Coke is a solid carbonaceous material derived from destructive distillation of low-ash, low-sulfur bituminous coal. Carbonaceous is the defining attribute of a substance rich in Carbon. Destructive distillation is the process of Pyrolysis conducted in a distillation apparatus ( Retort) to allow the volatile products to be collected Bituminous coal is a relatively soft Coal containing a tarlike substance called Bitumen. Coke from coal is gray, hard, and porous.
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Coking (coke-making)
The volatile constituents of the coal—including water, coal-gas, and coal-tar—are driven off by baking in an airless oven at temperatures as high as 2,000 degrees Celsius. Smokeless fuel means fuel which does not produce visible Smoke when burned Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Coal tar is a brown or black liquid of high Viscosity, which smells of Naphthalene and Aromatic hydrocarbons Coal tar is among the by-products when coal This fuses together the fixed carbon and residual ash. Most coke in modern facilities is produced in "by-product" coke ovens and the resultant coke is used as the main fuel in iron-making blast furnaces. A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical Furnace used for Smelting to produce metals generally Iron. Today, the hydrocarbons are considered to be by-products of modern coke-making facilities (though they are usually captured and used to produce valuable products). Non by-product coke ovens burn hydrocarbon off-gases on site to provide the heat needed to drive the carbonization process.
Properties and usage
The specific gravity of coke is typically around 0. Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the Density of a given solid or liquid substance to the density of water at a specific temperature and pressure typically 77. It is highly porous. Porosity is a measure of the void spaces in a material and is measured as a fraction between 0–1 or as a Percentage between 0–100%
Since smoke-producing constituents are driven off during the coking of coal, coke forms a desirable fuel for stoves and furnaces in which conditions are not suitable for the complete burning of bituminous coal itself. Smoke is the collection of airborne solid and liquid Particulates and Gases ref> ''Smoke Production and Properties'' - SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering A stove is an enclosed heated space The term is commonly taken to mean an enclosed space in which fuel is burned to provide heating either to heat the space in which the stove is situated A furnace is a device used for Heating The name derives from Latin fornax, Oven. Bituminous coal is a relatively soft Coal containing a tarlike substance called Bitumen. Coke may be burned with little or no smoke under combustion conditions which would result in a large amount of smoke if bituminous coal were the fuel.
Bituminous coal must meet a set of criteria for use as coking coal, determined by particular coal assay techniques. Coal assay techniques are specific analytical methods designed to measure the particular physical and chemical properties of coals These include moisture content, ash content, sulfur content, volatile content, tar, and plasticity. Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Tar is a viscous black Liquid derived from the Destructive distillation of organic matter
Coke is used as a fuel and as a reducing agent in smelting iron ore in a blast furnace. Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state Chemical reduction, or smelting, is a form of Extractive metallurgy. Iron ores are rocks and Minerals from which Metallic Iron can be economically extracted
Discovered by accident to have superior heat shielding properties when combined with other materials, coke was one of the materials used in the heat shielding on NASA's Apollo program space vehicles. A heat shield is a protective layer on a Spacecraft or Ballistic missile that is designed to protect it from the high Temperature of Atmospheric The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program A spacecraft is a Vehicle or machine designed for Spaceflight. In its final form, this material was called AVCOAT 5026-39. This material has been used most recently as the heat shielding on the Mars Pathfinder vehicle. The Mars Pathfinder was launched on December 4, 1996 by NASA aboard a Delta II just a month after the Mars Global Surveyor Although not used for modern day space shuttles, NASA is utilizing coke and other materials for a new heat shield for its next generation space craft, named Orion, which is due to be completed in 2014. NASA 's Space Shuttle, officially called the Space Transportation System ( STS) is the Spacecraft currently used by the United States Orion is a Spacecraft design currently under development by the United States space agency NASA. 2014 ( MMXIV) will be a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar.
History
The use of coke as a fuel was pioneered in 17th century England in response to the ever-growing problem of European deforestation. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Deforestation is the conversion of Forested areas to non-forest land for use such as Arable land, Pasture, urban use logged area or wasteland Wood was becoming increasingly scarce and expensive. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs Coal's fumes, particularly smoke and sulfur compounds, disqualified it from many applications, including cooking and iron smelting. Cooking is the process of preparing Food by applying Heat, selecting measuring and combining of ingredients in an ordered procedure for producing safe and edible Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 In 1603, Sir Henry Platt suggested that coal might be charred in a manner analogous to the way charcoal is produced from wood. Charcoal' is the blackish residue consisting of impure Carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from Animal and Vegetation Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs This process was not put into practice until 1642, when coke was used for roasting malt in Derbyshire. Malting is a process applied to Cereal grains in which the grains are made to Germinate by soaking in water and are then quickly halted from germinating further History The area that is now Derbyshire was first visited probably briefly by humans 200000 years ago during the Aveley Interglacial as evidenced by a Middle Coal cannot be used in brewing because its sulfurous fumes would impart a foul taste to the beer. Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea In 1709 Abraham Darby established a coke-fired blast furnace to produce cast iron. Year 1709 ( MDCCIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Abraham Darby ( April 14, 1678 &ndash May 5, 1717) was the first and most famous of three generations with that name in an A blast furnace is a type of metallurgical Furnace used for Smelting to produce metals generally Iron. Cast iron usually refers to grey cast iron, but identifies a large group of Ferrous Alloys which solidify with a Eutectic. Coke's superior crushing strength allowed blast furnaces to become taller and larger. The ensuing availability of inexpensive iron was one of the factors leading to the Industrial Revolution. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the
Other processes
The solid residue remaining from refinement of petroleum by the "cracking" process is also a form of coke. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit In Petroleum geology and Chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic Molecules such as Kerogens or heavy Hydrocarbons Petroleum coke has many uses besides being a fuel, such as the manufacture of dry cells, electrodes, etc. Petroleum coke (often abbreviated petcoke) is a Carbonaceous solid derived from Oil refinery Coker units or other cracking processes A dry cell is a galvanic Electrochemical cell with a pasty low-moisture Electrolyte. An electrode is an Electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e Gas works manufacturing syngas also produce coke as an end product, called gas house coke. Syngas (from syn thesis gas) is the name given to a gas mixture that contains varying amounts of Carbon monoxide and Hydrogen.
Fluid coking is a process which converts heavy residual crude into lighter products such as naphtha, kerosene, heating oil, and hydrocarbon gases. Naphtha normally refers to a number of different flammable liquid mixtures of hydrocarbons i Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage is a Combustible Hydrocarbon liquid Heating oil, or oil heat, also known in the United States as No In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. The "fluid" term refers to the fact that coke particles are in a continuous system versus older batch-coking technology.
Gases produced
Coke may be used to make fuel gases. It appears that the names have different meanings in the USA and the UK so confusion is possible. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The following are UK meanings:
- Water gas: a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, made by passing steam over red-hot coke (or any carbon based char)
- Producer gas, wood gas, generator gas, synthetic gas, suction gas: a mixture of carbon monoxide, hydrogen and nitrogen, made by passing air over red-hot coke (or any carbon based char)
These are useful gases but require careful handling because of the risk of carbon monoxide poisoning. Water gas is a synthesis gas, containing Carbon monoxide and Hydrogen. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 The term Producer gas has different meanings in the USA and UK Syngas (from syn thesis gas) is the name given to a gas mixture that contains varying amounts of Carbon monoxide and Hydrogen. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs after the inhalation of Carbon monoxide gas
References
See also
Coketon is an Unincorporated community in Tucker County, West Virginia, USA.Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic