Colonisation (or Colonization) occurs whenever any one or more species populates a new area. The term, which is derived from the Latin colere, "to inhabit, cultivate, frequent, practice, tend, guard, respect,"^[1] originally related to humans. However, 19th century biogeographers dominated the term to describe the activities of birds or bacteria, or plant species. Biogeography is the study of the distribution of Biodiversity over Space and Time. ^[2] Human colonization is a narrower category than the related concept of colonialism, because whereas colonization refers to the establishment of settler colonies, trading posts, and plantations with the metropole's own population, colonialism deals with this and the ruling of new territories' existing peoples. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism A settler is a person who has migrated to an area and established permanent residence there often to colonize the area A trading post is a place where the trading of goods takes place Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco The metropole, from the Greek Metropolis 'mother city' (polis being a city state hence also used for any colonizing 'mother country' in ecclesiastical languages an archbishopric having

Historical Colonisations

Classical Period

In ancient times, maritime nations such as the city-states of Greece and Phoenicia often established colonies. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun These appear to have been more benign, emphasizing the farming of uninhabited land. In classical times, land suitable for farming was often claimed by migratory "barbarian tribes" who lived by hunting and gathering. To ancient civilized people, the land simply appeared vacant. However this does not mean that conflict did not exist between the colonizers and native peoples.

Another period of colonization in Ancient times was from the Romans. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Roman Empire conquered a large part of Western Europe, North Africa and West Asia. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (largely overlapping with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. In North Africa and west Asia they were often conquering civilized peoples, but as they moved north into Europe they mostly encountered rural tribes with very little in the way of cities. In these areas, waves of Roman colonization often followed the conquest of the areas.

Many of the current cities around Europe began as Roman colonies, such as the German city Köln (better known in its French form Cologne), which was originally called Colonia Claudia by the Romans; and the British capital city of London which the Romans started as Londinium. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.

Middle Ages

The decline and collapse of the Roman Empire saw (and was partly caused by) the large scale movement of people in Eastern Europe and Asia. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. This is largely seen as beginning with nomadic horsemen from Asia moving into the richer pasture land to the west and so forcing the people there to move further west and so on until eventually the Franks and their ilk were forced to invade the Roman Empire, beginning the Dark Ages. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group This article is about the phrase "Dark Age(s" as a characterization of the Early Middle Ages in Western Europe It was this period that saw the large scale movement of peoples establishing new colonies all over western Europe, the events of this time saw the development of many of the modern day nations of Europe, the Franks in France and Germany and the Anglo-Saxons in England. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland

The Vikings of Scandinavia also carried out a large scale colonization. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well The Vikings are best known as raiders, setting out from their original homelands in Denmark, southern Norway and southern Sweden, to pillage the coastlines of northern Europe. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. In time, the Vikings began trading, rather than raiding, and established colonies. The Vikings discovered Iceland and establishing colonies before moving onto Greenland, where they briefly held some colonies. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the The Vikings also launched an unsuccessful attempt at colonizing an area they called Vinland which probably is on the rocky coast of Newfoundland, on the eastern coastline of Canada

'Colonial Era', colonialism and imperialism

Main article: Colonialism

Colonialism in this sense refers to Western European countries' colonization of lands mainly in the Americas, Oceania and Africa; however it also covers their taking control over lands already inhabited by native populations. Vinland was the name given to an area of North America by the Norseman Leifr Eiríksson, about the year A Newfoundland — ˈn(jufənˌlænd (Terre-Neuve Talamh an Éisc — is a large island 15 km off the east coast of Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism

Modern Colonisation

In some cases, expatriate communities do set up permanently in target countries, which is a 'truer' colonization, though in many cases (especially when not gathered into a community) expatriates do not necessarily seek to 'expand their native civilization', but rather to integrate into the population of the new civilization. An expatriate (in abbreviated form expat) is a person temporarily or permanently residing in a country and culture other than that of the person's upbringing Racial integration, or simply integration includes Desegregation (the process of ending systematic Racial segregation)

Many nations also have large numbers of guest workers who are brought in to do seasonal work such as harvesting or to do low-paid manual labor. expatriate foreign worker is a person who works in a country other than the one of which he or she is a Citizen. Guest workers or contractors have a lower status than workers with visas, because guest workers can be removed at any time for any reason. Many human colonists came to colonies as slaves, so the legal power to leave or remain may not be the issue so much as the actual presence of the people in the new country.

