| República de Colombia (Spanish)
Republic of Colombia
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| Motto: "Libertad y Orden" (Spanish) "Liberty and Order" |
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| Anthem: "Oh, Gloria Inmarcesible!" (Spanish) |
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| Capital (and largest city) |
Bogotá |
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| Official languages | Spanish | |||||
| Demonym | Colombian | |||||
| Government | Presidential republic | |||||
| - | President | Álvaro Uribe Velez | ||||
| - | Vice President | Francisco Santos | ||||
| - | President of Congress | Nancy Gutiérrez | ||||
| - | President of the Supreme Court | César Valencia | ||||
| Independence | from Spain | |||||
| - | Declared | July 20, 1810 | ||||
| - | Recognized | August 7, 1819 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 1,141,748 km² (26th) 440,839 sq mi |
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| - | Water (%) | 8. List of Colombian flags The Flag of Colombia was adopted on November 26, 1861. The Coat of Arms of Colombia contains a shield with numerous symbols A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's Himno Nacional de la República de Colombia (National Anthem of the Republic of Colombia is the official name of the National anthem of Colombia. The Demography of Colombia is characterized for being the third-most populous country in Latin America, after Brazil and Mexico Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place The Colombian people is the Multiethnic Nation from the South American country of Colombia. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A presidential system is a System of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term separately from the Legislature List of Presidents of Colombia The President of Colombia (Presidente de Colombia is the Head of state and Head of government of the Republic of Colombia Álvaro Uribe Vélez ('alβ̞aɾo u'ɾiβ̞e 'β̞eles born July 4 1952 in Medellín) is a Colombian politician and lawyer who is currently the 39th President The Vice President of Colombia is the first in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of Colombia upon certain absences or death resignation Francisco Santos Calderón also known as Pacho Santos born August 14, 1961 in the city of Bogotá, is a Colombian Politician The President of the Congress of Colombia (Presidente del Congreso de la República de Colombia is the leader of the Congress of the Republic of Colombia. Nancy Patricia Gutiérrez Castañeda (born October 16, 1963 in Girardot, Cundinamarca) is a Colombian Politician and The Supreme Court of Colombia is the highest judicial body in Colombia and leads the judicial branch of the Government of Colombia César Julio Valencia Copete (born August 24, 1951 in Cali, Valle del Cauca) is a Colombian Lawyer and magistrate of the Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Year 1819 ( MDCCCXIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar in the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different surface Areas here is a list of areas between 1 million km² and 10 million km² This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred" 8 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | April 2008 estimate | 44,087,000 (29th) | ||||
| - | 2005 census | 42,888,592 | ||||
| - | Density | 40/km² (161st) 104/sq mi |
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| GDP (PPP) | 2005 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $337. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. 286 billion (29th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $7,565 (81st) | ||||
| Gini (2006) | 52 (high) | |||||
| HDI (2007) | ▲ 0. There are three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP at Purchasing power parity (PPP Per capita The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 791 (medium) (75th) | |||||
| Currency | Colombian peso (COP) |
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| Time zone | (UTC-5) | |||||
| Internet TLD | .co | |||||
| Calling code | +57 | |||||
Colombia (IPA: /kəˈlʌmbɪə/) officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia (help·info), Spanish pronunciation: [reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja]), is a country located in northwestern South America. This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007 A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is only the letters that would be capitalized in that language in the middle of a sentence ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Colombia is bordered to the east by Venezuela[1] and Brazil;[2] to the south by Ecuador and Peru;[3] to the north by the Atlantic Ocean, through the Caribbean Sea; to the north-west by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. For the region see Caribbean. The Caribbean Sea (kəˈrɪbiən or /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ is a tropical Sea in the Western Hemisphere Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Colombia also shares maritime borders with the Caribbean countries of Jamaica, Haiti and the Dominican Republic and the Central American countries of Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with Honduras in Spanish, República de Honduras) is a democratic republic in Central America. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in [4][5]
Colombia is the 26th largest nation in the world and the fourth-largest in South America (after Brazil, Argentina, and Peru), with an area more than twice that of France. This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. It also has the third-largest population in Latin America after Brazil and Mexico. List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. [6]
The territory of what is now Colombia was originally inhabited by indigenous tribes which had migrated from North and Central America, including the Muisca, Quimbaya, and Tairona. Muisca refers to a nation of the Chibchan Culture that formed the Muisca Confederation encountered by the Spanish at the time of the conquest of what is now part The Quimbaya civilization is a South American Civilization, noted for its spectacular Goldwork characterized by its technical accuracy and detailed Tairona is a group of Chiefdoms in the region of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in present-day Cesar, Magdalena and La Guajira To the south lay the Inca Empire. The Inca Empire (or Inka Empire) was the largest empire in Pre-Columbian America. [7] The Spanish arrived in 1499, and initiated a period of conquest and colonisation which ultimately led to the creation of the Viceroyalty of New Granada (comprising what is now Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama) with its capital at Bogotá. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Viceroyalty of New Granada (Virreinato de la Nueva Granada was the name given on May 27, 1717 to a Spanish colonial jurisdiction in northern South America Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá [8] Independence from Spain was won in 1819, but by 1830 "Gran Colombia" had collapsed with the secession of Venezuela and Ecuador. Gran Colombia ( Spanish for Great Colombia) is a name used today for the Republic of Colombia of the period 1819-1831 Modern day Colombia, with Panama, emerged as the Republic of New Granada. Republic of New Granada was a centralist republic consisting primarily of present-day Colombia and Panama with smaller portions of today's Ecuador, The new nation experimented with federalism as the Granadine Confederation (1858), and then the United States of Colombia (1863), before the Republic of Colombia was finally declared in 1886. The Granadine Confederation ( Confederación Granadina) was a short-lived Federal Republic established in 1858 as a Constitutional change replacing the Republic The United States of Colombia (Estados Unidos de Colombia was the name adopted in 1863 through the Rionegro Constitution for the nation which had been known as the [9] Panama seceded in 1903. The Separation of Panama from Colombia was formalized on 3 November 1903 with the establishment of the Republic of Panama from the Republic of Colombia
Colombia has a long tradition of constitutional government, and the Conservative and Liberal parties, founded in 1843 and 1848 respectively, are two of the oldest surviving political parties in the Americas. The Colombian Conservative Party (Partido Conservador Colombiano is a conservative, Right wing / Center right, Colombian political party The Colombian Liberal Party ( Spanish: Partido Liberal Colombiano PLC is a social liberal - social democratic party in Colombia. However, tensions between the two have frequently erupted into violence, most notably in the Thousand Days War (1899-1902) and La Violencia, beginning in 1948. The Thousand Days War ( 1899 - 1902) (Spanish Guerra de los Mil Días) was a civil armed conflict in the newly created Republic of Colombia, (including La Violencia (literally " The Violence " in Spanish) is a term that refers to an era of civil conflict in various areas of the Colombian countryside Since the 1960s, government forces have been engaged in conflict with left-wing insurgents and illegal right-wing paramilitaries. Fuelled by the cocaine trade, this escalated dramatically in the 1990s. However, the insurgents lack the military or popular support necessary to overthrow the government, and in recent years the violence has been decreasing. Insurgents continue attacks against civilians, and large swathes of the countryside remain under guerrilla influence, but the Colombian government has stepped up efforts to reassert government control throughout the country, and now has a presence in every one of its municipalities. [9]
Colombia is a standing middle power[10] with the second largest Spanish-speaking population in the world after Mexico. Middle power is a term used in the field of International relations to describe States that are not Superpowers or Great powers but still have The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. [6] It is also one of the largest manufacturers in South America. Colombia is very ethnically diverse, and the interaction between descendents of the original native inhabitants, Spanish colonisers, African slaves and twentieth-century immigrants from Europe and the Middle East has produced a rich cultural heritage. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. This has also been influenced by Colombia's incredibly varied geography. The majority of the urban centres are located in the highlands of the Andes mountains, but Colombian territory also encompasses Amazon rainforest, tropical grassland and both Caribbean and Pacific coastlines. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. The Amazon Rainforest (Brazilian Portuguese: Floresta Amazônica or Amazônia; Spanish: Selva Amazónica or Amazonía Los Llanos redirect here for the Chilean region see Los Llanos Chile Los Llanos (meaning the flat plains is a vast Tropical grassland Ecologically, Colombia is considered to be among 17 of the most megadiverse countries in the world. The megadiverse countries are a group of countries that harbor the majority of the earth's species and are therefore considered extremely Biodiverse. [11]
Contents |
Etymology
The word "Colombia" comes from the name of Christopher Columbus (Cristóbal Colón in Spanish, Cristoforo Colombo in Italian). Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer It was conceived by the revolutionary Francisco de Miranda as a reference to all the New World, especially to those territories and colonies under Spanish and Portuguese rule. Sebastián Francisco de Miranda y Rodríguez ( Caracas, March 28, 1750 – in prison El Arsenal de la Carraca, Cadiz, The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The name was then adopted by the Republic of Colombia of 1819 formed out of the territories of the old Viceroyalty of New Granada (modern day Colombia, Panama, Venezuela and Ecuador). Gran Colombia ( Spanish for Great Colombia) is a name used today for the Republic of Colombia of the period 1819-1831 The Viceroyalty of New Granada (Virreinato de la Nueva Granada was the name given on May 27, 1717 to a Spanish colonial jurisdiction in northern South America [12]
In 1830, when Venezuela and Ecuador separated, the Cundinamarca region that remained became a new country: the Republic of New Granada. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Republic of New Granada was a centralist republic consisting primarily of present-day Colombia and Panama with smaller portions of today's Ecuador, In 1858 New Granada officially changed its name to the Granadine Confederation, then in 1863 the United States of Colombia, before finally adopting its present name — the Republic of Colombia — in 1886. The Granadine Confederation ( Confederación Granadina) was a short-lived Federal Republic established in 1858 as a Constitutional change replacing the Republic The United States of Colombia (Estados Unidos de Colombia was the name adopted in 1863 through the Rionegro Constitution for the nation which had been known as the [12]
Geography and climate
- See also: Natural Regions of Colombia and Geology of Colombia
Colombia is the 26th largest nation in the world and the fourth-largest country in South America. This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. Located in the northwestern region of South America, it is bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the North by the Atlantic Ocean, through the Caribbean Sea; to the north-west by Panama; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. For the region see Caribbean. The Caribbean Sea (kəˈrɪbiən or /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ is a tropical Sea in the Western Hemisphere Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Besides the countries in South America, the Republic of Colombia is recognized to share maritime borders with the Caribbean countries of Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic and the Central American countries of Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with Honduras in Spanish, República de Honduras) is a democratic republic in Central America. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in [4][13] Colombia has more physical diversity packed into its borders than any other area of comparable size in Latin America. [14] Colombia has the highest diversity of birds and amphibians of any country on earth, with 1,815 species and 583 species, respectively, known to date. Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Prehistoric amphibian Amphibians (class Amphibia such as Frogs Toads Salamanders Newts Gymnophiona, Sirens and [15] The country is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, a region of the world subject to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.
