Citizendia

This article is about the American statesman. For the English football (soccer) player, see Colin Powell (footballer). Colin David Powell (born July 7 1948 in Hendon, London) was a professional footballer He played as a winger for Charlton Athletic
General Colin L. Powell
Colin Powell
In office
January 20, 2001 – January 26, 2005
PresidentGeorge W. Bush
Preceded byMadeleine Albright
Succeeded byCondoleezza Rice
In office
October 1, 1989 – September 30, 1993
PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush
Preceded byWilliam J. Crowe
Succeeded byDavid E. Jeremiah
In office
1987 – 1989
PresidentRonald Reagan
Preceded byFrank Carlucci
Succeeded byBrent Scowcroft
BornApril 5, 1937 (1937-04-05) (age 71)
New York City, New York, U.S.A.
Political partyRepublican
SpouseAlma Vivian Johnson Powell
ProfessionSoldier
Statesman
ReligionEpiscopalian
Military service
AllegianceUnited States of America
Service/branchUnited States Army
Years of service1958-1993
RankGeneral
Unit3rd Armored Division
Americal Division
CommandsForces Command
Battles/warsVietnam War
Invasion of Panama
Gulf War

Colin Luther Powell, KCB (Honorary) (born April 5, 1937) is an American statesman and retired General in the United States Army. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Madeleine Korbel Albright (born Marie Jana Korbelová on May 15, 1937) was the first woman to become United States Secretary of State. Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 is the 66th United States The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( CJCS) is by law the highest ranking military officer overall in the United States Armed Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 Admiral William James Crowe Jr ( January 2 1925 &ndash October 18 2007) was a United States Navy Admiral who For the article on the Christian pastor author and broadcaster see David Jeremiah. The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Frank Charles Carlucci III (born October 18 1930) is a former government official in the United States, associated with the Republican Party Brent Scowcroft (born March 19 1925 in Ogden Utah) was the United States National Security Advisor under Presidents Gerald Ford and Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The City of New York New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Alma Vivian Powell (née Johnson) born in Birmingham Alabama, is an African American Audiologist and the wife of military and political figure A soldier is a general English term that refers to a member of a land component of National Armed forces. A statesman or stateswoman or statesperson is usually a Politician or other notable figure of State who has had a long and respected career in The Episcopal Church is the official name of the Province of the Anglican Communion in the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The 3rd Armored Division &mdashnicknamed the Spearhead Division &mdash and sometimes colloquially referred to within the U United States Army Forces Command ( FORSCOM) is the Army's largest major command The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia The United States invasion of Panama, codenamed Operation Just Cause, was the Invasion of Panama by the United States in December 1989 The Most Honourable Order of the Bath (formerly The Most Honourable Military Order of the Bath) is a British Order of chivalry founded by George Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. He was the 65th United States Secretary of State (2001-2005), serving under President George W. Bush. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. US Department of Defense[1][2] As a General in the United States Army, Powell also served as National Security Advisor (1987–1989) and as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989–1993), holding the latter position during the Gulf War. In the United States Army, United States Air Force, and United States Marine Corps, general is a four-star General officer rank The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( CJCS) is by law the highest ranking military officer overall in the United States Armed

Contents

Personal background

Powell was born in Harlem in 1937 to Jamaican immigrant parents and was raised in the South Bronx. The South Bronx is a region of the New York City Borough of The Bronx. He also has Irish and Native American ancestry. Powell attended Morris High School, a former public school in The Bronx, New York City, from which he graduated in 1954. The City of New York He gained a bachelor's degree in geology from City College of New York attaining a "C" average, according to his 2006 graduation address at Marymount University. Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit The City College of The City University of New York (known more commonly as the City College of New York or simply City College, CCNY, or colloquially as Marymount University is a coeducational four-year Catholic university whose main campus is located in Arlington Virginia. He later obtained an MBA from The George Washington University after his second tour in Vietnam in 1971. The Master of Business Administration ( MBA) is a Master's degree in Business administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines The George Washington University ( GW or GWU) is a private coeducational university located in Washington D Vietnam (ˌviːɛtˈnɑːm Việt Nam) officially

In 1962, he married Alma, who is now the co-chair of America's Promise. America's Promise — The Alliance for Youth is a foundation founded by Colin Powell in 1997 to help children and youth from all socioeconomic sectors in He is the father of Michael Powell, the former chair of the Federal Communications Commission. Michael Kevin Powell (born March 23, 1963) is an American Republican Politician. (Michael Powell was known mostly for a public battle with radio host Howard Stern. Howard Allan Stern (born January 12 1954 is an American radio host and Television personality. )

Powell's first name is fairly common in the United Kingdom and Ireland but rare in the United States. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The United States of America —commonly referred to as the He pronounces his name "cole-in"; most other men with this name pronounce it "call-in", or "coll-in" in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In general, public officials and radio and television reporters have used Powell's preferred pronunciation.

