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J. Cofer Black
J. Cofer Black

J. (Joseph) Cofer Black had a 28-year career in the Directorate of Operations at the Central Intelligence Agency, culminating in his appointment as Director of the CIA's Counterterrorist Center (CTC) in June 1999. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all The US Central Intelligence Agency 's Counterterrorist Center was established in 1986

Testifying at the Congressional Joint Inquiry into the 9/11 attacks in 2002, Black eschewed the offer of anonymity because "I want to look the American people in the eye". [1] (It appears that this is how his identity became known to the public. )

Black was the United States Department of State Coordinator for Counter-terrorism with the rank of Ambassador at Large from December 2002 to November 2004. Counter-terrorism or counterterrorism refers to the practices tactics, techniques and strategies that Governments militaries, Police departments The point man for the U. S. government's international counter-terrorism policy in the first term of the Bush administration, he resigned shortly after George W. Bush was elected to a second presidential term. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by

Since February 2005, Black has been Vice Chairman of Blackwater USA, a US-based private security firm which is the State Department's biggest security contractor. Blackwater Worldwide, formerly Blackwater USA, is a Private military company founded in 1997 by Erik Prince and Al Clark Black is also the chairman of the privately owned intelligence gathering company Total Intelligence Solutions, totalintel. com.

Contents

Early life and education

Black was born in 1950, in Stamford, Connecticut. Stamford is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States. Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. His father was an airline pilot for Pan American Airways, where he flew Boeing 747s on international routes. The Boeing Company is a major Aerospace and defense corporation originally founded by William E WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout Black's father would bring him along to Accra, Ghana or Lagos, Nigeria during school breaks for Cofer to explore the African countryside. Accra is the capital, and most populous city of Ghana. The city also doubles as the capital of the Greater The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the Lagos ( pron ˈleɪgɒs or /ˈlɑːgoʊs/ overseas is the most populous Conurbation in Nigeria with Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Black attended an all-boys preparatory school at the Canterbury School (Connecticut). Canterbury School is a college preparatory coeducational boarding and day school for students in Forms 3 through 6 (grades 9-12

In 1973, Black completed his BA at the University of Southern California (USC). The University of Southern California (commonly referred to as USC, SC, Southern California, and incorrectly The next year he earned a Master's degree in international relations, also at USC. Later that year he left the doctoral program to join the CIA. [2]

CIA career up to 1999

At the CIA, Black trained for the clandestine service and volunteered for Africa due to his childhood experiences there. During his CIA career, Black served six foreign tours in field management positions.

Initially, he worked as a case officer in Lusaka, Zambia during the Rhodesian War next door. Lusaka is the capital and largest city of Zambia. It is located in the southern part of the central plateau of the country at an elevation The Republic of Zambia (ˈzæmbɪə is a Landlocked country in Southern Africa. The Rhodesian Bush War, also known as the Second Chimurenga or the Zimbabwe Liberation Struggle, was a war which lasted from July 1964 to 1979 and He transferred to Somalia for two years during a Cold War proxy conflict between Ethiopians and Somalis in the sands of the Ogaden desert. Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page He worked in South Africa during the National Party government's's war against guerrilla movements opposing the apartheid system. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa While assigned to Kinshasa, Zaire, Black was involved in the Reagan Administration's covert action program to arm anti-communist guerrillas in neighboring Angola. Kinshasa (formerly French: Léopoldville, formerly Dutch: Leopoldstad, German: Leopoldstadt) is the Capital The Republic of Zaire (pronunciation; République du Zaïre was the name of the present Democratic Republic of the Congo between October 27, 1971 The United States Presidency of Ronald Reagan, also known as the Reagan Administration, was a Republican administration headed by Angola, officially the Republic of Angola (República de Angola Pronounced ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɨ ɐ̃ˈgɔlɐ Repubilika ya Ngola is a country in south-central

In 1993, Black transferred from London, England to Khartoum, Sudan, where he served as CIA Station Chief until 1995. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Khartoum ( الخرطوم al-Kharṭūm) is the Capital of Sudan and of Khartoum State. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. This was at a low point in U. S. -Sudanese relations, particularly over the latter country's sponsorship of terror and the harboring of Al Qaeda founder Osama bin Laden. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March Black oversaw the collection of human intelligence on terrorist cells and support structures, and toward the end of his tenure, he was targeted by Al Qaeda for assassination. HUMINT, a syllabic abbreviation of the words HUMan INTelligence refers to intelligence gathering by means of interpersonal contact as opposed to the more technical Black was also responsible for the collection of intelligence that directly led to the 1994 capture of the terrorist known as Carlos the Jackal. Ilich Ramírez Sánchez (born) is a Venezuelan born leftist Revolutionary.