Geologically Colombia is formed by two great territorial zones, one submerged in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean sea covering a total area of 828,660 km² and the second is the emerged land which is formed by the Andes mountain range and the Llanos plains that are shared with Venezuela and cover an area of some 1'143,748 km². The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions For the region see Caribbean. The Caribbean Sea (kəˈrɪbiən or /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ is a tropical Sea in the Western Hemisphere The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. Los Llanos redirect here for the Chilean region see Los Llanos Chile Los Llanos (meaning the flat plains is a vast Tropical grassland Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Colombian surface features form complicated land patterns. The western third of the country is the most complex, starting at the shore of the Pacific Ocean in the west and moving eastward at a latitude of 5 degrees north, a diverse sequence of features is encountered; In the extreme west are the very narrow and discontinuous Pacific coastal lowlands, which are backed by the Serranía de Baudó, one of the lowest and narrowest of Colombia's mountain ranges. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions The Baudó Mountains ( Serranía de Baudó) are a coastal Mountain range on the Pacific coast of Colombia. Next is the broad region of the Río Atrato/Río San Juan lowland.
The western mountain range, the Cordillera Occidental, is a moderately high range with peaks reaching up to about 13,000 ft (4,000 m). The Cauca River Valley, an important agricultural region with several large cities on its borders, separates the Cordillera Occidental from the massive Cordillera Central. The Cauca River is a River in Colombia that lies between the Occidental and Central Cordilleras Born in southwestern Colombia Several snow-clad volcanoes in the Cordillera Central have summits that rise above 18,000 ft (5,500 m). The valley of the Magdalena River, a major transportation artery, separates the Cordillera Central from the main eastern range, the Cordillera Oriental. The Magdalena River (Spanish Río Magdalena) also called Yuma River (Spanish Río Yuma) is the principal River of Colombia, running The peaks of the Cordillera Oriental are moderately high. This range differs from Colombia's other mountain ranges in that it contains several large basins. To the east of the country, the sparsely populated, flat to gently rolling eastern lowlands called Llanos orientales part of the Orinoco river basin and the jungle covered Amazon region part of the Amazon river basin (both basins called eastern plains) cover almost 60 percent of the country's total land area. Los Llanos redirect here for the Chilean region see Los Llanos Chile Los Llanos (meaning the flat plains is a vast Tropical grassland ORiNOCO is the brand name that was used for a family of wireless networking solutions by Proxim (previously Lucent) The Amazonía Region is a region in southern Colombia. It comprises the departments of Amazonas, Caquetá, Guainía, Putumayo The Amazon River (Rio Amazonas Río Amazonas of South America is the largest river in the world by volume with a total river flow greater than the next top ten largest rivers The northern plains are mostly part of the Caribbean natural region which includes the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range, the highest mountain by the sea and the Guajira Peninsula, mostly arid with another separate formation from the Andes mountain range, the Serranía de Macuira to form the Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub. The Caribbean Region or Caribbean Coast Region is a natural region of Colombia mainly composed of eight Departments located contiguous to Because of its natural structure Colombia can be divided into six very distinct Natural regions. The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is an isolated mountain range apart from the Andes chain that runs through Colombia. Guajira Peninsula (Peninsula de La Guajira is a Peninsula in northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela in the Caribbean sea. Serranía de Macuira is a mountain range in northern Colombia located in the municipality of Uribia, Guajira Peninsula and part of the The Guajira-Barranquilla xeric scrub is a xeric shrubland Ecoregion in Colombia, covering an estimated area of 150
Climate
The climate of Colombia is determined by its proximity to the Earth's Equator predominating a tropical and isothermal climate, presenting variations within five natural regions and depending on the altitude; determined by mountain climate, temperature, humidity, and winds; influenced by the trade winds and precipitation which is influenced by the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The equator (sometimes referred to colloquially as "the Line") is the intersection of the Earth 's surface with the plane perpendicular to the The Tropics are centered on the Equator and limited in Latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23 An isothermal process is a Thermodynamic process in which the Temperature of the System stays Constant: &Delta T = 0 Because of its natural structure Colombia can be divided into six very distinct Natural regions. The trade winds (also called trades) are the prevailing pattern of easterly winds found in the Tropics near the Earth's Equator. The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ, also known as the Intertropical Front, Monsoon trough, Doldrums or the Equatorial Colombia is also affected by the effects of the El Niño and La Niña. El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO; commonly referred to as simply El Niño) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO; commonly referred to as simply El Niño) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon
Temperatures generally decrease about 3. 5 °F (2 °C) for every 1,000-foot (300-m) increase in altitude above sea level, presenting perpetual snowy peaks to lower hot lands. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Rainfall varies by location and is present in two seasons (two dry and two rainy) in Colombia presenting one of the highest rainfalls in the world in the Pacific region. The Pacific Region is one of the five major Natural regions of the Colombian geography. Rainfall in parts of the Guajira Peninsula seldom exceeds 30 in (75 cm) per year. Colombia's rainy southeast, however, is often drenched by more than 200 in (500 cm) of rain per year. Rainfall in most of the rest of the country runs between these two extremes.
Altitude affects not only temperature, but also vegetation. In fact, altitude is one of the most important influences on vegetation patterns in Colombia. The mountainous parts of the country can be divided into several vegetation zones according to altitude, although the altitude limits of each zone may vary somewhat depending on the latitude. The "tierra caliente" (hot land), below 3,300 ft (1,000 m), is the zone of tropical crops. The tierra templada (temperate land), extending from an altitude of 3,300 to 6,600 ft (1,000 to 2,000 m). Wheat and potatoes dominate in the "tierra fría" (cold land), at altitudes from 6,600 to 10,500 ft (2,000 to 3,200 m). In the "zona forestada" (forested zone), which is located between 10,500 and 12,800 ft (3,200 and 3,900 m). Treeless pastures table lands dominate the páramos, or alpine grasslands, at altitudes of 12,800 to 15,100 ft (3,900 to 4,600 m). Above 15,100 ft (4,600 m), where temperatures are below freezing, is the "tierra helada", a zone of permanent snow and ice.
Colombian Flora and Fauna also interact with climate zone patterns. Fauna of Colombia The Flora of Colombia is characterized by a high Biodiversity, with the highest rate of species by area unit worldwide Flora of Colombia The Fauna of Colombia is characterized by a high Biodiversity, with the highest rate of species by area unit worldwide Scrub woodland of scattered trees and bushes dominates the semiarid northeastern steppe and tropical desert. In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced A desert is a Landscape or region that receives very little precipitation. To the south, savannah (tropical grassland) vegetation covers the eastern plains; Colombian portion of the llanos. A savanna or savannah is a Tropical or Subtropical Grassland or Woodland Ecosystem. The rainy areas in the southeast are blanketed by tropical rain forest. Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches In the mountains, the spotty patterns of precipitation in alpine areas complicate vegetation patterns. The rainy side of a mountain may be lush and green, while the other side, in the rain shadow, may be parched. As a result Colombia is considered to be among 17 of the most megadiverse countries in the world. The megadiverse countries are a group of countries that harbor the majority of the earth's species and are therefore considered extremely Biodiverse. [11]
Environmental issues
The environmental issues in Colombia are caused by both natural hazards and human effects on the environment. Natural hazards are determined by the global positioning of Colombia by the Pacific ring of fire causing geological instability. Colombia has 15 major volcanoes which have caused tragedies like Armero and geological faults that have caused numerous devastating earthquakes like the 1999 Armenia earthquake. See also List of volcanoes This is a list of active and extinct Volcanoes in Colombia. The Armero Tragedy (Tragedia de Armero was the aftermath of the November 13, 1985 Nevado del Ruiz Volcano eruption in Tolima, Colombia The 1999 Armenia earthquake is a Natural disaster that affected heavily the city of Armenia Colombia in the Quindio department 18 towns and 28 villages Human induced deforestation have also added to the problems of geological instability and inundations during the rainy seasons which are susceptible to the El Nino and to La Nina effect, two regions are very susceptible to these mainly in the Caribbean region of Colombia; La Mojana Region and the Magdalena river basin as well as the Valley of the Cauca River in the Pacific Region of Colombia. El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO; commonly referred to as simply El Niño) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon El Niño-Southern Oscillation ( ENSO; commonly referred to as simply El Niño) is a global coupled ocean-atmosphere phenomenon The Magdalena River (Spanish Río Magdalena) also called Yuma River (Spanish Río Yuma) is the principal River of Colombia, running The Cauca River is a River in Colombia that lies between the Occidental and Central Cordilleras Born in southwestern Colombia The Pacific Region is one of the five major Natural regions of the Colombian geography. The population increase and the burning of fossil fuels and industry, among other human produced waste has contaminated the environment of major cities and nearby water sources.
Participants in the Colombian armed conflict have also contributed to the pollution of the environment in Colombia. The Colombian armed conflict or Colombian Civil War are terms that are employed to refer to the current asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict in The illegally armed groups have deforested large portions of land to plant illegal crops (mostly on government designated protected areas) while the government fumigated these crops using hazardous chemicals. The guerrillas also destroyed oil pipelines creating major ecological disasters.
History
Pre-Columbian era
Approximately 10,000 BC hunter-gatherer societies existed near present-day Bogotá (at "El Abra" and "Tequendama") which traded with one another and with cultures living in the Magdalena River Valley. A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild Foraging and Hunting El Abra is an Archaeological excavation site located in the same name valley east to the city of Zipaquirá, department Cundinamarca The Magdalena River (Spanish Río Magdalena) also called Yuma River (Spanish Río Yuma) is the principal River of Colombia, running [16] Beginning in the first millennium BC, groups of Amerindians developed the political system of "cacicazgos" with a pyramidal structure of power headed by caciques. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Cazigazgo is a phonetic anglicized form of "Cacicazgo" the Spanish transliteration (or a derivative of the Taíno word for the lands ruled by a cacique The Cacique Nutivara Bloc (in Spanish Bloque Cacique Nutibara, or BCN was a Colombian paramilitary bloc founded by Diego Murillo Bejarano, affiliated Within Colombia, the two cultures with the most complex cacicazgo systems were the Tayronas in the Caribbean Region, and the Muiscas in the highlands around Bogotá, both of which were of the Chibcha language family. Tairona is a group of Chiefdoms in the region of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in present-day Cesar, Magdalena and La Guajira The Caribbean Region or Caribbean Coast Region is a natural region of Colombia mainly composed of eight Departments located contiguous to Muisca refers to a nation of the Chibchan Culture that formed the Muisca Confederation encountered by the Spanish at the time of the conquest of what is now part Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá Chibcha, also known as Muisca or Mosca, is "officially" an extinct Chibchan language of Colombia, formerly spoken by The Muisca people are considered to have had one of the most developed political systems in South America, after the Incas. [17]
Spanish discovery, conquest and colonization
Spanish explorers made the first exploration of the Caribbean littoral in 1499 led by Rodrigo de Bastidas. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Rodrigo de Bastidas (1460 &ndash July 28, 1527) was a Spanish Conquistador and explorer who mapped the northern coast of Christopher Columbus navigated near the Caribbean in 1502. Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer In 1508, Vasco Nuñez de Balboa started the conquest of the territory through the region of Urabá. Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1475&ndash January 15, 1519 was a Spanish Explorer, Governor, and Conquistador. In 1513, he was also the first European to discover the Pacific Ocean which he called Mar del Sur (or "Sea of the South") and which in fact would bring the Spaniards to Peru and Chile. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the The territory's main population was made up of hundreds of tribes of the Chibchan and Carib, currently known as the Caribbean people, whom the Spaniards conquered through warfare and alliances, while resulting disease such as smallpox and the conquest itself caused a demographic reduction among the indigenous. The Chibchan languages (also Chíbchan, Chibchano) make up a Language family indigenous to the Isthmo-Colombian area which extends from Cariban languages Carib, Island Carib or Kalinago people after whom the Caribbean Sea was named live in the Lesser Antilles islands Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. [18] In the sixteenth century, Europeans began to bring slaves from Africa. The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe.