Military career

While at City College Powell joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps and later described it as one of the happiest experiences of his life: finding something he loved and could do well, he had "found himself. The City College of The City University of New York (known more commonly as the City College of New York or simply City College, CCNY, or colloquially as " Cadet Powell joined the Pershing Rifles, the ROTC fraternal organization and drill team started by GEN John Pershing. The Pershing Rifles, a military drill team organization for college-level students was founded by then 2nd Lt John Joseph "Black Jack" Pershing, GCB ( September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948) was an officer in the United States Army Even after Powell became a General, he still kept on his desk a pen set he had won for a drill team competition. After graduating from City College in June 1958, he was granted a commission as an Army Second Lieutenant. Second Lieutenant is the lowest commissioned officer Military rank in many Armed forces. [3] Powell was a professional soldier for 35 years, during which time he held a variety of command and staff positions and rose to the rank of General. [4] Powell obtained an MBA from George Washington University in 1971 and then served a White House fellowship under President Richard Nixon. The Master of Business Administration ( MBA) is a Master's degree in Business administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines The George Washington University ( GW or GWU) is a private coeducational university located in Washington D The White House Fellows program was established by President of the United States Lyndon B In his autobiography My American Journey, Powell mentioned several officers he served under that inspired and mentored him.

As a Lieutenant Colonel serving in South Korea, for example, Powell was very close to General Henry "Gunfighter" Emerson. Please see " Lieutenant Colonel " for other countries which use this rank In the United States Army, United States Marine Corps South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Major General Henry ("The Gunfighter" Everett Emerson, United States Army (Ret Powell said he regarded this man as one of the most caring officers he ever served under. Emerson reputedly had a somewhat eccentric personality. For example, he insisted his troops train only at night and made them repeatedly watch the television film Brian's Song to promote racial harmony. Brian's Song is a 1971 made-for-TV movie recalling the details of the life of Brian Piccolo (played by James Caan) a white Powell always professed, however, that what set Emerson apart was his great love of his soldiers and concern for their welfare.

While serving with the Third Armored Division in Germany as a Lieutenant, he met Elvis Presley, then serving in that unit. The 3rd Armored Division &mdashnicknamed the Spearhead Division &mdash and sometimes colloquially referred to within the U During the Vietnam War, Powell served as an advisor from 1962 to 1963. The Vietnam War, also known as the Second Indochina War, or the Vietnam Conflict, occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia He returned to Vietnam from 1968 to 1970 where he served as the executive officer and later as the assistant chief of staff of operations for the Americal Division (the 23rd Infantry Division) with the rank of Major, was charged with investigating a detailed letter by Tom Glen (a soldier from the 11th Light Infantry Brigade), which backed up rumored allegations of the My Lai Massacre. The My Lai Massacre ( approximately) (thảm sát Mỹ Lai was the Mass murder of 347 to 504 unarmed citizens of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam almost Powell wrote: "In direct refutation of this portrayal is the fact that relations between Americal soldiers and the Vietnamese people are excellent. " Later, Powell's assessment would be described as whitewashing the news of the massacre, and questions would continue to remain undisclosed to the public. Whitewash, or calcimine, kalsomine, or calsomine is a very low cost type of Paint made from Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide and On May 4, 2004, United States Secretary of State Colin L. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Powell said to Larry King, "I mean, I was in a unit that was responsible for My Lai. Larry King (born November 19, 1933) is an American television/radio host I got there after My Lai happened. So, in war, these sorts of horrible things happen every now and again, but they are still to be deplored. "[5]

Official Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff portrait
Official Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff portrait

In the early 1980s, Powell served at Fort Carson, Colorado. Fort Carson is a United States Army installation located immediately south of Colorado Springs in El Paso County, Colorado, and 30 It was there that he had a major clash with General John Hudachek, his commander. Hudachek said in an efficiency evaluation that Powell was a poor leader who should not be promoted. Many of Powell's supporters have said this was pettiness and spite on Hudachek's part and Powell's rising military career was unhindered by Hudachek's evaluation report. After he left Fort Carson, Powell became senior military assistant to Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger, whom he assisted during the invasion of Grenada and the raid on Libya. Caspar Willard "Cap" Weinberger ( August 18, 1917 &ndash March 28, 2006) was an American politician and Secretary

In 1986, he took over the command of V Corps in Frankfurt Germany from Robert Lewis "Sam" Wetzel. In 1989, prior to being named Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Powell served as the Commander in Chief, Forces Command headquartered at Fort McPherson, Georgia. See also Fort McPherson Northwest Territories Fort McPherson is a U

Dates of rank

Badges

Military medals and ribbons

Bronze oak leaf cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Defense Distinguished Service Medal (with 3 Oak Leaf Clusters)
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Distinguished Service Medal, Army (with Oak Leaf Cluster)
Defense Superior Service Medal
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Legion of Merit (with Oak Leaf Cluster)
Soldier's Medal
Bronze Star
Purple Heart
Air Medal
Joint Service Commendation Medal
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Bronze oak leaf cluster
Army Commendation Medal (with 2 Oak Leaf Clusters)
Presidential Medal of Freedom (order of precedence, if worn)
no imagePresidential Citizens Medal (order of precedence, if worn)
Bronze service star
National Defense Service Medal (with 1 Bronze Service Star)
Silver service star
Vietnam Service Medal (with 1 Silver Service Star)
Army Service Ribbon
Army Overseas Service Ribbon (with numeral 3)

Foreign decorations

Presidential appointments

National Security Advisor

President Ronald Reagan and National Security Advisor Powell in 1988
President Ronald Reagan and National Security Advisor Powell in 1988

At the age of 49, Powell became Ronald Reagan's National Security Advisor, serving from 1987 to 1989. The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA Year 1987 ( MCMLXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays 1987 Gregorian calendar) Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) He retained his Army commission (he was a Lieutenant General at the time of his nomination) while serving as National Security Advisor. This article is about a United States military rank For other countries that use a similar rank see Lieutenant General. After his tenure with the NSC, Powell was promoted to 4-star General under President George H.W. Bush and served as Commander-in-Chief (CINC) of the United States Army's Forces Command (FORSCOM), overseeing all Army, Army Reserve, and National Guard units in the Continental U. George Herbert Walker Bush (born June 12 1924 served as the forty-first President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. United States Army Forces Command ( FORSCOM) is the Army's largest major command For the National Guard of a State and other countries' National Guard see National Guard. S. , Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. Alaska ( Аляска Alyaska) is a state in the United States of America, in the northwest of the North American continent The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}}

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

General Colin Powell, Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, waves from his motorcade during the Persian Gulf War, Welcome Home Parade, held in New York City, New York.
General Colin Powell, Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, waves from his motorcade during the Persian Gulf War, Welcome Home Parade, held in New York City, New York.

His last military assignment, from October 1, 1989 to September 30, 1993, was as the 12th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the highest military position in the Department of Defense. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Events 1399 - Henry IV is proclaimed King of England. 1744 - France and Spain defeat the Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) The Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS) is a group comprising the Chiefs of service of each major branch of the Armed services in the United States armed forces The United States Department of Defense ( DOD or DoD) is the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government At age 52, he became the youngest officer, and first African American, to serve in this position. In 1989, he joined Dwight D. Eisenhower and Alexander Haig as the third general since World War II to reach four-star rank without ever being a divisional commander. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general Alexander Meigs Haig Jr (born December 2 1924 is a retired four-star General in the United States Army who served as the U Powell was also the first JCS Chair who was not a collegiate graduate of a United States Service academy, but rather, through ROTC. The United States Service academies, also known as the United States Military Academies, are federal academies for the undergraduate education and training of ROTC links here For other uses see ROTC (disambiguation A Reserve Officers' Training Corps ( ROTC) ROTC produces officers in all branches [6] During this time, he oversaw 28 crises, including the invasion of Panama in 1989 to remove General Manuel Noriega from power in the United States invasion of Panama and Operation Desert Storm in the 1991 Persian Gulf War. Manuel Antonio Noriega (born February 11, 1934) He was never officially the President of Panama, but held the post of "chief executive officer" The United States invasion of Panama, codenamed Operation Just Cause, was the Invasion of Panama by the United States in December 1989 During these events, Powell earned his nickname, "the reluctant warrior". He rarely advocated military intervention as the first solution to an international dispute, and instead usually prescribed diplomacy and containment. Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states Containment refers to a Foreign policy of the United States in the early years of the Cold War.

Powell (left) sits alongside Paul Wolfowitz (right) and Norman Schwarzkopf (middle) listening as Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney hosts a press conference regarding the War.
Powell (left) sits alongside Paul Wolfowitz (right) and Norman Schwarzkopf (middle) listening as Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney hosts a press conference regarding the War. Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (born December 22, 1943) is a former United States Ambassador to Indonesia, U General H Norman Schwarzkopf (also known as '''"Stormin' Norman"''' and '''"The Bear"''') (b Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States.

Powell mentioned in his autobiography that he is haunted by the nightmare of the Vietnam War. He felt the leadership was very ineffective. Powell served a tour in Vietnam as a military advisor, and was mildly injured when he stepped on a bamboo "punji stick. The Punji stick or Punji stake is a type of Booby trapped stake " The large infection made it difficult for him to walk, and caused his foot to swell for a short time, shortening his first tour. It was also during his Vietnam service, his second tour, that Powell was decorated for bravery. He single-handedly rescued several men from a burning helicopter, one of them being Maj. Gen. Charles Gettys, the commander of the Americal Division.

Powell opposed the majority of George H. W. Bush Administration officials who advocated the deployment of troops to the Middle East to force Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein to withdraw his armies from neighboring Kuwait, believing the dictator could instead be contained through sanctions and a buildup of forces around Kuwait. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 The State of Kuwait ( دولة الكويت IPA [dawlatt̪ alkuwajt̪]) is a sovereign Arab Emirate on the coast of the Persian Gulf, enclosed International sanctions are actions taken by Countries against others for political reasons either Unilaterally or Multilaterally.

As an officer, Powell also valued loyalty very highly. This page is about loyalty as faithfulness to a cause For its use in business see Loyalty business model or Loyalty Marketing. As a military strategist, he has advocated an approach to military conflicts that maximizes the potential for success and minimizes casualties. A component of this approach is the use of overwhelming force, which he applied to Operation Desert Storm in 1991. His approach has been dubbed the "Powell Doctrine". The " Powell Doctrine " is a Journalist -created term named after General Colin Powell in the run-up to the 1990-1991 Gulf War.

