian best known for his contribution to the history of President Abraham Lincoln George Sylvester Counts (1889 – 1974 was an American educator and influential Education theorist Daniel Bell (born 10 May 1919 in New York) is a sociologist and a professor emeritus at Harvard University. Charles Mills ( August 28, 1916, Waco Texas &ndash March 20, 1962, West Nyack New York) was an American Robert King Merton ( July 4, 1910 &ndash February 23, 2003, born Meyer R Paul Felix Lazarsfeld (1901–1976 was one of the major figures in 20th-century American Sociology. Meyer Schapiro (born September 23, 1904, in Shavel / Šiauliai, Lithuania; died March 3, 1996 in New York The history of the discipline of anthropology practically begins at Columbia with Franz Boas. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Franz Boas ( July 9, 1858 &ndash December 21, 1942) was a German - American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern Margaret Mead, a Barnard College alumna, along with Columbia graduate Ruth Benedict, continued this tradition by bringing the discipline into the spotlight. Margaret Mead ( December 16, 1901, Philadelphia &ndash November 15, 1978, New York City) was an American Barnard College is a women's liberal arts college founded in 1889 Ruth Benedict (born Ruth Fulton, June 5, 1887 – September 17, 1948) was an American Anthropologist. Nuclear physicists Enrico Fermi, John R. Dunning, I. I. Rabi, and Polykarp Kusch helped develop the Manhattan Project at the university, and pioneering geophysicist Maurice Ewing made great strides in the understanding of plate tectonics. John Ray Dunning ( September 24, 1907 in Shelby Nebraska - August 25, 1975 in Key Biscayne Florida) was an American Isidor Isaac Rabi ( July 29, 1898 &ndash January 11, 1988) Galician born Physicist, and Nobel laureate. Polykarp Kusch ( January 26, 1911 &ndash March 20, 1993) was a German-American physicist The World War II Manhattan Project developed the first Nuclear weapon (atomic bomb William Maurice "Doc" Ewing ( May 12 1906 &ndash May 4 1974) was an American geophysicist and oceanographer Thomas Hunt Morgan discovered the chromosomal basis for genetic inheritance at his famous "fly room" at the university, laying the foundation for modern genetics. Thomas Hunt Morgan ( September 25, 1866 &ndash December 4, 1945) was an American geneticist and embryologist. Philosopher Hannah Arendt was a visiting professor in the 1960s. Noted Chinese author and illustrator, Chiang Yee taught Chinese from 1955 to 1977, and retired as Emeritus Professor of Chinese. Chiang Yee ( Pinyin Pinyin spelling system: Jiang2 Yi2 Wade-Giles Chiang Yee ( May 19[[ 903]] – Oct 26, 1977) self-styled as "The Silent In 1978 Frank Daniel began his Columbia teaching career, he is most notable for his development of the sequence paradigm of screenwriting. Frank (František Daniel ( 14 April 1926 – March 29, 1996) was a Film director, producer and Scriptwriter

More recently, architects Bernard Tschumi, Santiago Calatrava and Frank Gehry have taught at the school. Bernard Tschumi (born January 25 1944 Lausanne, Switzerland) is an Deconstructivist Architect, Writer, Santiago Calatrava Valls (born July 28, 1951) is an internationally recognized and award-winning Valencian Spanish Architect, Frank Owen Gehry CC (born Ephraim Owen Goldberg, February 28, 1929) is a Pritzker Prize -winning Architect The postcolonial scholar Edward Said taught at Columbia, where he spent virtually the entirety of his academic career, until his death in 2003. Edward Wadie Saïd MRSL ( إدوارد وديع سعيد,; 1 November 1935 &ndash 25 September