Independence from Spain
Since the beginning of the periods of Conquest and Colonization, there were several rebel movements under Spanish rule, most of them either being crushed or remaining too weak to change the overall situation. The last one, which sought outright independence from Spain, sprang up around 1810, following the independence of St. Domingue in 1804 (present day Haiti), who provided a non-negligible degree of support to the eventual leaders of this rebellion: Simón Bolívar and Francisco de Paula Santander. Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios y Blanco,Venezuelan or commonly known as Simón Bolívar ( July 24, 1783 &ndash Francisco José de Paula Santander y Omaña ( April 2, 1792 - May 6, 1840) was one of the military and political leaders during Colombia Simón Bolívar had become the first president of Colombia and Francisco de Paula Santander was Vice President; when Simón Bolívar stepped down, Santander became the second president of Colombia. The Vice President of Colombia is the first in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of Colombia upon certain absences or death resignation The rebellion finally succeeded in 1819 when the territory of the Viceroyalty of New Granada became the Republic of Greater Colombia organized as a Confederation along Ecuador and Venezuela (Panama was part of Colombia). The Viceroyalty of New Granada (Virreinato de la Nueva Granada was the name given on May 27, 1717 to a Spanish colonial jurisdiction in northern South America Gran Colombia ( Spanish for Great Colombia) is a name used today for the Republic of Colombia of the period 1819-1831 For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America.
Post-Independence and republicanism
Internal political and territorial divisions led to the secession of Venezuela and Quito (today's Ecuador) in 1830. Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the Quito, officially San Francisco de Quito, is the Capital of Ecuador in northwestern South America. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. At this time, the so-called "Department of Cundinamarca" adopted then the name "Nueva Granada", which it kept until 1856 when it became the "Confederación Granadina" (Grenadine Confederation). Republic of New Granada was a centralist republic consisting primarily of present-day Colombia and Panama with smaller portions of today's Ecuador, The Granadine Confederation ( Confederación Granadina) was a short-lived Federal Republic established in 1858 as a Constitutional change replacing the Republic After a two year civil war in 1863, the "United States of Colombia" was created, lasting until 1886, when the country finally became known as the Republic of Colombia. The Colombian Civil War of May 8 1860 to November 1862 was an internal conflict between the newly formed conservative Grenadine Confederation The United States of Colombia (Estados Unidos de Colombia was the name adopted in 1863 through the Rionegro Constitution for the nation which had been known as the Internal divisions remained between the bipartisan political forces, occasionally igniting very bloody civil wars, the most significant being the Thousand Days civil war (1899 - 1902) which together with the United States of America's intentions to influence in the area (especially the Panama Canal construction and control) led to the separation of the Department of Panama in 1903 and the establishment of it as a nation. A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state The Thousand Days War ( 1899 - 1902) (Spanish Guerra de los Mil Días) was a civil armed conflict in the newly created Republic of Colombia, (including The Panama Canal is a man-made Canal in Panama which joins the Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. Colombia engulfed in a year long war with Peru over a territorial dispute involving the Amazonas Department and its capital Leticia. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Leticia is a City in the Republic of Colombia. capital of the department of Amazonas, and Colombia's southernmost town (4 Soon after, Colombia achieved a relative degree of political stability, which was interrupted by a bloody conflict that took place between the late 1940s and the early 1950s, a period known as La Violencia ("The Violence"). La Violencia (literally " The Violence " in Spanish) is a term that refers to an era of civil conflict in various areas of the Colombian countryside Its cause was mainly because of mounting tensions between the two leading political parties, which subsequently ignited after the assassination of the Liberal Presidential candidate Jorge Eliécer Gaitán on April 9, 1948. The Colombian Liberal Party ( Spanish: Partido Liberal Colombiano PLC is a social liberal - social democratic party in Colombia. Jorge Eliécer Gaitán ( January 23, 1898 &ndash April 9, 1948) was a politician a leader of a Populist movement in Colombia Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This assassination caused riots in Bogotá and became known as El Bogotazo, the violence from these riots spread through out the country and claimed the lives of at least 180,000 Colombians. Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá El Bogotazo (from "Bogotá" and the ''-azo'' suffix of violent augmentation refers to the massive riots that followed the assassination in Bogotá, From 1953 to 1964 the violence between the two political parties decreased first when Gustavo Rojas deposed the President of Colombia in a coup d'etat, and negotiated with the guerrillas, and then under the military junta of General Gabriel París Gordillo. Gustavo Rojas Pinilla (born in the city of Tunja, Boyacá on March 12, 1900 died in Melgar, Tolima on January A military junta is a government ruled by a committee of military leaders Gabriel París Gordillo ( March 8 1910 &ndash March 21 2008) was President of Colombia from May 1957 to August 1958 as Chairman of
After Rojas deposition the two political parties Colombian Conservative Party and Colombian Liberal Party agreed to the creation of a "National Front", whereby the Liberal and Conservative parties would govern jointly. The Colombian Conservative Party (Partido Conservador Colombiano is a conservative, Right wing / Center right, Colombian political party The Colombian Liberal Party ( Spanish: Partido Liberal Colombiano PLC is a social liberal - social democratic party in Colombia. The presidency would be determined by an alternating conservative and liberal president every 4 years for 16 years; the two parties would have parity in all other elective offices. The National Front ended "La Violencia", and National Front administrations attempted to institute far-reaching social and economic reforms in cooperation with the Alliance for Progress. La Violencia (literally " The Violence " in Spanish) is a term that refers to an era of civil conflict in various areas of the Colombian countryside In the end, the contradictions between each successive Liberal and Conservative administration made the results decidedly mixed. Despite the progress in certain sectors, many social and political injustices continued and many guerrillas were formally created such as the FARC, ELN and M-19 to fight the government and political apparatus with influences from Cold War doctrines. The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People’s Army (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo also known by the Acronym of National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional ELN is a Revolutionary Marxist, Insurgent guerrilla group that has been operating The 19th of April Movement, "Movimiento 19 de Abril" or M-19, was a Colombian guerrilla movement Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the
Emerging in the late 1970s, powerful and violent drug cartels developed during the 1980s and 1990s. Drug cartels are Criminal organizations developed with the primary purpose of promoting and controlling drug trafficking operations The Medellín Cartel under Pablo Escobar and the Cali Cartel, in particular, exerted political, economic and social influence in Colombia during this period. Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria', aka El Patrón or El Doctor ( December 1, 1949 – December 2, 1993) gained The Cali Cartel was a drug cartel based in southern Colombia, around the city of Cali and the Valle del Cauca Department. These cartels also financed and influenced different illegal armed groups throughout the political spectrum. Some enemies of these allied with the guerrillas and created or influenced paramilitary groups. Paramilitarism in Colombia refers to the origin and development of Paramilitary groups in Colombia during the 20th century
The new Colombian Constitution of 1991 was ratified after being drafted by the Constituent Assembly of Colombia. The Political Constitution of Colombia, promulgated in 1991 and better known as the Constitution of 1991, is the current governing document of the Republic of Colombia The Constituent Assembly of Colombia ( Spanish: Asamblea Nacional Constituyente de Colombia was formed on February 5, 1991, to draft Colombia The constitution included key provisions on political, ethnic, human and gender rights. The new constitution initially prohibited the extradition of Colombian nationals. There were accusations of lobbying by drug cartels in favor of this prohibition. The cartels had previously promoted a violent campaign against extradition, leading to many terrorist attack and mafia style executions. The following is a timeline of acts and failed attempts that can be considered non-state Terrorism. The Mafia (also known as Cosa Nostra) is a Sicilian Criminal Secret society which is believed to have first developed in the mid-19th century They also tried to influence the government and political structure of Colombia by means of corruption, as in the case of the 8000 Process scandal. 8000 Process (from the Spanish Proceso 8000) was the unofficial name of the legal investigation of the events surrounding the scandal regarding the partial financing with
In recent years, the country has continued to be plagued by the effects of the drug trade, guerrilla insurgencies like FARC and paramilitary groups such as the AUC (later demobilized, though paramilitarism remains active), which along with other minor factions have engaged in a bloody internal armed conflict. The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global Black market consisting of the cultivation manufacture distribution and sale of illegal Drugs Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc An insurgency is a violent internal uprising against a sovereign government that lacks the organization of a revolution The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People’s Army (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo also known by the Acronym of The United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia ( Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, or AUC, in Spanish) were formed in April 1997 as an umbrella The Colombian armed conflict or Colombian Civil War are terms that are employed to refer to the current asymmetric low-intensity armed conflict in President Andrés Pastrana and the FARC attempted to negotiate a solution to the conflict between 1998 and 2002 but failed to do so. Andrés Pastrana Arango (born August 17, 1954) was the President of Colombia from 1998 to 2002 following in the footsteps of his father President Andrés Pastrana also began to implement the Plan Colombia initiative, with the dual goal of ending the armed conflict and promoting a strong anti-narcotic strategy. The term Plan Colombia is most often used to refer to controversial U The term narcotic (ναρκωτικός is believed to have been coined by the Greek physician Galen to refer to agents that benumb or deaden causing loss
During the presidency of Álvaro Uribe, who was elected on the promise of applying military pressure on the FARC and other criminal groups, some security indicators have improved, showing a decrease in reported kidnappings (from 3700 in the year 2000 to 800 in 2005) and a decrease of more than 48% in homicides between July 2002 and May 2005 and of the terrorist guerrila itself reduced from 16. Álvaro Uribe Vélez ('alβ̞aɾo u'ɾiβ̞e 'β̞eles born July 4 1952 in Medellín) is a Colombian politician and lawyer who is currently the 39th President Kidnappings in Colombia referes to the practice of Kidnapping in the Republic of Colombia. 900 insurgents to 8. 900 insurgents. It is argued that these improvements have favored economic growth and tourism. [19] The 2006–2007 Colombian parapolitics scandal emerged due to the revelations and judicial implications of past and present links between paramilitary groups, mainly the AUC, and some government officials and many politicians, most of them allied to the governing administration. The Colombian parapolitics scandal or " parapolítica " in Spanish (a portmanteau of paramilitar and política Paramilitarism in Colombia refers to the origin and development of Paramilitary groups in Colombia during the 20th century The United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia ( Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, or AUC, in Spanish) were formed in April 1997 as an umbrella [20]
Government, law and politics
- See also: Colombian Constitution of 1991