Colin Powell's experience in military matters made him a very popular figure with both American political parties. Many Democrats admired his moderate stance on military matters, while many Republicans saw him as a great asset associated with the successes of past Republican administrations. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Powell eventually declared himself a Republican, and began to campaign for Republican candidates. He was touted as a possible opponent of Bill Clinton in the 1996 U.S. Presidential Election, but Powell declined. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States The United States presidential election of 1996 was a contest between the Democratic national ticket of President Bill Clinton of Arkansas and Vice

In 1997 Powell founded America's Promise with the objective of helping children from all socioeconomic sectors. America's Promise — The Alliance for Youth is a foundation founded by Colin Powell in 1997 to help children and youth from all socioeconomic sectors in Powell often wears the logo of the organization in the form of a red wagon pin on his lapel. A logo ( Greek el λογότυπος = el-Latn logotypos is a graphical element ( Ideogram, Symbol, Emblem, Icon, Sign)

In the 2000 U.S. Presidential Election Powell campaigned for Texas Governor George W. The United States presidential election of 2000 was a contest between Democratic candidate Al Gore, then Vice President, and Republican Bush, serving as a key foreign policy advisor to the campaign. Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American Magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P At the same time, it was often hinted that Powell might have been appointed to a position within a Democratic administration, should Al Gore have won. Albert Arnold Gore Jr (born March 31 1948 is an American environmental Activist, author Businessperson, former Politician, and former Bush eventually won, and Colin Powell was appointed Secretary of State.

Secretary of State

Powell, National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld listen to President George W. Bush speak.
Powell, National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice and Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld listen to President George W. Bush speak. Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 is the 66th United States Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9 1932 is a United States Businessman, Politician, the 13th Secretary of Defense under President George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States.

As Secretary of State in the Bush administration, Powell was perceived as moderate. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Powell's great asset was his tremendous popularity among the American people. Over the course of his tenure he traveled less than any other U. S. Secretary of State in 30 years. Powell was unanimously voted in by the United States Senate.

On September 11, 2001, Powell was in Lima, Peru, meeting with President Alejandro Toledo and US Ambassador to Peru John Hamilton, and attending the special session of the OAS General Assembly that subsequently adopted the Inter-American Democratic Charter. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Alejandro Celestino Toledo Manrique (born 28 March 1946 is a Peruvian Politician and Economist. The General Assembly is the supreme decision-making body of the Organization of American States (OAS The Inter-American Democratic Charter was adopted on 11 September 2001 by a special session of the General Assembly of the Organization of American

After September 11, Powell's job became of critical importance in managing America's relationships with foreign countries in order to secure a stable coalition in the War on Terrorism. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U

In April 2002, he visited the site of the alleged Jenin Massacre in the West Bank and later said while testifying to Congress, "I've seen no evidence that would suggest a massacre took place. The Battle of Jenin took place from April 3 to April 11, 2002 in the Refugee camp of Jenin, in the West Bank. The West Bank (الضفة الغربية, הגדה המערבית Hagadah Hamaaravit) also referred to in Israel as " Judea and Samaria " Details of the events were unclear at the time, Shimon Peres was quoted by Ha'aretz speaking of a massacre and IDF estimates of the dead were in the 100s. (שמעון פרס born Szymon Perski on August 2 1923, is the ninth President of the State of Israel. (הארץ "The land" referring to the Land of Israel) founded in 1918 is Israel 's oldest Daily newspaper. Later investigations by human rights organizations and the United Nations placed the number of deaths amongst Palestinians at 52.

Powell came under fire for his role in building the case for the 2003 Invasion of Iraq. some section heading moves the Contents box to the top of the article The 2003 invasion of Iraq, from March 20 to May 1 2003 was spearheaded by the United States, backed by British forces and smaller contingents from Australia In a press statement on February 24, 2001 he had said that sanctions against Iraq had prevented the development of any weapons of mass destruction by Saddam Hussein. Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti ( Arabic: ar صدام حسين عبد المجيد التكريتي --> April 28 1937 &ndash December 30 As was the case in the days leading up to the Persian Gulf War, Powell was initially opposed to a forcible overthrow of Hussein, preferring to continue a policy of containment. However, Powell eventually agreed to go along with the Bush administration's determination to remove Hussein. He had often clashed with others in the administration, who were reportedly planning an Iraq invasion even before the September 11 attacks—an insight supported by testimony by former terrorism czar Richard Clarke in front of the 9/11 Commission. 9/11 Commission ReportThe National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, also known as the 9/11 Commission, was set up on November 27, 2002 The main concession Powell wanted before he would offer his full support for the Iraq War was the involvement of the international community in the invasion, as opposed to the unilateral approach some advocated. He was also successful in persuading Bush to take the case of Iraq to the United Nations, and in moderating other initiatives. Powell was placed at the forefront of this diplomatic campaign.

Computer-generated image of an alleged mobile production facility for biological weapons, presented by Colin Powell at the UN Security Council. On 27th May 2003, US and UK experts examined the trailers and declared they had nothing to do with biological weapons.
Computer-generated image of an alleged mobile production facility for biological weapons, presented by Colin Powell at the UN Security Council. Mobile weapons laboratories are Bioreactors and other processing equipment to manufacture and process Biological weapons that can be moved from location to locating In March 2003 the US government announced that " Diplomacy has failed" and that it would proceed with a "coalition of the willing" to rid Iraq of On 27th May 2003, US and UK experts examined the trailers and declared they had nothing to do with biological weapons.