Today, celebrated faculty members include string-theory expert Brian Greene, Ricci flow inventor Richard Hamilton, American historian Eric Foner, Middle Eastern studies expert Richard Bulliet, Eric Kandel, a Nobel prize winner who conducted fundamental research in neuroscience, New York City historian Kenneth T. Jackson, Je Tsong Khapa Professor of Indo-Tibetan Buddhist Studies Robert Thurman, composers Tristan Murail, Fred Lerdahl and George Lewis, literary theorist Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, philosopher Philip Kitcher, British historian Simon Schama, art historian Rosalind Krauss, director Mira Nair, East Asian studies expert William Theodore de Bary, scientist, critic, writer and physician Oliver Sacks, Turkish author and Nobel prize winner Orhan Pamuk, and economists Jeffrey Sachs, Jagdish Bhagwati, Joseph Stiglitz, Edmund Phelps, Xavier Sala-i-Martin, Robert Mundell. Brian Greene (born February 9 1963 is a Theoretical physicist and one of the best-known string theorists. Richard Streit Hamilton (born 1943 is professor of Mathematics at Columbia University. Eric Foner (born February 7, 1943 in New York City) is an American historian Richard W Bulliet is a professor of history at Columbia University who specializes in the history of Islamic society and institutions the history of Technology The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Kenneth Terry Jackson (born 1939 is a Professor of History and Social sciences at Columbia University. For the baseball player see Bob Thurman; for the novelist see Rob Thurman Robert Alexander Farrar Thurman (born August 4 Tristan Murail (born March 11, 1947 in Le Havre, France) is a French composer associated with the " spectral " technique of Fred Lerdahl (born March 10 1943) is the Fritz Reiner Professor of Musical Composition at Columbia University George Lewis may refer to George Lewis (athlete (born 1917 a track and field athlete from Trinidad and Tobago George Lewis (clarinetist Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (born February 24 1942) is an Indian Literary critic and theorist. Philip Stuart Kitcher (born 1947 is a British Philosophy professor who specializes in the Philosophy of science. Simon Michael Schama, CBE (born 13 February 1945 is a British professor of history and art history at Columbia University. Rosalind Krauss (Born Rosalind Epstein on) is an American art critic professor and theorist who is based at Columbia University. Mira Nair (born October 15 1957 at Rourkela, India) is an India -born New York -based Film director William Theodore de Bary (1919 -) is an East Asian studies expert at Columbia University, with the title John Mitchell Mason Professor of the University and Provost Emeritus Oliver Wolf Sacks, CBE (born July 9, 1933, London is a British Neurologist residing in the United States who has written popular books about Ferit Orhan Pamuk (born on 7 June 1952 in Istanbul) generally known simply as Orhan Pamuk, is a Turkish Novelist and professor of Comparative Jeffrey David Sachs (born November 5, 1954, in Detroit Michigan) is an American Economist and Director of the Earth Institute Jagdish Natwarlal Bhagwati (born July 26, 1934) is a economist known for his advocacy of Free trade. Joseph Eugene Stiglitz (born February 9, 1943) is an American Economist and a professor at Columbia University. Edmund Strother Phelps Jr (born July 26, 1933) is an American economist and the winner of the 2006 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences Xavier Sala-i-Martin (b Cabrera de Mar, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, 1963) is a Spanish Catalan Professor Robert Alexander Mundell CC (born October 24, 1932) is a professor of economics at Columbia University.

In November and December, 2006, Václav Havel spent eight weeks as an artist-in-residence at Columbia University. Václav Havel, GCB, CC, ( (born October 5, 1936) is a Czech Playwright Writer and Politician Artist-in-residence programs and other residency opportunities allow visiting artists to stay and work 'for art's sake' ^[114]

Sunil Gulati, President of US Soccer, is a professor of Economics at the University. Sunil 'Kumar' Gulati (born July 30 1959, in Allahabad, India) is the current president of the United States Soccer Federation or USSF The United States Soccer Federation ( USSF) (trademarked as "U