In the 1980s and 1990s, an elite class of well-educated, highly-paid managers, lawyers, professionals, and business people began a new type of colonizing. Since they had highly-sought after skills that were needed in many different countries, they treated the world as their playing field. They moved between countries to seek better jobs and opportunities. In the event of a downturn, they had the resources to pack up and leave to a different country.

However, unlike this elite professional caste, people with lower-paying jobs do not have international mobility. International professional mobility may also be considered a type of colonialism (rather than colonization) since these professionals do not move permanently. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism Instead, they move to a target region temporarily and leave.

Neo-Colonization

See also: Neocolonialism

This term, usually pejorative, refers to a sort of "unofficial" colonization, in which a country's government is overthrown by larger country and replaced by a government that coincides with the larger country's interests. Neocolonialism is a term used by post-colonial critics of Developed countries ' involvement in the developing world In effect, this makes the country a colony, dealing with the problem of a revolutionary uprising by delivering the impression that the colony is still self-governed.

Other ways of using the term

The theory of Science policy colonization (Weingart and Mouton, 2004) argues that science policy is increasingly being dominated by scientific experts from developed, industrialized democracies. Science policy is usually considered the art of justifying managing or prioritizing support of scientific research and development. Scientists from poorer, emerging or developing democracies may mainly be given the role of collecting raw data. Experts from developed, industrialized democracies may have biases unchallenged that run counter to the best interests of emerging democracies such as South Africa (Weingart and Mouton (2004)). There are also concerns (UNESCO 1999) that the accountability mechanisms imposed on knowledge experts are inadequate.

The term "cocacolonisation" is used to describe cases where a country's indigenous culture is eroded by a corporate mass-culture, usually from a powerful, industrialized country such as the United States (see cultural imperialism). Cocacolonization (alternatively coca-colonization) is a term that refers to Globalization or Cultural colonization. Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting distinguishing separating or artificially injecting the Culture or language of one nation into another This is more metaphorical usage as people need not move, to the colonized country; only cultural signals, symbols, forms of entertainment, and values move need to move to the colonised country.

Hypothetical or fictional types of Colonisation

The hypothetical permanent habitation of locations in Earth's oceans is called ocean colonization. An ocean (from Greek, ''Okeanos'' (Oceanus) is a major body of saline water, and a principal component of the Hydrosphere. Ocean colonization is the theory and practice of permanent human settlement of Oceans Such settlements may float on the surface of the water or be secured to Related ideas such as the floating city are much less hypothetical - funds are presently being sought to build several large ships that would have permanent populations of up to 50,000 people each.

In science fiction, space colonization is sometimes more benign. Space colonization (also called space settlement, space humanization, Space habitation, etc Humans find an uninhabited planet, and inhabit it. The colonization of Mars is an often-used example of this type of space colonization. Mars is the focus of much speculation and serious study about possible human colonization which might be possible In more recent science fiction, humans may create inhabitable space (by terraforming or constructing a space habitat) and call that a "colony. The terraforming (literally "Earth-shaping" of a Planet, moon, or other body is the hypothetical process of deliberately modifying its "

On the other hand, if the planet is already inhabited, much less benign consequences ensue: indeed, some science fiction authors have used the colonization of alien planets by humans, or the colonization of Earth by aliens, to explore the real-world issues surrounding the phenomenon. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 Such works include those of Mary Doria Russell, The Sparrow and Children of God. Mary Doria Russell (born 1950 is an American novelist Biography Russell was born in the suburbs of Chicago.

The ultimate form of space colonization is the Kardashev scale which assumes that a single dominant intelligent species will take over all energy on one planet, then one star, then a whole galaxy full of stars. The Kardashev scale is a method of measuring a civilization's level of technological advancement However, this would not necessarily be so if other species were to be discovered during a galactic expansion. This may require more than one species to share the galactic space with each other as they both develop.

See also

• Colonialism

References