The Government of Colombia takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic republic as established in the Colombian Constitution of 1991. The Government of Colombia is according to the Colombian Constitution of 1991 within the framework of a presidential Welfare state and Unitary republic A presidential system is a System of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term separately from the Legislature Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principles of the people's representatives A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its The Political Constitution of Colombia, promulgated in 1991 and better known as the Constitution of 1991, is the current governing document of the Republic of Colombia The Colombian government is divided into three branches of power; the executive, legislative and judicial with special control institutions and electoral institutions. The Executive Branch of Government in Colombia is one of the three branches of the government of Colombia under the Constitutional provision of The Legislative Branch of Government in Colombia is one of the three branches of the government of Colombia under the Constitutional provision of Judicial Branch of Government of Colombia (Rama Judicial de la República de Colombia is the system of Courts in Republic of Colombia which administer Justice The President of Colombia is the highest representative of the executive branch of government in Colombia and is also the head of state and head of government with supreme administrative authority, followed by the Vice President and the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Colombia. List of Presidents of Colombia The President of Colombia (Presidente de Colombia is the Head of state and Head of government of the Republic of Colombia Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State The Vice President of Colombia is the first in the presidential line of succession, becoming the new President of Colombia upon certain absences or death resignation The Council of Ministers of the Republic of Colombia is part of the executive power and according to the presidential orientation of the Colombian Constitution of
At a provincial level the executive is managed by department governors, municipal mayors at municipal level and local administrators for smaller administrative subdivisions such as corregidor for corregimientos. This is a list of Governors of Departments of Colombia. Amazonas Department Governor of Amazonas Department ( List) The Municipalities of Colombia are decentralized subdivisions of the Republic of Colombia. Corregimiento is Spanish language term used for Country subdivisions It is used in Corregimientos of Colombia, below departments The legislative branch of government in Colombia is represented by the National Congress of Colombia which is formed by an upper house the Senate and the Chamber of Representatives. The Congress of the Republic of Colombia (Congreso de la República de Colombia is the name given to Colombia 's Bicameral national Legislature. The Senate of the Republic of Colombia (Senado de la República de Colombia is the upper house of the Congress of Colombia, with the lower house being the Chamber The Chamber of Representatives (Spanish Cámara de Representantes) is the lower house of the Congress of Colombia. At a provincial level the legislative branch is represented by department assemblies and a municipal level with municipal councils. This is a list of Department Assemblies in the Republic of Colombia. Both the legislative and executive branches share most of the government power while the judicial branch of Colombia functions as an independent body from the other two branches which are vested with a shared power. The judicial branch under a adversarial system is represented by the Supreme Court of Justice which is the highest entity in this branch but shared in responsibility with the Council of State, Constitutional Court and the Superior Council of the Judicature which also have jurisdictional and regional courts. The adversarial system (or adversary system) of law is the system of law generally adopted in Common law countries that relies on the skill of each advocate The Supreme Court of Colombia is the highest judicial body in Colombia and leads the judicial branch of the Government of Colombia The Constitutional Court of Colombia is the highest entity in the judicial branch of government in the Republic of Colombia in charge of safeguarding the
Administrative divisions
- See also: List of cities in Colombia and Corregimiento
Colombia is divided into 32 departments and one capital district which is treated as a department. Colombia is a unitary republic conformed by thirty-two departments ( Spanish: departamentos, sing The Municipalities of Colombia are decentralized subdivisions of the Republic of Colombia. This article lists cities and towns in Colombia: See also List of cities Corregimiento is Spanish language term used for Country subdivisions It is used in Corregimientos of Colombia, below departments Colombia is a unitary republic conformed by thirty-two departments ( Spanish: departamentos, sing There are in total 10 districts assigned to cities in Colombia including Bogotá, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, Tunja, Cúcuta, Popayán, Buenaventura, Tumaco and Turbo. Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá Barranquilla, an industrial portuary and special district is a city and municipality located in northern Colombia by the Caribbean sea. Cartagena de Indias (kaɾtaˈhena ð̞e ˈin̪d̪jas in Spanish; the usual English pronunciation is ˌkɑrtəˈheɪnə deɪ ˈɪndiəs is a large city Santa Marta is a city and municipality located in northern Colombia by the Caribbean sea and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountains capital of Tunja ˈtuŋha is a city and municipality in Colombia, capital of the Boyacá department and part of the subregion of the Central Boyacá Cúcuta (ˈkukuta is a Colombian city, capital of the North Santander Department and located in the northeast of the country Popayán is a municipality and def is a capital city of the Colombian department of Cauca, with a population of about 215000 people Buenaventura is a port city and municipality located in the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia ( South America) Tumaco is a Port city and municipality in the Nariño Department, Colombia by the Pacific Ocean. Turbó is a port town in Antioquia Department, Colombia. It is located at around. Colombia is also subdivided into some municipalities which form departments, each with a municipal seat capital city assigned. The Municipalities of Colombia are decentralized subdivisions of the Republic of Colombia. Colombia is also subdivided into corregimientos which form municipalities. Corregimiento is Spanish language term used for Country subdivisions It is used in Corregimientos of Colombia, below departments Each department has a local government which is headed by a department governor and its own department assembly elected for a period of four years in a regional election. Each municipality also headed by a municipal mayor and a municipal council. And for corregimientos there will be an elected corregidor or local leader.
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Some department have also local administrative regional subdivisions such as the departments of Antioquia and Cundinamarca, where towns have a large concentration of population and municipalities are near each other. Leticia is a City in the Republic of Colombia. capital of the department of Amazonas, and Colombia's southernmost town (4 Medellín, officially the Municipio de Medellín (Spanish or Municipality of Medellín (English pronunciation mɛdəˈjiːn or, Spanish: or) is the second Arauca is a municipality and Capital city of the Arauca Department of Colombia. Barranquilla, an industrial portuary and special district is a city and municipality located in northern Colombia by the Caribbean sea. Cartagena de Indias (kaɾtaˈhena ð̞e ˈin̪d̪jas in Spanish; the usual English pronunciation is ˌkɑrtəˈheɪnə deɪ ˈɪndiəs is a large city Tunja ˈtuŋha is a city and municipality in Colombia, capital of the Boyacá department and part of the subregion of the Central Boyacá Manizales is a city and municipality in central Colombia, capital of Department of Caldas and part of the region of Colombian Coffee-Growers Axis, Caquetá is a department of Colombia. Located in the Amazonas region, southern Colombia Caquetá borders with the departments of Cauca Florencia (Florence is a municipality and capital city of the Department of Caquetá, Colombia. Yopal is a municipality and capital city of the department of Casanare in Colombia. Popayán is a municipality and def is a capital city of the Colombian department of Cauca, with a population of about 215000 people Valledupar is a city and municipality in northeastern Colombia, capital of the Department of Cesar founded in 1550 by Spanish Conqueror Hernando de Santana Quibdó is the capital city of Chocó Department, in western Colombia. Montería is a municipality and city located in Northern Colombia, capital of the Department of Cordoba. Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá Several pages redirect here For other uses see Inírida. Inírida, formerly Puerto Inírida, is the capital city and a municipality San José del Guaviare is a town and municipality in Colombia, capital of the department of Guaviare by the Guaviare River. For the Portuguese municipality see Neiva Portugal. For the Neiva Trout or Neiva char, see Salvelinus neiva. The Department of La Guajira or simply La Guajira (la ɰwa'hiɾa is a department of Colombia. Riohacha, Rio Hacha or Rio de la Hacha (River of the Axe - Wayuu: Süchiimma) is a city and municipality in the northern Caribbean Santa Marta is a city and municipality located in northern Colombia by the Caribbean sea and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountains capital of Villavicencio is a City and Municipality in Colombia, capital of the Department of Meta, with 361058 inhabitants Pasto, officially San Juan de Pasto, is the capital of the department of Nariño, located in southwest Colombia Cúcuta (ˈkukuta is a Colombian city, capital of the North Santander Department and located in the northeast of the country Mocoa is a municipality and capital city of the department of Putumayo in Colombia. Armenia is the capital of Quindío, a department in Colombia. The city of Pereira is the capital city of the Colombian department of Risaralda. Archipelago of San Andres Providencia and Santa Catalina or colloquially San Andres y Providencia is one of the departments of Colombia. San Andrés Colombia may refer to San Andrés y Providencia, an island department San Andrés San Andrés y Providencia, capital city Bucaramanga is a municipality and capital city of the department of Santander, Colombia. Sincelejo is the capital and the most populous city of the Department of Sucre in Colombia. Tolima is one of the 32 Departments of Colombia, located in the Andean region in the center-west of the country Ibagué is the Capital of the department of Tolima in Colombia. Mitú is the capital city of the department of Vaupés in Colombia. Puerto Carreño is the departmental capital and a municipality, of the department of Vichada in the Llanos of Colombia. Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá In the case of some department where the population is still scarce and there are security problems such as in eastern Colombian departments of Amazonas, Vaupés and Vichada there special administrative definitions for territories, some are considered Department corregimientos, which are a hybrid between a corregimiento and a municipality. The difference besides the population is also subject to a cut in the assigned budget.
Defense
The executive branch of government is in charge of managing the defense affairs of Colombia with the President of Colombia being the supreme chief of the armed forces, followed by the Minister of Defense, which controls the Military of Colombia and the Colombian National Police among other institutions. A tall ship is a large traditionally rigged sailing vessel Popular modern tall ship rigs include topsail Schooners Brigantines Brigs and The Ministry of National Defense is the Colombian Ministry in charge of Security and defense of Colombia managing the Armed Forces of Colombia; the The Military of Colombia, officially the Military Forces of Colombia (Fuerzas Militares de Colombia is the Armed forces of Colombia. The Colombian National Police (Spanish Policía Nacional de Colombia) is the National police force of the Republic of Colombia. The Colombian military is divided into three branches with their respective chains of command; the Colombian National Army, the Colombian Air Force and the Colombian National Armada. The Colombian Air Force or FAC (Fuerza Aérea Colombiana is the Air Force of The Republic of Colombia. The Colombian National Armada ( Armada Nacional Colombiana or de Colombia) is the naval armed force of Colombia.
The national police functions as a gendarmerie independently from the Military as the law enforcement agency for the entire country. A gendarmerie or gendarmery (dʒɛnˈdɑrməriː or /ˌʒɑndɑrməˈriː/ after the French is a Military body charged with Police duties among civilian Each of these operates with their own intelligence apparatus and also separately from the national intelligence agency Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad. Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad (DAS or Administrative Department of Security is the Security Service of Colombia. The National Police has a presence in all municipality seats of Colombia, while the National Army is formed by divisions, regiments and special units. The Colombian National Armada is formed by the Colombian Marine Corps, Naval Force of the Pacific, Naval Force of the Caribbean, Naval Force of the South, Colombia Coast Guards, Naval Aviation and the Specific Command of San Andres y Providencia. The Colombian Naval Infantry and also referred to as Colombian Marines (Infantería de Marina Colombiana is the marine force of the Colombian National Armada The Colombian Air Force is formed by 13 air units: EMAVI, ESUFA, IMA, CACOM 1, CACOM 2, CACOM 3, CACOM 4, CACOM 5, CACOM 6, CATAM, CAMAN, GACAR and GAORI.