Fictitious Columbians

In Spider-Man films directed by Sam Raimi, Peter Parker attains his powers after being bitten by a radioactive spider at a Columbia laboratory, and later attends the school. Spider-Man is a Fictional character appearing in Comic books published by Marvel Comics. Samuel Marshall "Sam" Raimi (born October 23, 1959) is an American Film director, producer, Actor and The Marvel Comics superhero Daredevil was valedictorian of his class at Columbia Law School. Marvel Comics is an American comic book company owned by Marvel Publishing Inc Daredevil is a Fictional character that appears in Comic books published by Marvel Comics. ^[115] Willie Keith, the protagonist in Herman Wouk's The Caine Mutiny, is a Columbia student when he signs up for the Navy at the beginning of World War II; Wouk specifically refers to the campus, including buildings such as Furnald Hall. Herman Wouk ( "woke" born May 27, 1915) is a bestselling American Author with a number of notable Novels to his The Caine Mutiny is a 1951 Pulitzer Prize winning novel by Herman Wouk. Law & Order prosecutor Jamie Ross (later a judge on Law & Order: Trial by Jury) attended Columbia Law. Law & Order is an American Police procedural and Legal drama television series created by Dick Wolf. Jamie Ross is a Fictional character on the TV drama Law & Order, created by Rene Balcer and portrayed by Carey Lowell from 1996 to 1998 Law & Order Trial by Jury was an American television drama about criminal trials set in New York City. Meadow Soprano, of the television series The Sopranos, attends Columbia. Meadow Mariangela Soprano, played by Jamie-Lynn Sigler, is a Fictional character on the HBO TV series The Sopranos The Sopranos is an American Television drama series created by David Chase. ^[116] Michael Moscovitz, a character in the The Princess Diaries series by Meg Cabot, also attends Columbia University. The Princess Diaries is the most notable series of novels by Meg Cabot in the Chick-lit genre and the title of the first volume, published Meg Cabot (born Meggin Patricia Cabot on February 1, 1967 in Bloomington Indiana, United States) is a American chick-lit On the NBC sitcom Will & Grace, both main characters, Will Truman and Grace Adler, played by Eric McCormack and Debra Messing, respectively, were Columbia graduates. The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's Will & Grace is a popular Emmy Award -winning American television sitcom that was originally broadcast on NBC from 1998 to 2006 William "Will" Truman (born October 23, 1966) is a Fictional character on the American Sitcom Will & Grace Grace Elizabeth Adler (born April 26 1967 is a Fictional character on the popular American Sitcom Will & Grace, portrayed by Debra Messing Eric James McCormack (born April 18 1963 is an Emmy Award -winning Canadian - American Actor, Musician, Television producer Debra Lynn Messing (born August 15 1968 is an American Actress. Jack Shephard (Matthew Fox) from ABC's Lost graduated from Columbia University Medical Center. Dr Jack Shephard is a Fictional character on the ABC television series Lost played by Matthew Fox. Matthew Chandler Fox (born July 14, 1966) is an American actor and former model. Lost is an Emmy and Golden Globe award-winning American serial drama television series. Columbia University Medical Center is the name of the medical complex associated with Columbia University, and covers several blocks (primarily between 165th and 168th Streets Jessie Spano from Saved by the Bell attended Columbia University in the show's spin-off. Saved by the Bell is an American sitcom that originally aired between 1989 and 1993 Saved by the Bell is an American sitcom that originally aired between 1989 and 1993 Jessica Darling, the protagonist of Megan McCafferty's Sloppy Firsts, Second Helpings, and Charmed Thirds, attends Columbia. Jessica Lynn Darling is the fictional protagonist in Megan McCafferty 's first four novels Sloppy Firsts (2001 Second Helpings (2003 Megan McCafferty (born 1973 is a contemporary United States author known for her series of books about Jessica Darling, a witty teenage heroine Dr. Joel Fleishman (Rob Morrow) on the television series Northern Exposure was a graduate of Columbia. Robert Alan Morrow (born September 21, 1962) is a Golden Globe -nominated American actor currently starring in the television series Northern Exposure is a Dramedy series. It was created by Brand - Falsey Productions which was recognized with a rare pair of consecutive Valerie Tyler in the TV show What I Like About You is a Columbia graduate. Carol Seaver from the family sitcom Growing Pains (Tracey Gold) also attended the university. Growing Pains is an American Television sitcom that ran on the ABC network from 1985 to 1992 Tracey Gold (born Tracey Claire Fisher on May 16, 1969 in New York City) is an American actress, best known for playing In How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days, Andie Anderson (Kate Hudson) graduated from Columbia Journalism. How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days is a 2003 Romantic comedy film. The film is directed by Donald Petrie and stars Kate Hudson and Kate Garry Hudson (born April 19, 1979) is an American Film actress. In the film I Think I Love My Wife, Richard Cooper (Chris Rock) held an M.B.A. degree from Columbia (An M. I Think I Love My Wife is a Romantic comedy - drama 2007 film directed by and starring Chris Rock. Christopher Julius Rock III (born February 7, 1965) is an American Comedian, Actor, Screenwriter, Television The Master of Business Administration ( MBA) is a Master's degree in Business administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines B. A. diploma from Columbia can be seen hanging on the wall in the character's office). Marshall Eriksen of How I Met Your Mother is a Columbia Law school graduate. Marshall Eriksen is a Fictional character created by Carter Bays and Craig Thomas for the CBS television series How I Met Your Mother How I Met Your Mother is an American Situation comedy that premiered on CBS Broadcasting on September 19 2005 In addition, the television comedy series (Seinfeld) was fictionally filmed near the Columbia campus, as the famous Seinfeld diner "Monk's" is in fact Tom's Restaurant on Broadway at 112th Street. Seinfeld is an American Situation comedy, or sitcom that originally aired on NBC from July 5 1989 to May 14 1998 lasting nine seasons Similarly, the pop song (Tom's Diner) by Columbia alum (Suzanne Vega) is also set in Tom's Restaurant. " Tom's Diner " is an A cappella pop song written in 1981 by American Singer-songwriter Suzanne Vega. Suzanne Nadine Vega (born 11 July 1959 in Santa Monica, California) is an American Songwriter and Singer