Powell's chief role was to garner international support for a multi-national coalition to mount the invasion. In March 2003 the US government announced that " Diplomacy has failed" and that it would proceed with a "coalition of the willing" to rid Iraq of A coalition is an alliance among individuals during which they cooperate in joint action, each in their own Self-interest. To this end, Powell addressed a plenary session of the United Nations Security Council on February 5, 2003 to argue in favor of military action. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Citing "numerous" anonymous Iraqi defectors, Powell asserted that "there can be no doubt that Saddam Hussein has biological weapons and the capability to rapidly produce more, many more. "[7] Powell also stated that there was "no doubt in my mind" that Saddam was working to obtain key components to produce nuclear weapons. [8]

Most observers praised Powell's oratorical skills. However, Britain's Channel 4 News reported soon afterwards that a UK intelligence dossier that Powell had referred to as a "fine paper" during his presentation had been based on old material and plagiarized an essay by an American graduate student. Iraq Its Infrastructure of Concealment Deception and Intimidation (more commonly known as the Dodgy Dossier, the Iraq Dossier or the February Dossier Dr Ibrahim al-Marashi is a historian researching the Middle East and Political communications. [3][4] A 2004 report by the Iraq Survey Group concluded that the evidence that Powell offered to support the allegation that the Iraqi government possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) was inaccurate. The Iraq Survey Group (ISG was a fact-finding mission sent by the Multinational force in Iraq after the 2003 Invasion of Iraq to find the alleged Iraqi weapons A weapon of mass destruction ( WMD) is a weapon which can kill large numbers of humans and/or cause great damage to man-made structures (e

A Senate report on intelligence failures would later detail the intense debate that went on behind the scenes on what to include in Powell's speech. State Department analysts had found dozens of factual problems in drafts of the speech. Some of the claims were taken out, but others were left in, such as claims based on the yellowcake forgery. The Niger uranium forgeries refers to falsified classified documents initially revealed by Italian intelligence. [9] The administration came under fire for having acted on faulty intelligence. Reports have indicated that Powell himself was skeptical of the evidence presented to him. Powell later recounted how Vice President Cheney had joked with him before he gave the speech, telling him, "You've got high poll ratings; you can afford to lose a few points. " Larry Wilkerson later characterized Cheney's view of Powell's mission as to "go up there and sell it, and we'll have moved forward a peg or two. Fall on your damn sword and kill yourself, and I'll be happy, too. "[10]

In September 2005, Powell was asked about the speech during an interview with Barbara Walters and responded that it was a "blot" on his record. Barbara Jill Walters (born September 25 1929) is an American Journalist, writer and media He went on to say, "It will always be a part of my record. It was painful. It's painful now. "[11]

Mr. Powell's longtime aide-de-camp Colonel Lawrence B. Wilkerson said that he participated in a hoax on the American people in preparing Mr. An aide-de-camp ( French for camp assistant) is a personal assistant secretary or Adjutant to a person of high rank usually a senior military officer Lawrence B Wilkerson ( 15 June 1945 in Gaffney South Carolina) is a retired United States Army Colonel and former chief of staff A hoax is a deliberate attempt to Dupe, Deceive or trick an audience into believing or accepting that something is real when in fact it is not or that Powell's erroneous testimony before the United Nations Security Council. [12]

Because Powell was seen as more moderate than most figures in the administration, he was spared many of the attacks that have been leveled at more controversial advocates of the invasion, such as Donald Rumsfeld and Paul Wolfowitz. Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9 1932 is a United States Businessman, Politician, the 13th Secretary of Defense under President Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (born December 22, 1943) is a former United States Ambassador to Indonesia, U At times, infighting between the Powell-led State Department, the Rumsfeld-led Defense Department, and Vice President Dick Cheney's office had the effect of paralyzing the administration on crucial issues, such as what actions to take regarding Iran and North Korea. Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30 1941 is the forty-sixth and current Vice President of the United States.

Secretary Powell with NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer.
Secretary Powell with NATO Secretary General Jaap de Hoop Scheffer. Jakob Gijsbert "Jaap" de Hoop Scheffer (/jɑːp də hoːp ˈsxɛfər/ born 3 April 1948 is a Dutch Politician and the 11th NATO Secretary

After Saddam Hussein had been deposed, Powell's new role was to once again establish a working international coalition, this time to assist in the rebuilding of post-war Iraq. On September 13, 2004, Powell testified before the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee,[13] acknowledging that the sources who provided much of the information in his February 2003 UN presentation were "wrong" and that it was "unlikely" that any stockpiles of WMDs would be found. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Claiming that he was unaware that some intelligence officials questioned the information prior to his presentation, Powell pushed for reform in the intelligence community, including the creation of a national intelligence director who would assure that "what one person knew, everyone else knew".

Colin Powell holding a model vial of anthrax while giving a presentation to the United Nations Security Council
Colin Powell holding a model vial of anthrax while giving a presentation to the United Nations Security Council

Colin Powell announced his resignation as Secretary of State on Monday, November 15, 2004. Anthrax is an acute Disease in humans and animals caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis which is highly lethal in some forms Events 655 - Battle of Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " According to the Washington Post, he had been asked to resign by the president's chief of staff, Andrew Card. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Andrew Hill "Andy" Card Jr (born May 10 1947 is an American politician and lobbyist former United States Cabinet member and head of George W [10] Powell announced that he would stay on until the end of Bush's first term or until his replacement's confirmation by Congress. The following day, George W. Bush nominated National Security Advisor Condoleezza Rice as Powell's successor. Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 is the 66th United States News of Powell's leaving the Administration spurred mixed reactions from politicians around the world—some upset at the loss of a statesman seen as a moderating factor within the Bush administration, but others hoping for Powell's successor to wield more influence within the cabinet, and thus be a more credible negotiator.

In mid-November, Colin Powell stated that he had seen new evidence suggesting that Iran was adapting missiles for a nuclear delivery system. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. [14] The accusation came at the same time as the settlement of an agreement between the IAEA, the European Union and Iran. The International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics.