Foreign affairs
The Foreign affairs of Colombia are headed by the President of Colombia and managed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Colombia seeks diplomatic and commercial relations with all countries regardless of their ideologies or political or economic systems Listed below are the embassies and consulates-general of Colombia (excluding honorary consulates Europe Vienna The Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores) is the Ministry of the Colombian Government in charge of the foreign Colombia has diplomatic missions in all the continents, but not in all countries, and also multilateral relations with Brussels (Mission to the European Union) Geneva (Permanent Mission to the United Nations and other International Organizations) Montevideo (Permanent Missions to ALADI and MERCOSUR) Nairobi (Permanent Missions to the United Nations and other International Organizations) New York City (Permanent Mission to the United Nations) Paris (Permanent Mission to UNESCO) Rome (Permanent Mission to FAO) Washington DC (Permanent Mission to the Organization of American States). Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Geneva (Genève is the second-most populous city in Switzerland (after Zürich) and is the most populous city of Romandy (the French -speaking Montevideo (monteβi'ðeo is the largest city the capital and chief port of Uruguay. The Asociación Latinoamericana de Integración (the Latin American Integration Association; known as ALADI or occasionally by the English acronym LAIA Role and potential Some South Americans see Mercosur as giving the capability to combine resources to balance the activities of other global economic powers especially the North Nairobi (naɪˈroʊbɪ is the capital and largest city of Kenya. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The City of New York Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The Organization of American States ( OAS, or as it is known in the three other official languages OEA) is an International organization, headquartered
The foreign relations of Colombia are mostly concentrated on combating illegal drug trade, improving Colombian image in the international community, fight against terrorism, expanding the Colombian products in the global market and environmental issues. The illegal drug trade or drug trafficking is a global Black market consisting of the cultivation manufacture distribution and sale of illegal Drugs Colombia receives special military and commercial cooperation and support from the United States mainly through Plan Colombia to fight against the internal armed groups as well as special financial preferences from the European Union in certain products. The term Plan Colombia is most often used to refer to controversial U
Politics of Colombia
The Politics of Colombia take place in the framework of a presidential representative democratic republic as established in the Colombian Constitution of 1991. The Politics of Colombia take place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic Republic, whereby the President of Colombia A presidential system is a System of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term separately from the Legislature Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principles of the people's representatives A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its The Political Constitution of Colombia, promulgated in 1991 and better known as the Constitution of 1991, is the current governing document of the Republic of Colombia The constitution vested the National Electoral Council along with the National Registry of the Civil State with the function of organizing and controlling the electoral process in Colombia. The National Electoral Council (Consejo Nacional Electoral CNE is a Colombian institution under the Colombian Constitution of 1991 which based in Article 265 Elections in Colombia is regulated and controlled by the National Electoral Council which also gives information on Elections and election results in for the Politics Since the 2005 reform the electoral process abides by the Law 974 of 2005 which modified the way political parties organize and interact in the government. Colombia goes through three electoral processes to elect candidates for a period of four years; a Presidential election, for president and vice president candidates (authorized to serve one reelection, 8 years), a legislative election for congress; senate and chamber of representatives (authorized many terms through reelection) and a regional election to elect department governors, department assemblies, municipal mayors and municipal councils and Local administrative juntas (executive regional leaders are only authorized one term in office).
The last presidential and legislative elections were on May 28, 2006, in which president Álvaro Uribe was reelected by a vote of 62%, with 22% going to Carlos Gaviria of the Democratic Pole, and 12% to Horacio Serpa of the Liberal Party. The 2006 Colombian presidential election was held on 28 May 2006. On March 12 2006 Colombians went to the polls to elect Senate and Chamber of Representatives. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Álvaro Uribe Vélez ('alβ̞aɾo u'ɾiβ̞e 'β̞eles born July 4 1952 in Medellín) is a Colombian politician and lawyer who is currently the 39th President Carlos Gaviria Díaz, born May 8, 1937 in Sopetrán, Antioquia, is a Colombian Lawyer, former The Independent Democratic Pole (Polo Democrático Independiente or ( PDI) is a leftwing social democratic political party in Colombia. Horacio Serpa Uribe (born 3 January 1943 in Bucaramanga, Santander) is a Colombian Politician and Lawyer The Colombian Liberal Party ( Spanish: Partido Liberal Colombiano PLC is a social liberal - social democratic party in Colombia. Colombia's bicameral parliament is the Congress of Colombia consists of a 166-seat Chamber of Representatives of Colombia and a 102-seat Senate of Colombia. The Congress of the Republic of Colombia (Congreso de la República de Colombia is the name given to Colombia 's Bicameral national Legislature. The Chamber of Representatives (Spanish Cámara de Representantes) is the lower house of the Congress of Colombia. The Senate of the Republic of Colombia (Senado de la República de Colombia is the upper house of the Congress of Colombia, with the lower house being the Chamber Members of both houses are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms. With congressmen, Colombia also elects the president. Department deputies, city councils and mayors are elected one year and five months after the president's and congressmen's election. The latest regional election was on October 28, 2007 with some 27 million Colombians apt to vote to elect between some 86 thousand candidates to represent 1,098 Colombian municipalities and 32 governors of Colombian Departments. The Colombian elections of 2007 (Elecciones regionales de Colombia 2007 refers to the Democratic elections of October 28, 2007 in the Republic Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Municipalities of Colombia are decentralized subdivisions of the Republic of Colombia. This is a list of Governors of Departments of Colombia. Amazonas Department Governor of Amazonas Department ( List) Colombian authorities mobilized 167,559 soldiers and policemen in order to vigil the 9,950 voting sites. [21]
The election process in the judicial system is headed by the Constitutional Court and members are appointed by the Congress of Colombia out of nominations made by the President and other high ranking tribunals, presidents of courts in the other hand are elected in internal elections. In Electoral Institutions and Control Institutions of Colombia officials are also appointed by the president and approved by congress like the Inspector General of Colombia. The Inspector General of Colombia ( Spanish for Procuraduría General de la Nación) is an Colombian independent public institution in charge of overseeing
Economy
Colombia's economy is fueled by abundant natural resources, a highly literate population and relatively high-valued currency. Colombia is a free market economy with major commercial and investment ties to the United States. Agriculture in Colombia refers to all agricultural activities essential to food feed and fiber production including all techniques for raising and processing livestock After experiencing decades of steady growth (average GDP growth exceeded 4% in the 1970-1998 period), Colombia experienced a recession in 1999 (the first full year of negative growth since 1929), and the recovery from that recession was long and painful. A recession is a contraction phase of the Business cycle. The U Colombia's economy suffers from weak domestic and foreign demand, austere government budgets, and serious internal armed conflicts.
The IMF Economic Indicators published on September 2006, forecast the Colombian GDP to reach US$156. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 69 billion in 2008. Inflation has been below 6% for 2004, 2005, and 2006. In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time Colombia's main exports include manufactured goods (41. In Economics, an export is any good or Commodity, Transported from one country to another country in a Legitimate fashion 32% of exports), petroleum (28. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit 28%), coal (13. 17%), and coffee (6. The Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia ( English: Colombian Coffee-growers Federation) often abbreviated Fedcafé, is a non-profit business 25%). Unofficially, illegal drugs are also a major export. Illegal drug trade in Colombia (Narcotráfico en Colombia refers to the practice of producing and distributing Illegal drugs with psychoactive effects in the [22] Colombia is one of the largest producers of pop-up books in the world. The epithet pop-up is often applied to any three-dimensional or movable book although properly the umbrella term movable book covers [23]
Colombia is also the largest exporter of plantains to the United States. The plantain is a crop in the genus Musa and is generally used for cooking in contrast to the soft sweet Banana (which is sometimes called the It also exports many types of sugar crops. Within Latin America, Colombia is known as a provider of fine lingerie, with the industry being centered in Medellín. Lingerie is a term for fashionable and alluring women's Undergarments It derives from the French word linge, "washables" — as in faire le linge Medellín, officially the Municipio de Medellín (Spanish or Municipality of Medellín (English pronunciation mɛdəˈjiːn or, Spanish: or) is the second All imports, exports, and the general trade balance are in record levels, and the inflow of export dollars has resulted in substantial reevaluation of the Colombian Peso. In Economics, an import is any good (eg a Commodity) or Service brought into one country from another country in a legitimate fashion only the letters that would be capitalized in that language in the middle of a sentence
The problems facing the country range from pension system problems to drug dealing to moderately high unemployment (12%). A pension is a steady income given to a person upon Retirement, typically in the form of a guaranteed annuity. Cocaine ( benzoylmethyl ecgonine) is a Crystalline Tropane Alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the Coca plant Several international financial institutions have praised the economic reforms introduced by current President Álvaro Uribe, which include measures designed to bring the public-sector deficit below 2. Álvaro Uribe Vélez ('alβ̞aɾo u'ɾiβ̞e 'β̞eles born July 4 1952 in Medellín) is a Colombian politician and lawyer who is currently the 39th President 5% of gross domestic product (GDP). The government's economic policy and its controversial democratic security strategy have engendered a growing sense of confidence in the economy, and GDP growth in 2003 was among the highest in Latin America. Democratic security or Democratic security policy refers to a Colombian security policy implemented during the administration of President Álvaro Uribe On May 28, 2007, the American magazine BusinessWeek published an article naming Colombia the most Extreme Emerging Market on Earth. [24]
Tourism
- See also: Tourism in Colombia and Festivals in Colombia
The Tourism industry in Colombia developed in the 1940s and has maintained a steady growth since then. The main tourist destinations are Bogotá, Cartagena, Eje cafetero, Santa Marta, Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla, San Andrés Island among others, each presenting different tourist attractions. Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá Cartagena de Indias (kaɾtaˈhena ð̞e ˈin̪d̪jas in Spanish; the usual English pronunciation is ˌkɑrtəˈheɪnə deɪ ˈɪndiəs is a large city Colombian Coffee-Growers Axis (Spanish Eje Cafetero de Colombia a part the Colombian Paisa region famous for the growing and production of a majority of the Colombian Santa Marta is a city and municipality located in northern Colombia by the Caribbean sea and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountains capital of Medellín, officially the Municipio de Medellín (Spanish or Municipality of Medellín (English pronunciation mɛdəˈjiːn or, Spanish: or) is the second Barranquilla, an industrial portuary and special district is a city and municipality located in northern Colombia by the Caribbean sea. San Andrés Colombia may refer to San Andrés y Providencia, an island department San Andrés San Andrés y Providencia, capital city There are different tourist season in Colombia, the two most busy are related to religious celebrations; the holy week and Christmas among other numerous public holidays, including the celebrations surrounding the Independence of Colombia. Holy Week ( Latin: Hebdomada Sancta or Maior Hebdomada, "Greater Week" in Christianity is the last week before Easter. The following are Public holidays in Colombia: Año Nuevo ( New Year's Day) ( January 1) Día de los Reyes Magos ( Epiphany [25]
The most notable festivities are the Cali's Fair, the Barranquilla's Carnival, the Bogotá summer festival, the Iberoamerican Theater Festival, the Festival of the Flowers, the Vallenato Legend Festival, Carnival of Blacks and Whites and the Fiestas del Mar. Main Colombian Carnivals See also Carnival in Colombia The Bogotá Carnival (Spanish Carnaval de Bogotá) starting The Cali Fair (Dec 25 - Jan 01 is the most important cultural event in Cali, Colombia. Barranquilla's Carnaval ( Spanish: Carnaval de Barranquilla) is a carnival with traditions that date back to the 19th century The Iberoamerican Theater Festival is the largest theater festival in the world Festival of the Flowers (Feria de las Flores is a festival that takes place in the Colombian city of Medellín. The Vallenato Legend Festival (Festival de la Leyenda Vallenata is one of the most important musical festivals in Colombia. The Carnival of Blacks and Whites ( Spanish: Carnaval de Negros y Blancos) of Pasto, Colombia was declared National Cultural Heritage Despite Travel advisories warning not to travel to Colombia due to Colombian armed conflict, the country continues to attract more tourists in recent years. A travel advisory is a Public notice issued by a Government agency to provide information about the relative safety of traveling to or visiting one or more specific The apparent cause appears to be the current hardline approach of President Álvaro Uribe called democratic security to push rebels groups farther away from the major cities, highways and tourist sites that may attract international visitors. Democratic security or Democratic security policy refers to a Colombian security policy implemented during the administration of President Álvaro Uribe Since President Uribe took office in 2002, he has notably increased Colombia's stability and security by significantly boosting its military strength and police presence throughout the country.