In film, television, and the arts

Movies featuring scenes shot on the Morningside campus include:

• 3 lb
• A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy
• Across the Universe
• Altered States
• Anger Management
• August Rush
• Awakenings
• Black and White
• Casino Royale
• Crimes and Misdemeanors
• Cruising
• Enchanted
• Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
• Everyone Says I Love You
• Ghostbusters
• Ghostbusters II
• Hannah and Her Sisters
• Hitch
• K-PAX
• Kabhi Alvida Na Kehna
• Kinsey
• Malcolm X
• Manhattan
• Marathon Man
• The Mirror Has Two Faces
• Mona Lisa Smile
• The Nanny Diaries
• New York Minute
• Porn 'n Chicken
• The Producers: The Movie Musical
• P.S.
• Simon
• Spider-Man
• Spider-Man 2
• Stay
• Tadpole
• Thirteen Conversations About One Thing
• West Side Story

Movies or shows with significant portrayals of Columbia alumni or students:

• Marathon Man - Dustin Hoffman plays a Columbia graduate student studying history. 3 lbs is a short-lived Drama that aired on CBS from November 14, 2006 to November 28 2006, replacing the cancelled A Midsummer Night's Sex Comedy is a 1982 film written and directed by Woody Allen. Across the Universe is a 2007 Musical film directed by Julie Taymor, produced by Revolution Studios, and distributed by Columbia Pictures Altered States is a 1980 Science fiction Film adaptation of a novel by the same name by playwright and screenwriter Paddy Chayefsky Anger Management is a 2003 Comedy film which starred Adam Sandler and Jack Nicholson, was directed by Peter Segal August Rush is a 2007 Drama film directed by Kirsten Sheridan and written by Paul Castro, Nick Castle, and James V Awakenings is a 1990 Drama film based on Oliver Sacks ' memoir of the same name. See also Black & White (1998 film. Black and White is a 1999 Film directed by James Toback, starring Casino Royale ( 2006) is the twenty-first film in the James Bond series; it is directed by Martin Campbell and the first to star Crimes and Misdemeanors is a 1989 film written and directed by Woody Allen. Cruising is a 1980 film directed by William Friedkin and starring Al Pacino. Enchanted is a 2007 Musical film, directed by Kevin Lima and produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind is a 2004 American drama and Romantic comedy by French director Michel Everyone Says I Love You ( 1996) is a Musical film written and directed by Woody Allen. Zuul redirects here For the videogame see Zool. Ghostbusters (titled on-screen as Ghost Busters) is Ghostbusters II is the 1989 Sequel to Ghostbusters (1984 produced and directed by Ivan Reitman. Hannah and Her Sisters is a 1986 Comedy film which tells the intertwined stories of an extended family told mostly during a year that begins and ends with Hitch is a 2005 Romantic comedy film starring Will Smith, Eva Mendes, Kevin James and Amber Valletta. K-PAX is a 2001 science-fiction Drama film about a mental patient who claims to be an alien Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna ( Devanagari: कभी अलविदा न कहना Nastaliq: کبھی الوداع نہ کہنا English Kinsey is a 2004 Biographical film written and directed by Bill Condon. Malcolm X is a 1992 Biographical film directed by Spike Lee about the African-American activist and Black nationalist Manhattan is a 1979 Romantic comedy film about Isaac Davis ( Woody Allen) a twice-divorced 42-year-old comedy writer dating a 17-year-old Marathon Man is a 1976 thriller film based on the novel of the same name by William Goldman. The Mirror Has Two Faces is a 1996 American romantic Dramedy Film produced and directed by Barbra Streisand Mona Lisa Smile is a 2003 American Film that was produced by Revolution Studios and Columbia Pictures, directed by The Nanny Diaries is a 2007 Comedy-drama Film, based on the Novel The Nanny Diaries, by Emma New York Minute is a 2004 comedy Teen film starring Mary-Kate Olsen, Ashley Olsen and Eugene Levy. Porn 'n Chicken was a club based at Yale University founded by fellow alumni Cathy Atkinson The Producers is a 2005 comedy - Musical film starring Uma Thurman and The Lion King 's Nathan Lane and This article is about the film PS is also a frequently used initialism for a post scriptum or Postscript. See also Simeon Simon is a common name from Hebrew שִׁמְעוֹן Šimʿon, meaning "he has heard" Spider-Man is a 2002 American Superhero film based on the fictional Marvel Comics character Spider-Man. Spider-Man 2 is a 2004 American Superhero film directed by Sam Raimi, written by Alvin Sargent and developed by Alfred Tadpole is a movie released in 2002 directed by Gary Winick. It stars Sigourney Weaver, Bebe Neuwirth, Aaron Stanford, John Thirteen Conversations About One Thing is a 2001 American Drama film directed by Jill Sprecher. West Side Story is a 1961 film directed by Robert Wise and Jerome Robbins. Marathon Man is a 1976 thriller film based on the novel of the same name by William Goldman. Dustin Lee Hoffman (born August 8 1937 His brother Ronald is a lawyer and economist
• Husbands and Wives - Woody Allen plays a Barnard professor in love with his Barnard student, played by Juliette Lewis. Husbands and Wives is a 1992 American film directed and written by Woody Allen. Woody Allen (born Allan Stewart Konigsberg; December 1 1935 is an American Film director, Writer, Actor, Comedian, and Juliette L Lewis (born June 21, 1973) is an American Actress and musician
• Finding Forrester - William Forrester bears a likeness to J. D. Salinger, a Columbia alumnus. Finding Forrester is a 2000 movie, written by Mike Rich and directed by Gus Van Sant, about a teenager Jamal Jerome David "J D" Salinger (born January 1 1919 (ˈsælɨndʒɚ is an American author best known for his 1951 Novel The Catcher in the Rye
• Hitch - Alex Hitchinson, played by Will Smith, went to Columbia. Hitch is a 2005 Romantic comedy film starring Will Smith, Eva Mendes, Kevin James and Amber Valletta. He met a girl there and fooled around in the stacks of Butler Library.
• Igby Goes Down - Igby's elder brother, the class-conscious snob attends Columbia University
• The Pride of the Yankees - Biopic of Lou Gehrig, who attended Columbia in the 1920s. Igby Goes Down is a 2002 Film that follows the life of Igby Slocumb The Pride of the Yankees is a 1942 biographical film directed by Sam Wood about the New York Yankees ' star baseball player First baseman
• Quiz Show - Noted alum Charles Van Doren and the quiz show scandal of the 1950s. Quiz Show is a 1994 film which tells the true story of the Twenty One Quiz show scandal of the 1950s Charles Lincoln Van Doren (born February 12, 1926) a noted American Intellectual, writer and editor who was involved in a television Twenty One is an American Game show that aired in the late 1950s
• Real Women Have Curves - Ana wins a scholarship to Columbia and leaves for college near the end of the movie. Real Women Have Curves is a 2002 American movie starring
• The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants - Eric is a student at Columbia. The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants is a series of four bestselling young adult novels by Ann Brashares.
• The Sopranos - the daughter of Tony Soprano is an undergraduate Columbia student. The Sopranos is an American Television drama series created by David Chase. Anthony John Soprano Sr, played by James Gandolfini, is a Fictional character on the HBO TV series The Sopranos.
• Nip/Tuck - Dr. Erica Noughton, the mother of Julia McNamara, is a Columbia alumna with a Ph. Nip/Tuck is an American television Medical drama series created by Ryan Murphy for FX Networks. Dr Erica Noughton is a character on the American television series Nip/Tuck. D in clinical psychology.
• The Rock (film) - Nicholas Cage's character, Stanley Goodspeed, is a Columbia alumnus. The Rock is a 1996 Academy Award -nominated Action film that primarily takes place on Alcatraz Island, and the San Francisco Bay
• Will & Grace - In one episode, Will Truman says, "Oh, Harvard. Will & Grace is a popular Emmy Award -winning American television sitcom that was originally broadcast on NBC from 1998 to 2006 William "Will" Truman (born October 23, 1966) is a Fictional character on the American Sitcom Will & Grace I went to Columbia, which is just as good, no matter what my parents say. ";^[117] the show's other title character, Grace Adler, also went to Columbia. Grace Elizabeth Adler (born April 26 1967 is a Fictional character on the popular American Sitcom Will & Grace, portrayed by Debra Messing
• Saved by the Bell - Jessie Spano attends Columbia
• How I Met Your Mother - Marshall Eriksen is a Law student at Columbia. Saved by the Bell is an American sitcom that originally aired between 1989 and 1993 Saved by the Bell is an American sitcom that originally aired between 1989 and 1993 How I Met Your Mother is an American Situation comedy that premiered on CBS Broadcasting on September 19 2005 Many references are made to the school, including some episodes where his life as a student has a key factor in the plot.
• Lost - Both Matthew Fox and his character, Dr. Lost is an Emmy and Golden Globe award-winning American serial drama television series. Matthew Chandler Fox (born July 14, 1966) is an American actor and former model. Jack Shephard, are Columbia alumni.
• "Clark and Michael" - In the last episode of the Internet TV show, Clark Duke is accepted to Columbia University but chooses not to go after his and Michael Cera's fictional TV show, "The Family Cruise", is picked up by CBS. Clark and Michael is a CBS Internet television series created by and starring Clark Duke and Michael Cera.