On December 31, 2004, Powell rang in the New Year by throwing the ball in Times Square with New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, ushering in the year 2005. Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Times Square is a major intersection in Manhattan, New York City at the junction of Broadway and Seventh Avenue and stretching from West Michael Rubens Bloomberg (born February 14, 1942) is an American businessman and the Mayor of New York City. He appeared on the networks that were broadcasting New Year's Eve specials and talked about this honor, as well as being a native of New York City. [15]

Life after diplomatic service

After retiring from the role of Secretary of State, Powell returned to private life. In April 2005, he was privately telephoned by Republican senators Lincoln Chafee and Chuck Hagel,[16] at which time Powell expressed reservations and mixed reviews about the nomination of John R. Bolton as ambassador to the United Nations, but refrained from advising the senators to oppose Bolton (Powell had clashed with Bolton during Bush's first term). Lincoln Davenport Chafee (ˈtʃeɪ fiː CHAY-fee) (born March 26, 1953) is a former United States Senator from Rhode Island. Charles Timothy " Chuck " Hagel (born October 4, 1946) is the senior United States Senator from Nebraska. John Robert Bolton (born November 20, 1948) is an American public servant who has served in several Republican presidential administrations The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security [17] The decision was viewed as potentially dealing significant damage to Bolton's chances of confirmation. Bolton was put into the position via a recess appointment because of the strong opposition in the Senate. A recess appointment occurs when the President of the United States fills a vacant federal position during a recess of the United States Senate.

On 28 April 2005, an opinion piece in the The Guardian by Sidney Blumenthal (a former top aide to President Bill Clinton) claimed that Powell was in fact "conducting a campaign" against Bolton because of the acrimonious battles they had had while working together, which among other things had resulted in Powell cutting Bolton out of talks with Iran and Libya after complaints about Bolton's involvement from the British. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Sidney Blumenthal (born November 6, 1948) is a former aide to President Bill Clinton and a widely published American journalist especially on American William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States Blumenthal added that "The foreign relations committee has discovered that Bolton made a highly unusual request and gained access to 10 intercepts by the National Security Agency. The National Security Agency/ Central Security Service ( NSA/CSS) is a cryptologic intelligence agency of the United States government Staff members on the committee believe that Bolton was probably spying on Powell, his senior advisers and other officials reporting to him on diplomatic initiatives that Bolton opposed. "[18]

In July 2005, Powell joined Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield & Byers, a well-known Silicon Valley venture capital firm, with the title of "strategic limited partner". Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (KPCB is a Venture capital firm located on Sand Hill Road in Silicon Valley. For the valley nicknamed "Silicone Valley" see San Fernando Valley. Venture capital (also known as VC or Venture) is a type of Private equity capital typically provided to immature high-potential growth companies

In September 2005, Powell criticized the response to Hurricane Katrina. Hurricane Katrina of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season was the costliest hurricane, as well as one of the five deadliest in the history of the United States [19] Powell said that thousands of people were not properly protected, but because they were poor rather than because they were black.

On January 5, 2006, he participated in a meeting at the White House of former Secretaries of Defense and State to discuss United States foreign policy with Bush administration officials. Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. See also Executive Office of the President of the United States The White House, formerly known as the Executive Mansion, is the Official residence In September 2006, Powell sided with more moderate Senate Republicans in supporting more rights for detainees and opposing President Bush's terrorism bill. He backed the senators John Warner, John McCain and Lindsey Graham in their statement that U. John William Warner (born February 18 1927 is an American Politician, who served as Secretary of the Navy from 1972 to 1974 and has served as the Lindsey Olin Graham (born July 9, 1955) is an American Politician from South Carolina. S. military and intelligence personnel in future wars will suffer for abuses committed in 2006 by the U. S. in the name of fighting terrorism. Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion Powell stated that "The world is beginning to doubt the moral basis of [America's] fight against terrorism. "[20]

Also in 2006, Powell began appearing as a speaker at a series of motivational events called Get Motivated, along with former New York Mayor Rudy Giuliani. KBE Per, "Postnominal letters should be included when they are issued by a country or organization the subject has been closely associated with In his speeches on the tour, he openly criticized the Bush Administration on a number of issues. Most recently he joined the Board of Directors of Steve Case's new company Revolution Health. Steve Case (born August 21, 1958) is a businessman best known as the co-founder and former Chief executive officer and Chairman of Revolution Health Group is a United States -based Corporation founded in July 2005 by Steve Case, who previously co-founded America Online. Powell also serves on the Council on Foreign Relations Board of directors. The Council on Foreign Relations ( CFR) is an American Nonpartisan foreign policy membership organization founded in 1921 and based at 58 East 68th Street (at [21]

Powell, in honor of Martin Luther King Day, dropped the ceremonial first puck at a New York Islanders game at Nassau Coliseum. The New York Islanders are a professional Ice hockey team based in Uniondale, New York.