In 1995, Black was named the Task Force Chief in the Near East and South Asia Division. B Syria - Belka Woman from Damascus Arab from Baghdadjpg|thumb|Inhabitants of the Near East late nineteenth century From June 1998 through June 1999, he served as the Deputy Chief of the Latin America Division. [3]

Director of the CIA's Counterterrorist Center, 1999-2002

In June 1999 CIA chief George Tenet named Cofer Black director of the CIA's Counterterrorist Center (CTC). George John Tenet (born January 5, 1953) was the Director of Central Intelligence for the United States Central Intelligence Agency The US Central Intelligence Agency 's Counterterrorist Center was established in 1986 [4] In this capacity, Black served as the CIA Director's Special Assistant for Counterterrorism as well as the National Intelligence Officer for Counterterrorism. [5] Black's promotion was a part of Tenet's grand "Plan" for dealing with al-Qaeda. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The Black was the operational chief in charge of this effort. Tenet also put "Richard", one of his own assistants, in charge of the CTC's bin Laden tracking unit. The Bin Laden Issue Station (1996-2005 was a unit of the Central Intelligence Agency dedicated to tracking Osama bin Laden.

Black still headed the CTC at the time of the attacks of September 11, 2001.

Al-Qaeda strategy, 1999-2001

In December 1998 CIA chief Tenet "declared war" on Osama bin Laden. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March [6] Early in 1999 Tenet "ordered the CTC to begin a 'baseline' review of the CIA's operational strategy against bin Laden". In the spring he "demanded 'a new, comprehensive plan of attack' against bin Laden and his allies".

The CTC had produced a "comprehensive plan of attack" against bin Laden and "previewed the new strategy to senior CIA management by the end of July 1999. By mid-September, it had been briefed to CIA operational level personnel, and to [the National Security Agency, the] NSA, the FBI, and other partners. The National Security Agency/ Central Security Service ( NSA/CSS) is a cryptologic intelligence agency of the United States government " The strategy "was called simply, 'the Plan'. "

. . . [Cofer] Black and his new [sic] bin Laden unit wanted to "project" into Afghanistan, to "penetrate" bin Laden's sanctuaries. They described their plan as military officers might. They sought to surround Afghanistan with secure covert bases for CIA operations — as many bases as they could arrange. Then they would mount operations from each of the platforms, trying to move inside Afghanistan and as close to bin Laden as they could to recruit agents and to attempt capture operations. . . . Black wanted recruitments, and he wanted to develop commando or paramilitary strike teams made up of officers and men who could "blend" into the region's Muslim populations.

Black also arranged for a CIA team, headed by "Richard", who was in charge of the CTC's Bin Laden unit, to visit Northern-Alliance leader Ahmed Shah Massoud, to discuss operations against bin Laden. The Bin Laden Issue Station (1996-2005 was a unit of the Central Intelligence Agency dedicated to tracking Osama bin Laden. The mission was codenamed "JAWBREAKER-5", the fifth in a series of such missions since autumn 1997. The team went in late October 1999, and stayed for seven days. "The Bin Laden unit was satisfied that its reporting on Bin Ladin would now have a second source. " Contemplated operations would be coordinated with the CIA's other prospective efforts against al-Qaeda. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The

Once Cofer Black had finalized his operational plan . . . . [Charles] Allen [then associate deputy director of central intelligence for collection] created a dedicated al-Qa'ida cell with officers from across the intelligence community. This cell met daily, brought focus to penetrating the Afghan sanctuary, and ensured that collection initiatives were synchronized with operational plans. Allen met with [Tenet] on a weekly basis to review initiatives under way. His efforts were enabling operations and pursuing longer-range, innovative initiatives around the world against al-Qa'ida. . . .