Currently shooting on or near the University's campus:

• What I Like About You- Val's character is an alumna of Columbia, and Holly goes for an interview at the campus, but then decided the college isn't right for her.
• 7th Heaven - Matt and Sarah (Glass) Camden were students here until they graduated just after the 10th season finale. 7th Heaven is an Emmy -nominated American drama television series, created and produced by Brenda Hampton This is a list of characters from The WB/The CW (1996-2007 family drama 7th Heaven.

Recording artist Nellie McKay has released a song on her second album Pretty Little Head, entitled "Columbia Is Bleeding", discusses alleged animal abuse as part of the practice of animal testing at Columbia University. Nellie McKay (born Nell Marie McKay on 13 April 1982) is an English -born Pretty Little Head is the second album by singer Nellie McKay. Animal testing or animal research is the use of non-human Animals in scientific experimentation.

In geography

The Columbia Glacier, one of the largest in Alaska's College Fjord, is named after the university, where it sits among other glaciers named for the Ivy League and Seven Sisters schools. The Columbia Glacier is a Glacier in Prince William Sound on the south coast of the U Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent College Fjord is a Fjord located in the northern sector of Prince William Sound in the U The Ivy League is an Athletic conference comprising eight private institutions of higher education in the Northeastern United States. The Seven Sisters are seven liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States that are historically women's colleges. Mount Columbia in the Collegiate Peaks Wilderness of Colorado also takes its name from the university and is situated among peaks named for Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Oxford. For other mountains by this name see Mount Columbia. Mount Columbia is a mountain in the Collegiate Peaks Wilderness, in Chaffee The Collegiate Peaks Wilderness is a area located in central Colorado between Leadville and Buena Vista to the east and Aspen to the west and The State of Colorado ( or chiefly by nonresidents) is a state located in the Rocky Mountain region of the United States of America. Mount Harvard is a Fourteener in the US state of Colorado. It is the third highest mountain in Colorado and also the fourth highest mountain in Mount Yale is one of nine Fourteeners in the Collegiate Peaks, in the central part of the Sawatch Range near Buena Vista Colorado. Princeton University is a private Coeducational research university located in Princeton, New Jersey. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the

See also

• Education in New York City
• List of Columbia University people
  • List of Columbia College people
  • List of Columbia Law School alumni
• Nobel laureates by university affiliation
• Columbia Daily Spectator
• The Fed
• The Blue and White
• WKCR
• Jester of Columbia
• The Varsity Show
• The Philolexian Society
• Columbia Encyclopedia
• Columbia University Tunnels
• Columbia University Library System
• Columbia University Press
• Medical School for International Health
• Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
• Go Ask Alice!
• The Pulitzer Prize
• The Bancroft Prize
• Goddard Institute for Space Studies
• John Bates Clark Medal
• Columbia University Marching Band

References

Further reading

• Robert A. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. McCaughey: Stand, Columbia: A History of Columbia University in the City of New York, 1754-2004, Columbia University Press, 2003, ISBN 0231130082
• Living Legacies at Columbia, ed. by Wm Theodore De Bary, Columbia University Press, 2006, ISBN 0231138849

External links

• Columbia University - Official website
• Columbia Libraries
• Admissions
• Columbia Daily Spectator - Student newspaper
• Columbia Connection - Alumni website
• Columbia Athletics
• The School At Columbia, A school for Columbia Faculty and for neighborhood children

• Columbia University is at coordinates 40°48′32″N 73°57′44″W / 40.808783, -73.962278 (Columbia University)Coordinates: 40°48′32″N 73°57′44″W / 40.808783, -73.962278 (Columbia University)

A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system.

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