This apparently has achieved fruitful results for the country's economy, particularly international tourism. Colombia is a free market economy with major commercial and investment ties to the United States. In 2006, Colombia received some 1. 5 million international visitors, an astonishing increase of about 50% from the previous year. Lonely Planet, a world travel publisher, picked Colombia as one of their top 10 world destinations for 2006. [26] The World Tourism Organization reported in 2004 that Colombia achieved the third highest percentage increase of tourist arrivals in South America between 2000 and 2004 (9. 2%). Only Peru and Suriname had higher increases during the same period. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Suriname ( Dutch: Suriname; Sranan Tongo: Sranan) officially the Republic of Suriname (traditionally spelled Surinam by [27] Because of the improved security, Caribbean cruise ships tours stop in Cartagena and Santa Marta. To further point out the improved security in the country, in June 2007, the Travel Channel's show, 5 Takes Latin America, aired an episode on Colombia. Points of interest on the show were Bogotá, Cocora Valley in Salento, and the Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá. Cocora valley The Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá ( Spanish Catedral de Sal de Zipaquirá) is an underground church built in a tunnel of Salt mines [28]
The varied and rich geography, flora and fauna of Colombia has also developed an eco-tourist industry, mostly developed in the National Natural Parks of Colombia which include the areas of Amacayacu Park in the Department of Amazonas, Colombian National Coffee Park in the town of Montenegro, Quindío, the Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Los Nevados National Park (near the city of Manizales), Cocora valley in Salento, Quindío, PANACA theme Park, PANACA Savanna Park, Tayrona Park in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountain range (near the city of Santa Marta), the Tatacoa Desert, the Chicamocha Canyon National Park, Gorgona and Malpelo islands, as well as Cabo de la Vela in the Guajira Peninsula. Ecotourism, also known as ecological tourism, is a form of Tourism that appeals to ecologically and socially conscious individuals Colombia is one of the most biologically and culturally diverse countries in the world Amacayacu Park is a park in Colombia along the Amazon River. Amacayacu is a Colombian National Park located at South of the country in the Amazonas Department Colombian National Coffee Park (Parque Nacional del Café is a Colombian Theme park located at Montenegro, Colombia. Montenegro is a municipality in the western part of the department of Quindío, Colombia. Nevado del Ruiz, also known as Mount Ruiz, is an Andean Stratovolcano in Caldas Department, Colombia. Manizales is a city and municipality in central Colombia, capital of Department of Caldas and part of the region of Colombian Coffee-Growers Axis, Cocora valley Salento is a municipality in the northeastern part of the department of Quindío, Colombia. PANACA ( Pa rque Na tural De La C ultura A gropecuaria is a farming Theme park that promotes the contanct between humans and nature intended The Tayrona National Natural Park (Parque Nacional Natural Tayrona is a Protected area in the Colombian northern Caribbean region and within the jurisdiction The Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta is an isolated mountain range apart from the Andes chain that runs through Colombia. Santa Marta is a city and municipality located in northern Colombia by the Caribbean sea and the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta mountains capital of The Tatacoa Desert ( English for Desierto de la Tatacoa) is a Desert located in the Colombian Department of Huila, some Gorgona is a Colombian Island in the Pacific Ocean situated about 50 km off the Colombian Pacific coast and part of the municipality of Guapi Malpelo Island ( Isla de Malpelo) is an island located 314 miles off Colombia 's Pacific coast at, 300 km offshore Guajira Peninsula (Peninsula de La Guajira is a Peninsula in northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela in the Caribbean sea.
Transportation
Colombia has a network of national highways maintained by the Instituto Nacional de Vías or INVIAS (National Institute of Roadways) government agency under the Ministry of Transport. The Ministry of Transport ( Ministerio de Transporte) is one of the Ministries of the Colombian Government in charge of transportation The Pan-American Highway travels through Colombia, connecting the country with Venezuela to the east and Ecuador to the south. The Pan-American Highway (see below for its name in other Western European languages is a network of Roads nearly 48000 kilometres (29800 miles in
Colombia's principal airport is El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá. El Dorado International Airport is an International airport located in Bogotá, Colombia. Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá Several national airlines (Avianca, AeroRepública, AIRES , SATENA and EasyFly, ), and international airlines (such as Iberia, American Airlines, Varig, Copa, Continental, Delta, Air Canada, Air France, Aerolineas Argentinas, Aerogal, TAME, TACA) operate from El Dorado. Avianca SA ( Spanish Acronym: Aerovías del Continente Americano, formerly Aerovías Nacionales de Colombia) has been the national AeroRepública is an Airline based in Bogotá, Colombia. It is the second largest air carrier in Colombia behind Colombian Flag carrier AIRES ( Acronym: Aerovías de Integración Regional) is an Airline based in Bogotá, Colombia. SATENA ( Acronym of Servicio Aéreo a Territorios Nacionales) is an Airline based at El EasyFly is a regional Low-cost carrier that operates in Colombia. Iberia Líneas Aéreas de España SA (Iberia Airlines of Spain ( or Iberia as it is commonly known is the largest Airline of Spain, based American Airlines Inc (AA is a US -based airline and the world's Largest airline in total passenger miles transported and passenger fleet size VRG Linhas Aéreas SA, Operating as VARIG (an acronym for V iação A érea RI o G randense is the Brazilian Delta Air Lines Inc ( is a United States Airline based and headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Air Canada () is Canada 's largest Airline and Flag carrier. The airline founded in 1937 has had its corporate headquarters in Montreal Air France (formally Société Air France) is one of the world's largest Airlines Air France is based in Paris, France, and is a subsidiary of Aerolíneas Argentinas is the largest domestic and international Airline in Argentina and serves as Argentina's Flag carrier. Aerogal (Aerolineas Galapagos SA is an Airline based in Quito, Ecuador. TAME Línea Aérea del Ecuador is an Airline based in Quito, Ecuador. Bogotá's airport is one of the largest and most expensive in Latin America. Because of its central location in Colombia and America, it is preferred by national land transportation providers, as well as national and international air transportation providers.
Biofuels
Colombia is discussing current trends and challenges as well as recent international developments in the biofuels sector with the intention of contributing to the development of a sustainable and competitive biofuels strategy for Colombia and the region. [29] [30]
Arturo Infante Villarreal is the National Biofuels Coordinator, Department of National Planning[31]
Demographics
With approximately 43. The Demography of Colombia is characterized for being the third-most populous country in Latin America, after Brazil and Mexico 6 million people in 2006,[3] Colombia is the third-most populous country in Latin America, after Brazil and Mexico. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America.
Movement from rural to urban areas was very heavy in the mid-twentieth century, but has since tapered off. The urban population increased from 31% of the total population in 1938, to 57% in 1951 and about 70% by 1990. Currently the figure is about 77%. Thirty cities have a population of 100,000 or more. The nine eastern lowlands departments, constituting about 54% of Colombia's area, have less than 3% of the population and a density of less than one person per square kilometer (two persons per sq mi. ). Colombia's total population in 2015 is projected to be more than 52 million. [32]
The country has a diverse population that reflects its colourful history and the peoples that have populated here from ancient times to the present. Afro Colombians refers to Colombians of Black African ancestry and the great impact they have had on Colombian culture The historic amalgam of the different main groups forms the basics of Colombia's current demographics: European immigrants, Indigenous Natives, Africans, Asians, Middle Easterners and other recent immigrants. The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Arab diaspora refers to the numbers of Arab immigrants, and their descendants who voluntarily or as Refugees emigrated from their native countries Many of the indigenous peoples were absorbed into the mestizo population, but the remaining 700,000 currently represent over eighty-five distinct cultures. Mestizo is a Spanish term that was coined during the Spanish Empire to refer to people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry in Latin The European immigrants were primarily Spanish colonists, but a number of other Europeans (Dutch, German, Italian, French, Swiss, Belgian, also many North Americans) migrated to the Caribbean region in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and in smaller numbers Polish, Lithuanian, English and Croatian communities immigrated during the Second World War and the Cold War. The Dutch people ( Dutch:) are the dominant Ethnic group of the Netherlands. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the For example, former Bogotá mayor Antanas Mockus is the son of Lithuanian immigrants. Antanas Mockus Šivickas (born March 25, 1952 in Bogotá) is a Colombian mathematician, philosopher, and politician Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Africans were brought as slaves, mostly to the coastal lowlands, beginning early in the 16th century, and continuing into the 19th century. The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Other immigrant populations include Asians and Middle Easterners, particularly Lebanese, Jordanians, Syrians, Chinese, Japanese and Koreans.
Indigenous peoples
Before the Spanish colonization of the region that would become the country of Colombia, the territory was the home to many different indigenous peoples. The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical Today more than fifty different indigenous ethnic groups inhabit Colombia. Most of them speak languages belonging to the Chibchan and Cariban linguistic families. Chibcha, also known as Muisca or Mosca, is "officially" an extinct Chibchan language of Colombia, formerly spoken by Cariban languages Carib, Island Carib or Kalinago people after whom the Caribbean Sea was named live in the Lesser Antilles islands Historically there are established 567 reserves (resguardos) for indigenous peoples and they are inhabitated by more than 800,000 people; the 1991 constitution established their native languages as official in their territories, most of them have bilingual education (Native and Spanish). Some of the largest indigenous groups are the Wayuu,[33] the Arhuacos, the Muisca, the Kuna people, the Witoto, the Páez, the Tucano and the Guahibo. Wayuu language Wayuu (also Wayu, Wayúu, Guajiro, Wahiro) is an Amerindian ethnic group of the La Guajira Peninsula Arhuaco redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Arhuaco (butterfly. Muisca refers to a nation of the Chibchan Culture that formed the Muisca Confederation encountered by the Spanish at the time of the conquest of what is now part Kuna or Cuna is the name of an indigenous people of Panama and Colombia. The Paez, also known as the Nasa, are a Native American people who live in the Andes Mountains of Colombia. The Tucano are a group of indigenous South Americans living in the northwestern Amazon along the Vaupés river and the surrounding area The Guahibo people (also called Guajibo, or Sikuani, though the latter is regarded as derogatory people are an indigenous people native to Llanos The departamentos with the biggest Indian population are Cauca, Guajira and Guainia. Guainía may refer to Guainía Department of Colombia Rio Negro (Amazon, known as Guainía River in Colombia
Immigrant groups
Because of its strategic location Colombia has received several immigration waves during its history. Immigration to Colombia has been historically low when compared to similar countries such as Venezuela, due to economic social and security issues linked mainly Most of these immigrants have settled in the Caribbean Coast; Barranquilla (the largest city in the Colombian Caribbean Coast) has the largest population of Arab Lebanese, Jewish, Italian, German, American, French, Portuguese and Gypsy descendants. Barranquilla, an industrial portuary and special district is a city and municipality located in northern Colombia by the Caribbean sea. There are also important communities of German and Chinese descendants in the Caribbean Coast.