It is not clear what relation this "Qaeda cell", which appeared to duplicate the function of the Bin Laden unit, had to the unit. The Bin Laden Issue Station (1996-2005 was a unit of the Central Intelligence Agency dedicated to tracking Osama bin Laden.

Parallel with these developments, in November-December 1999 Mohamed Atta, Marwan al-Shehhi, Ziad Jarrah and Nawaf al-Hazmi visited Afghanistan, where they were selected for the "planes operation" that was to become known as 9/11. Mohamed Atta ( ar محمد عطا السيد) (September 1 1968 &ndash September 11 2001 was an Egyptian Islamist, A University student Marwan Yousef al-Shehhi ( Arabic: مروان الشحي also transliterated Alshehhi) (May 9 1978 &ndash September 11 2001 was An Aerospace engineering student Ziad Samir Jarrah ( زياد سمير جراح; (May 11 1975 &ndash September 11 2001 was the hijacker who acted as pilot Nawaf al-Hazmi ( Arabic: نواف الحازمي also transliterated Nawaf Alhazmi) ( August 9, 1976 - September 11 [7] Working with a Malaysian security unit, the CIA watched al-Hazmi and his companion Khalid al-Mihdhar as they attended a Qaeda conference in Kuala Lumpur in January 2000 (later determined to be where decisions about the "planes operation" were made). Khalid al-Mihdhar ( Arabic: خالد المحضار also transliterated Almihdhar) (May 16 1975 – September 11 2001 Kuala Lumpur (ˈkwɑːləlʊmˈpʊər Malay /kwɑlɑlʊmpʊ/ and locally /kwɑləlʊmpɔ/ or even /kɔlɔmpɔ/ or often abbreviated as K

"We surveil them. We surveil the guy they're there to meet," Black recalled. "not close enough to hear what they're saying, but we're covering, taking pictures, watching their behavior. They're acting kind of spooky. They're not using the phone in the apartment. They're going around, walking in circles, just like junior spies. Going up to phone booths, making a lot of calls. It's like, 'Who are these dudes?'"[8]

According to an internal CIA report on the performance of the agency prior to the 9/11 attacks, Cofer Black was criticized for not passing on information to the FBI that al-Hazmi and al-Mihdhar had subsequently entered the United States. [1][2] In addition, the 9/11 Commission found that while Black testified before Congress’s Joint Inquiry into 9/11 that the FBI had access to information on the two hijackers, the 9/11 Commission found no such evidence of this. [3]

The CIA increasingly concentrated its diminished resources on counter-terrorism, so that resources for this particular activity increased sharply. At least some of the Plan's more modest aspirations were translated into action. Intelligence collection efforts on bin Laden and al-Qaeda increased significantly from 1999. "By 9/11", said Tenet, "a map would show that these collection programs and human [reporting] networks were in place in such numbers as to nearly cover Afghanistan. "[9]

During the summer of 2001, Tenet, Black, and one of Black's top assistants, "Rich B" (i. e. "Richard"), were active in advertising the dangers of al-Qaeda to the new Bush administration. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The At a meeting with National Security Adviser Condoleezza Rice and others on July 10, "Rich" predicted a "spectacular" terrorist attack against US interests "in the coming weeks or months" . Condoleezza Rice (born November 14 1954 is the 66th United States Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. . . "Multiple and simultaneous attacks are possible". After the meeting, "Rich and Cofer congratulated each other", feeling that at last the CIA had gotten the full attention of the administration. At an internal CIA update in late July, "Rich" dramatically predicted, "They're coming here!" (i. e. the USA). [10]

One of the ways in which CIA/CTC surveiled Osama bin Laden in his Afghan base was with the Predator reconnaissance drone. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout A joint CIA-USAF program of flights in autumn 2000 (dubbed "Afghan Eyes") produced probable sightings of the Qaeda leader. Black became a "vocal advocate" of arming the aircraft with missiles to assassinate bin Laden and other Qaeda leaders. During the new Bush administration in 2001, Black and "Richard" continued to press for Predators armed with adapted Hellfire anti-tank missiles. Legal and technical issues delayed the program. Black urged Tenet to promote the matter at the long-awaited Cabinet-level Principals Committee meeting on terrorism of September 4, 2001. Events 476 - Romulus Augustus, last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. The CIA chief duly did so. The CIA was authorized to "deploy the system with weapons-capable aircraft". [See Bin Laden Issue Station. The Bin Laden Issue Station (1996-2005 was a unit of the Central Intelligence Agency dedicated to tracking Osama bin Laden. ]