Political views

A moderate Republican, Powell is well known for his willingness to support liberal or centrist causes. Modern liberalism in the United States, also referred to as American liberalism, is a political ideology that seeks to use the power of the state to effect change upon society In Politics, centrism usually refers to the political ideal of promoting Moderate policies which land in the middle ground between different political extremes He is pro-choice regarding abortion, and in favor of "reasonable" gun control. Overview See also Ethical aspects of abortion Pro-choice advocates emphasize their beliefs that having a child is a personal choice that affects a woman's body and An Gun politics is a set of legal issues surrounding the ownership use and regulation of firearms as well as safety issues related to firearms both through their direct use and through He stated in his autobiography that he supports affirmative action that levels the playing field, without giving a leg up to undeserving person because of racial issues. Affirmative action in the United States|Employment equity (Canada|Reservation in India|Numerus clausus The term affirmative action describes many policies aimed at a historically Powell was also instrumental in the implementation of the military's Don't Ask, Don't Tell policy. "Don't ask don't tell" is the common term for the policy about homosexuality in the U

The Vietnam War had a profound effect on Powell's views of the proper use of military force. These views are described in detail in the autobiography My American Journey. The Powell Doctrine, as the views became known, was a central component of US policy in the Gulf War (the first U. The " Powell Doctrine " is a Journalist -created term named after General Colin Powell in the run-up to the 1990-1991 Gulf War. S. war against Iraq) and U.S. invasion of Afghanistan (the overthrow of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan following the events of "9/11"). The War in Afghanistan, which began on October 7 2001 as the U The hallmark of both operations was strong international cooperation, and the use of overwhelming military force.

Powell was the subject of controversy in 2004 when, in a conversation with British Foreign Secretary, Jack Straw, he reportedly referred to neocons within the Bush administration as "fucking crazies". The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, commonly referred to as the Foreign Secretary, is a member of the United Kingdom Government heading the John Whitaker Straw (born 3 August 1946 most commonly known as Jack Straw, is a senior British Labour Party Politician. Neoconservatism (or Neocon is a Right-wing political philosophy that emerged in the United States from the rejection of the Social liberalism, Moral relativism [22] In addition to being reported in the press (though generally, the expletive was censored in the U. S. press), the quote was used by James Naughtie in his book, The Accidental American: Tony Blair and the Presidency, and by Chris Patten in his book, Cousins and Strangers: America, Britain, and Europe in a New Century. James (" Jim " Naughtie (born 9 August 1952) is a Scottish journalist and radio news presenter for the BBC Christopher Francis Patten Baron Patten of Barnes, CH, PC (born 12 May 1944 in Cleveleys, Lancashire) is a prominent British Conservative

In a letter to Sen. John McCain, General Powell expressed opposition to President Bush's push for military tribunals of those formerly and currently classified as enemy combatants. A military tribunal is a kind of Military Court designed to try members of enemy forces during Wartime operating outside the scope of conventional The term enemy combatant has historically referred to members of the armed forces of the state with which another state is at war Specifically, he expressed concern of Bush's plan to "amend the interpretation of Article III of the Geneva Conventions. The Geneva Conventions consist of four Treaties formulated in Geneva, Switzerland, that set the standards for International law for humanitarian " He also pointed out that perception of the War on Terror may be losing moral support saying, "The world is beginning to doubt the moral basis of our fight against terrorism. The War on Terrorism (also known as the War on Terror) is the common term for the military political and legal, and ideological conflict and specifically for U "[23] In the beginning of 2008, his name was mentioned as a possible running mate of Republican nominee John McCain for the 2008 U.S. presidential election. A running mate is a Person running for a Subordinate position on a joint ticket during an Election. The United States presidential election of 2008, scheduled for Tuesday November 4 2008 will be the 56th consecutive [24]

View of the U. S. war in Iraq

In July 2007 Powell revealed that he spent two and a half hours trying to persuade George W. Bush not to invade Iraq but that he did not prevail. At the Aspen Ideas Festival in Colorado[25] Powell stated, "I tried to avoid this war. I took him [Bush] through the consequences of going into an Arab country and becoming the occupiers. "[26]

Powell went on to say that he believed Iraq was in a state of civil war. "The civil war will ultimately be resolved by a test of arms. It's not going to be pretty to watch, but I don't know any way to avoid it. It is happening now. " He further noted, "It is not a civil war that can be put down or solved by the armed forces of the United States," and suggested that all the U. S. military could do was put "a heavier lid on this pot of boiling sectarian stew". [27]

Civilian awards

Powell's civilian awards includes two Presidential Medals of Freedom, the President's Citizens Medal, the Congressional Gold Medal, the Secretary of State Distinguished Service Medal, the Secretary of Energy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Ronald Reagan Freedom Award. The Presidential Medal of Freedom is a decoration bestowed by the President of the United States and is along with the equivalent Congressional Gold Medal bestowed The Presidential Citizens Medal is the second highest civilian award in the United States awarded by the President of the United States second only to the Presidential Not to be confused with the Medal of Honor, sometimes called the "Congressional Medal of Honor" which is the highest military decoration of the United States The Ronald Reagan Freedom Award is the highest civilian honor bestowed by the private Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. Several schools and other institutions have been named in his honor and he holds honorary degrees from universities and colleges across the country.