Ethnic groups
The census data in Colombia does not take into account ethnicity, so percentages are basically estimates from other sources and can vary from one another. Statistics reveal that Colombians are predominantly Roman Catholic and overwhelmingly speakers of Spanish, and that a majority of them are the result of the a mixture of Europeans, Africans, Amerindians.
58% of the population is mestizo, or of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry, while 20% is of European ancestry. Another 14% is mulatto, or of mixed black African and European ancestry, while 4% is of black African ancestry and 3% are zambos, of mixed black African and Amerindian ancestry. Pure indigenous Amerindians comprise 1 percent of the population. [34] There are 101 languages listed for Colombia in the Ethnologue database, of which 80 are spoken today as living languages. There are about 500,000 speakers of indigenous languages in Colombia today. [35]
More than two-thirds of all Colombians live in urban areas—a figure significantly higher than the world average. The literacy rate (94 percent) in Colombia is also well above the world average, and the rate of population growth is slightly higher than the world average. Also, a large proportion of Colombians are young, largely because of recent decreases in the infant mortality rate. While 33 percent of the people are 14 years of age or younger, just 4 percent are aged 65 or older.
Education
Over 93% of the entire population over 15 years of age can read and write, and this number has continued to increase throughout the years. Sixty percent of students complete primary schooling (5 years) and move onto secondary schooling (6 years). Most primary schools are private. Approximately 80 percent of Colombian children enter school, but they usually join a preschool academy until age 6 and then go to school. The school year extends from February to November in the capital city while in many other cities it extends from August to June. Primary education is free and compulsory for nine years for children between 6 and 12 years of age. Primary education is the first stage of Compulsory education. Compulsory education is Education which children are required by law to receive and governments to provide The net primary enrollment (percentage of relevant age-group) in 2001 was 86. 7 percent. The completion rate (percentage of age-group) for children attending elementary school (primaria) in 2001 totaled 89. 5 percent. In many rural areas, teachers are poorly qualified, and only five years of primary school are offered. Secondary education (educación media) begins at age 11 and lasts up to six years, without any opportunity for vocational training. Australia See also Education Vocational education or Vocational Education and Training (VET also called Career and Technical Education (CTE prepares learners for jobs that are based Secondary-school graduates are awarded the diploma (high-school diploma). Net secondary enrollment in 2001 was 53. 5 percent. School life expectancy in 2001 was 11. 1 years. Total public spending as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2001 was 4. 4 percent—one of the highest rates in Latin America—as compared with 2. 5 percent at the end of the 1980s. Government expenditures on education in 1999 totaled 19. 7 percent of total government spending. The ratio of pupils to teachers in 2001 in primary school was 26:1 and in secondary school, 19:2. Colombia has 24 public universities. A total of 92. 5 percent of the population is literate (male: 92. 4 percent; female: 92. 6 percent), according to a 2003 estimate. Literacy is at 93 percent in urban areas, but only 67 percent in rural areas. traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, People in Colombia are educated in Spanish (see also Colombian Spanish). The Colombian Spanish accent is the variation of Spanish language with an Accent spoken in Colombia, which have some distinctive features in comparison The second most spoken language is English.
Religion
- See also: Status of religious freedom in Colombia
The National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE) does not collect religious statistics, and accurate reports are hard to obtain. The National Administrative Department of Statistics ( Spanish: Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística, commonly referred to as DANE) Based on various studies, more than 95% of the population adheres to Christianity,[36] in which a huge segment of the population, between 81% and 90%, practices Roman Catholicism. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings About 1% of Colombians practice indigenous religions. Animism (from Latin anima ( Soul, Life) commonly refers to a religious belief that Souls or Spirits exist in Animals
Under 1% practice Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Despite strong numbers of adherents, around 60% of respondents to a poll by El Tiempo report that they do not practice their faith actively. [37]
The Colombian constitution guarantees religious freedom, but also states that the State "is not atheist or agnostic, nor indifferent to Colombians' religious sentiment. " Religious groups are readily able to obtain recognition as organized associations, but some smaller ones face difficulty in obtaining recognition as religious entities, which is required to offer chaplaincy services in public facilities. [37]
Culture
Colombian culture lies at the crossroads of Latin America, and is distinguished by having a very multicultural society. Latin American culture is the formal or informal expression of the peoples of Latin America and includes both High culture (literature high art and Popular culture The term multiculturalism generally refers to a state of racial, cultural and ethnic diversity within the Demographics of a specified European, African, Native American, American, Middle Eastern, and other Latin American cultural influences such as Mexico and the Caribbean are all felt in Colombia's modern culture. The development of the culture of the United States of America — music, cinema, dance, architecture, literature, poetry The Culture of Mexico is a Latin American culture that reflects the complexity of Mexico's history through the culture of pre-Hispanic Mesoamerican The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting Due to Colombia's geography and years of social and political instability, Colombian culture has been heavily fragmented into five major cultural regions which also correspond to Colombian natural regions. Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena Because of its natural structure Colombia can be divided into six very distinct Natural regions. Urban migration, industrialisation, Globalization, and political, social and economic issues have altered the Colombian way of living throughout the years. is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones
Inherited from colonial times, Colombia maintains its large base of Roman Catholic traditions which largely influence and unite its multicultural society. The Spanish colonization of the Americas was Spain 's conquest settlement and rule over much of the Western hemisphere. The mixing of various different ethnic traditions is reflected in Colombia's music and dance. The Music of Colombia in an expression of the Colombian Culture, which contains diverse Music genres traditional and moderns according with The most well-known genres of music in Colombia are Cumbia and Vallenato, the latter being strongly influenced by global pop culture. Cumbia is originally a Colombian Folk dance and Dance music and is Colombia 's representative national dance and music along with Vallenato Vallenato, along with Cumbia, is presently the most popular Folk music of Colombia. Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance —
Colombia has multiple celebrations and festivals throughout the year, with a majority stemming from Roman Catholic religious traditions. Main Colombian Carnivals See also Carnival in Colombia The Bogotá Carnival (Spanish Carnaval de Bogotá) starting Prominent examples of festivals include the Ibero-American Theater Festival, Barranquilla's Carnival, Carnival of Blacks and Whites, Independence day on, Holy Week and Christmas. The Iberoamerican Theater Festival is the largest theater festival in the world Barranquilla's Carnaval ( Spanish: Carnaval de Barranquilla) is a carnival with traditions that date back to the 19th century The Carnival of Blacks and Whites ( Spanish: Carnaval de Negros y Blancos) of Pasto, Colombia was declared National Cultural Heritage Holy Week ( Latin: Hebdomada Sancta or Maior Hebdomada, "Greater Week" in Christianity is the last week before Easter. A powerful cultural medium in Colombia is television; the telenovela Betty La Fea has gained international success via localized versions in the United States, Mexico, and Croatia. Television in Colombia or Colombian Television (Televisión de Colombia is the main mass media outlet in Colombia. A telenovela is a limited-run Television serial Melodrama of the type made famous in Latin America. Yo soy Betty la fea ( I am Betty the ugly one) also known as simply " Betty la fea " ( Ugly Betty) was a popular Television has also played a role in the development of the local film industry. The Cinema of Colombia (Cine de Colombia or Colombian Cinema (Cine colombiano refers to the historic evolution of Cinematography in Colombia.
As in many Latin American countries, Colombians have developed a passion for Football (soccer). Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered The Colombia national football team is seen as a symbol of unity and national pride. The Colombia National Team represents Colombia in international football competitions and is controlled by the Federación Colombiana de Fútbol. Colombia has been an "exporter" of many famous players, such as Jonathan Estrada, Freddy Rincon, Carlos Valderrama, Ruben Dario Bustos and Faustino Asprilla. Johnatan Estrada (born January 27, 1983 in Medellín, Antioquia) is a Colombian football Midfielder, who Freddy Eusebio Rincón Valencia (born August 14, 1966 in Buenaventura, Valle del Cauca) is a retired Colombian football Carlos Alberto Valderrama Palacio (born September 2, 1961 in Santa Marta, Colombia) is a former Colombian footballer. Rubén Bustos born in Colombia is a Colombian football player who plays as a defender at Brazilian team Internacional in the Brazilian first division popular Faustino Hernán Asprilla Hinestroza (born 10 November 1969 in Tuluá) is a former Colombian football player Other Colombian athletes have achieved success in other sports, such as NASCAR's Juan Pablo Montoya, Major League Baseball's Edgar Rentería and Orlando Cabrera, and the PGA Tour's Camilo Villegas. The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( NASCAR) is the largest sanctioning body of Stock cars in the United States. Juan Pablo Montoya Roldán (born September 20, 1975, in Bogotá, Colombia) is a Race car driver in NASCAR for Chip Edgar Enrique Rentería (pronounced as ˌɾenteˈɾia (born August 7 1975 in Barranquilla, Colombia) is a Shortstop in Major League Baseball Orlando Luis Cabrera (born November 2 1974 in Cartagena, Colombia) is a Major League Baseball Shortstop who plays for the Chicago White The PGA Tour is an organization that operates the main professional Golf tours in the United States. Professional career Villegas began playing on the PGA Tour in 2004 and earned his PGA Tour card just prior to the 2006 season
Other famous Colombians include the Nobel Prize winning author Gabriel Garcia Marquez, the artist Fernando Botero, the musicians Shakira, Juanes and Carlos Vives, and the actors Rafael Novoa, Catalina Sandino Moreno, and Sofia Vergara. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez (born March 6 1927 is a Colombian Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll (born February 2 1977 known simply as Shakira Juan Esteban Aristizábal Vásquez best known as Juanes (born August 9 1972 in Carolina del Príncipe Antioquia) is a Colombian rock musician Biography Carlos Vives was born in August 7 1961 in Santa Marta, Magdalena, Colombia, where he spent his first 12 years of life Catalina Sandino Moreno (born April 19 1981 is an Academy Award -nominated Colombian actor Sofía Margarita Vergara (born July 10, 1972) is a Colombian model and actress.