References

  1. ^ Colin Powell, Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  2. ^ Profile: Colin Powell, BBC News
  3. ^ Secretary of State Colin L. Powell (biography). The White House (undated). Retrieved on 2007-02-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states
  4. ^ Colin Powell. Biography. Retrieved on 2007-05-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
  5. ^ Interview on CNN's Larry King Live. U. S. Department of State (2004-05-04). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV Retrieved on 2007-02-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states
  6. ^ The 14 Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. American Forces Press Service (August 10, 1999). Retrieved on 2008-04-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to
  7. ^ Remarks to the United Nations Security Council. U. S. Department of State (2003-02-05). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Retrieved on 2007-02-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states
  8. ^ Iraq: The War Card. The Center for Public Integrity. Retrieved on 2008-02-13. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1258 - Baghdad falls to the Mongols, and the Abbasid Caliphate is destroyed
  9. ^ Miller, Greg. "Flaws Cited in Powell's U.N. Speech on Iraq", CommonDreams. org, 2004-07-15. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Retrieved on 2007-02-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states  
  10. ^ a b DeYoung, Karen. "Falling on His Sword: Colin Powell's most significant moment turned out to be his lowest", Washington Post, 2006-10-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Retrieved on 2007-02-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states  
  11. ^ "Colin Powell on Iraq, Race, and Hurricane Relief", ABC News, 2005-09-08. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 70 - Roman forces under Titus sack Jerusalem. 1264 - The Statute of Kalisz Retrieved on 2007-02-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states  
  12. ^ Brancaccio, David. "Iraq Pre-War Intelligence", PBS, 2006-02-03. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Retrieved on 2007-02-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states  
  13. ^ Pincus, Walter. "Support for Intelligence Plan", Washington Post, 2004-09-14. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. Retrieved on 2007-02-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states  
  14. ^ Sciolino, Elaine. "Exiles Add to Claims on Iran Nuclear Arms", New York Times, 2004-11-18. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Retrieved on 2007-02-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.  
  15. ^ Anderson, Cooper. "Transcripts: New Year's Eve Special", CNN, 2004-12-31. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 406 – Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning an invasion of Gallia. Retrieved on 2007-02-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states  
  16. ^ VandeHei, Jim and Wright, Robin. "Powell Playing Quiet Role in Bolton Battle", Washington Post (2005-04-22). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil.
  17. ^ Borger, Julian. "Powell's remarks harm Bolton's chances of UN job", Guardian Unlimited, 2005-04-23. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 215 BC - A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Retrieved on 2007-02-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states  
  18. ^ Blumenthal, Sidney. "The good soldier's revenge", Guardian Unlimited, 2005-04-28. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title Retrieved on 2007-02-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states  
  19. ^ "Powell criticises storm response", BBC News, 2005-09-09. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1000 - Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. 1379 - Treaty of Neuberg, splitting the Austrian  
  20. ^ "Senators defy Bush on tribunals", BBC News, 2006-09-15. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Retrieved on 2007-02-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states  
  21. ^ Board of Directors-Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved on 2007-12-06. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1060 - Béla I of Hungary is crowned king of Hungary 1240 - Mongol invasion of Rus: Kiev
  22. ^ Blumenthal, Sidney. "Colin and the crazies", Guardian Unlimited, 2004-11-18. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 326 - The old St Peter's Basilica is consecrated 1302 - Pope Boniface VIII issues the Papal bull Retrieved on 2007-02-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states  
  23. ^ Barrett, Ted; Koppel, Andrea. "GOP split as Senate panel bucks Bush on terror tribunals", CNN, 2006-09-15. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Retrieved on 2007-02-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states  
  24. ^ Holland, Steve (2008-03-05). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a McCain now has to pick a vice presidential nominee. Reuters. Retrieved on 2008-04-14. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
  25. ^ See Official website: Aspen Ideas Festival
  26. ^ Conversation with Colin Powell, Aspen Ideas Festival, 2007, <http://www.aifestival.org/library/transcript/Powell-Lehrer_transcript.pdf>. Retrieved on 22 February 2008 
  27. ^ Powell tried to talk Bush out of war. The Times (UK) (July 8, 2007). Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000 Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2008-02-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne
  28. ^ Colin L. Powell. The Horatio Alger Association (undated). Retrieved on 2007-02-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states
  29. ^ Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation & Library
  30. ^ 2002 Speech Colin Powell - Liberty Medal - National Constitution Center

See also

Further reading

External links

Preceded by
Frank Carlucci		United States National Security Advisor
1987–1989		Succeeded by
Brent Scowcroft
Preceded by
William J. Crowe		Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
1989–1993		Succeeded by
David E. Jeremiah
Preceded by
Mikhail Gorbachev		Recipient of The Ronald Reagan Freedom Award
1993		Succeeded by
Yitzhak Rabin
Preceded by
Madeleine Albright		United States Secretary of State
Served Under: George W. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Frank Charles Carlucci III (born October 18 1930) is a former government official in the United States, associated with the Republican Party The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, commonly referred to as the National Security Adviser (abbreviated NSA, or sometimes ANSA Brent Scowcroft (born March 19 1925 in Ogden Utah) was the United States National Security Advisor under Presidents Gerald Ford and Admiral William James Crowe Jr ( January 2 1925 &ndash October 18 2007) was a United States Navy Admiral who The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( CJCS) is by law the highest ranking military officer overall in the United States Armed For the article on the Christian pastor author and broadcaster see David Jeremiah. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician The Ronald Reagan Freedom Award is the highest civilian honor bestowed by the private Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation. Madeleine Korbel Albright (born Marie Jana Korbelová on May 15, 1937) was the first woman to become United States Secretary of State. The United States Secretary of State (commonly abbreviated as SecState) is the head of the United States Department of State, concerned with Foreign affairs Bush
January 20, 2001 - January 26, 2005		Succeeded by
Condoleezza Rice
Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 is the 66th United States
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