The Cuisine of Colombia developed mainly from the food traditions of European countries. Colombian cuisine refers to the Cooking traditions and practices of Colombia. Spanish, Italian and French culinary influences can be seen in Colombian cooking. Spanish cuisine consists of a variety of dishes which stem from differences in geography culture and climate Italian cuisine as a national Cuisine known today has evolved through centuries of social and political changes with its roots traced back to 4th century BC French cuisine is a style of cooking derived from the nation of France. American cuisine, the cuisine of neighboring Latin American countries, Mexico and the Caribbean, as well as the cooking traditions of the Native Americans have all influenced Colombian cuisine. The cuisine of the United States is a style of food preparation derived from the United States. Latin American Cuisine is a phrase that refers to typical foods beverages and cooking styles common to many of the countries and cultures in Latin America.
National symbols have arisen from Colombia's multiculturalism and are objects or themes that are representative of Colombia, the Colombian people, and their shared culture. The National symbols of Colombia are the Symbols which represent the national identity of the Republic of Colombia as a sovereign state. Cultural expressions in Colombia are promoted by the government through the Ministry of Culture.
See also
References
Internet
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- ^ The Geographer Office of the Geographer Bureau of Intelligence and Research (April 15, 1985). Brazil-Colombia boundary (English). International Boundary Study. Retrieved on 2008-01-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France.
- ^ a b CIA (December 13, 2007). Ecuador (English). World Fact Book. Retrieved on 2008-01-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France.
- ^ a b (Spanish) Tratados Internacionales limítrofes de Colombia
- ^ (Spanish) Colombia - Limites territoriales
- ^ a b Michael Baron (May 10, 2007). On Novak's Book and Colombia (English). US News. Retrieved on 2008-02-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours
- ^ [1] Colombia. By Krzysztof Dydynski, Published 2003 Lonely Planet Kolumbie ISBN 0864426747
- ^ Nicolás del Castillo Mathieu (March, 1992). LA PRIMERA VISION DE LAS COSTAS COLOMBIANAS, Repaso de Historia (Spanish). Revista Credencial. Retrieved on 2008-02-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours
- ^ a b CIA world fact book (February 28, 2008). Colombia (English). CIA. Retrieved on 2008-02-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours
- ^ David R. Davis, Brett Ashley Leeds and Will H. Moore (November 21, 1998). Measuring Dissident and state behaviour: The Intranational Political Interactions (IPI) Project (English). Florida State University. Retrieved on 2008-01-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France.
- ^ a b "South America Banks on Regional Strategy to Safeguard Quarter of Earth's Biodiversity", Conservation International. Retrieved on 2007-06-29. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland.
- ^ a b Carlos Restrepo Piedrahita (February, 1992). EL NOMBRE "COLOMBIA", El único país que lleva el nombre del Descubrimiento (Spanish). Revista Credencial. Retrieved on 2008-02-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours
- ^ (Spanish) Colombia -Limites territoriales
- ^ Benton, M. J. . (2001): "Biodiversity on land and in the sea. ", en Geological Journal, vol. 36, N° 3-4
- ^ http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/468283.html
- ^ Van der Hammen, T. and Correal, G. 1978: "Prehistoric man on the Sabana de Bogotá: data for an ecologiacal prehistory"; Paleography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 25:179-190
- ^ Broadbent, Sylvia 1964: Los Chibchas: organización socio-política. Série Latinoamericana 5. Bogotá: Facultad de Sociología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia
- ^ The Story Of… Smallpox—and other Deadly Eurasian Germs
- ^ Come to Sunny Colombia The Economist, 29 June 2006. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ (Spanish) Polo Democratico Alternativo ¿Por qué la parapolítica? February 26, 2007. Retrieved on August 19, 2007
- ^ ELESPECTADOR.COM - Noticias
- ^ Clune, Sara. Colombia's illegal drug trade. Retrieved on 2007-11-13. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St
- ^ Montanaro, Ann. A Concise History of Pop-up and Movable Books. Retrieved on 2007-02-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen
- ^ BusinessWeek, Colombia, The Most Extreme Emerging Market on Earth May 28, 2007
- ^ Colombia - Travel, adventure, action, eco-tourism and backpacking community the world over with ExtremeTourist.com. Events 585 BC - A Solar eclipse occurs as predicted by Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-10-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's
- ^ "Hot Destination: Colombia", Christian Science Monitor, May 9, 2006. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ International Tourist Arrivals by Country of Destination, Tourism Market Trends, 2005 Edition, World Tourism Organization.
- ^ Travel Channel, 5 Takes Latin America June 2007
- ^ : c e e l a t :
- ^ http://www.ceelat.org/Program.pdf.zip
- ^ http://www.ars.usda.gov/meetings/Biofuel2007/files/Intl%2520Perspectives%2520-%2520Other%2520Papers.doc
- ^ Colombia, Human Development Report 2006, United Nations Development Programme.
- ^ a b EPM (2005). La etnia Wayuu (Spanish). Empresas Publicas de Medellin. Retrieved on 2008-02-29. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours
- ^ Intute - World Guide - Colombia. Retrieved on 2007-03-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1618 - Johannes Kepler discovers the third law of planetary motion.
- ^ The Languages of Colombia
- ^ Religious Intelligence - Country Profile: Colombia (Republic of Colombia). Retrieved on 2007-10-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 42 BC - First Battle of Philippi: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight an indecisive battle with Caesar's
- ^ a b International Religious Freedom Report 2005, by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U. S. Department of State, November 8, 2005. Events 1519 - Hernán Cortés enters Tenochtitlán and Aztec ruler Moctezuma welcomes him with great a Celebration Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
Further reading
- Academia Colombiana de Historia (1986), Historia extensa de Colombia (41 volúmenes). Bogotá: Ediciones Lerner, 1965-1986. ISBN 9589501338 (Obra completa)
- Barrios, Luis (1984), Historia de Colombia. Quinta edición, Bogotá: Editorial Cultural
- Bedoya F. , Víctor A. (1944), Historia de Colombia: independencia y república con bases fundamentales en la colonia. Colección La Salle, Bogotá: Librería Stella
- Bushnell, David (1996), Colombia una nación a pesar de sí misma: de los tiempos precolombinos a nuestros días. Bogotá: Planeta Editores. ISBN 9586144879
- Caballero Argaez, Carlos (1987), 50 años de economía: de la crisis del treinta a la del ochenta. Segunda edición, Colección Jorge Ortega Torres, Bogotá: Editorial Presencia, Asociación Bancaria de Colombia. ISBN 9589040039
- Cadavid Misas, Roberto (2004), Cursillo de historia de Colombia: de la conquista a la independencia. Bogotá: Intermedio Editores. ISBN 9587091345
- Calderón Schrader, Camilo; Gil, Antonio; Torras, Daniel (2001), Enciclopedia de Colombia (4 volúmenes). Barcelona: céano Grupo Editorial, 2001. ISBN 8449419476 (Obra completa)
- Calderón Schrader, Camilo (1993), Gran enciclopedia de Colombia (11 volúmenes). Bogotá: Círculo de Lectores. ISBN 9582802944 (obra completa)
- Cavelier Gaviria, Germán (2003), Centenario de Panamá: una historia de la separación de Colombia en 1903. Bogotá: Universidad Externado de Colombia. ISBN 9586167186
- Forero, Manuel José (1946), Historia analítica de Colombia desde los orígenes de la independencia nacional. Segunda edición, Bogotá: Librería Voluntad.
- Gómez Hoyos, Rafael (1992), La independencia de Colombia. Madrid: Editorial Mapfre, Colecciones Mapfre 1492. ISBN 8471005964
- Granados, Rafael María (1978), Historia general de Colombia: prehistoria, conquista, colonia, independencia y Repúbica. Octava edición, Bogotá: Imprenta Departamental Antonio Nariño.
- Hernández de Alba, Guillermo (2004), Como nació la República de Colombia. Colección Bolsilibros. Bogotá: Academia Colombiana de Historia. ISBN 9588040353
- Hernández Becerra, Augusto (2001), Ordenamiento y desarreglo territorial en Colombia. Bogotá: Universidad Externado de Colombia, ISBN 9586165558
- Hernández Rodríguez, Guillermo (1949), De los chibchas a la colonia y a la república. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Sección de Extensión Cultural.
- Jaramillo Uribe, Jaime; Tirado Mejía, Álvaro; Calderón Schrader, Camilo (2000), Nueva historia de Colombia (12 volúmenes). Bogotá: Planeta Colombiana Editorial. ISBN 9586142515 (Obra completa)
- Ocampo López, Javier (1999), El proceso ideológico de la emancipación en Colombia. Colección La Línea de Horizonte, Bogotá: Editorial Planeta. ISBN 9586147924
- Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo (1998), Colombia indígena. Medellín: Hola Colina. ISBN 9586382761
- Restrepo, José Manuel (1974), Historia de la revolución de la República de Colombia. Medellín: Editorial Bedout.
- Rivadeneira Vargas, Antonio José (2002), Historia constitucional de Colombia 1510-2000. Tunja: Editorial Bolivariana Internacional. Tercera edición.
- Tovar Pinzón, Hermes (1975), El movimiento campesino en Colombia durante los siglos XIX y XX. Bogotá : Ediciones Libres, segunda edición.
- United States-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement (TLC) Colombia
- Trujillo Muñoz Augusto (2001), Descentralización, regionalización y autonomía local. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
- Vidal Perdomo Jaime (2001), La Región en la Organización Territorial del Estado. Bogotá: Universidad del Rosario.
- Central Intelligence Agency: The World Factbook. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all The World Factbook ( ISSN; also known as the CIA World Factbook) is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the 2005.
External links
Government
- (Spanish) Portal del Estado - Colombia Online Government web site
- (Spanish) Presidencia de la República de Colombia - Official Presidential web site
- (Spanish) Ministerio de Comercio, Industria y Turismo - Commerce, Industry and Tourism Boreau
- National System of Cultural Information
- (Spanish) UNICEF en Colombia
- Banco de la República - Central Bank
- (Spanish) Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica - National Statistics Administrative Dept.
- (Spanish) Instituto Nacional de Vías - Transport and Road Agency
- (Spanish) Senate of Colombia
- (Spanish) Colombia's House of representatives
- (Spanish) Colombia's Judicial branch
- (Spanish) Policia Nacional - Police
- Armada Nacional de Colombia - Navy
- Ejército Nacional de Colombia - Army
- (Spanish) Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad - Homeland Security
- (Spanish) - Agustin Codazzi Geographic Institute - Maps of Colombia
Other
- Colombia travel guide from Wikitravel
- Encyclopaedia Britannica Colombia Country Page
- CIA World Factbook - Colombia
- US Colombia Free Trade Promotion Agreement - Congressional Research Service
- US-Colombia Free Trade Deal Costly for Poor People - Oxfam
- A U.S.-Colombia Free Trade Agreement: Strengthening Democracy and Progress in Latin America - Cato Institute
Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. The Congressional Research Service (CRS is the Public policy research arm of the United States Congress. Oxfam International is a confederation of 13 organizations working with over 3000 partners in more than 100 countries to find lasting solutions to poverty and injustice The Cato Institute is a Libertarian Think tank headquartered in Washington D