September 11, 2001

After the 9/11 strikes on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon, some CTC staff were exempted from an order to evacuate the CIA headquarters building at Langley. The World Trade Center in New York City, United States (sometimes informally the WTC or Twin Towers) was a complex of seven buildings in Lower Manhattan The Pentagon is the Headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, located in Arlington County, Virginia. They included the shift of the Global Response Center on the exposed sixth floor, which Black argued had "a key function in a crisis like this". Tenet finally agreed with Black that their lives would have to be put at risk. George John Tenet (born January 5, 1953) was the Director of Central Intelligence for the United States Central Intelligence Agency [11]

The CTC obtained passenger lists from "the planes that had been turned into weapons that morning". "[A] CTC analyst raced over to the printing plant" (where most CIA staff had been evacuated) and pointed out the names Khalid al-Mihdhar and Nawaf al-Hazmi, who they had "been looking for for the last few weeks". Khalid al-Mihdhar ( Arabic: خالد المحضار also transliterated Almihdhar) (May 16 1975 – September 11 2001 Nawaf al-Hazmi ( Arabic: نواف الحازمي also transliterated Nawaf Alhazmi) ( August 9, 1976 - September 11 This was the first "absolute proof" that the attacks were a Qaeda plot. [12] (The CTC had first come across the names in connection with potential terrorist activity in the winter of 1999-2000 [see above]. )

After 9/11: the "war on terror"

The CIA's planning efforts had put them in a better position to respond after the attacks. As Tenet put it,

How could [an intelligence] community without a strategic plan tell the president of the United States just four days after 9/11 how to attack the Afghan sanctuary and operate against al-Qa'ida in ninety-two countries around the world?[13]

This was at a "war council" (a restricted group of the National Security Council) chaired by President Bush at Camp David on September 15, 2001. Al-Qaeda, alternatively spelled al-Qaida, al-Qa`ida or al-Qa`idah, ( Arabic:; ar-Latn ''al-qāʿidah'' Translation: The A National Security Council (NSC is usually an Executive branch governmental body responsible for coordinating policy on national security issues and advising chief Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Cofer Black was also present. Tenet proposed firstly to send CIA teams into Afghanistan which would collect intelligence and mount covert operations. The teams would act jointly with military Special Operations units. "President Bush later praised this proposal, saying it had been a turning point in his thinking. "[14]

Bob Woodward's Bush at War mentions two meetings Black was present at while implementing this plan with memorable Blackisms. Bush at War is a 2002 book by Washington Post reporter Bob Woodward recounting President George W In a meeting with Bush[15] Black said

Now he [Black] noted the desired end was capture the al Qaeda and render them to law enforcement so they could be brought to justice. With regret, however, he had learned that the al Qaeda do not surrender, and they would not negotiate. The great martyred Northern Alliance leader Massoud had once told him "We've been fighting these guys for years and I've never captured one of these bastards". Ahmad Shah Massoud ( (2 September 1953 &ndash 9 September 2001 was a Tajik Kabul University engineering student turned military leader who played a leading The reason was that any time one of their units was overrun they bunched together and detonated a hand grenade. So the task would be killing al Qaeda Black said. "When we're through with them they will have flies walking across their eyeballs" he said. It was an image of death that left a lasting impression on a number of war cabinet ministers. Black became known in Bush's inner circle as the "flies on the eyeballs guy" . . . Black's enthusiasm was infectious . . . Powell, for one, saw that Bush was tired of rhetoric. The President wanted to kill somebody[16].

Later Black used the same technique to impress the Russians. [17]

Armitage and Cofer flew to Moscow to seek help from top Russian diplomatic and intelligence officials. Richard Armitage may refer to Richard Armitage (actor, English actor Richard Armitage (politician, American politician "We're in a war," Black told the Russians. "We're coming. Regardless of what you do, we're coming anyway. " He knew Afghanistan was in their sphere of influence and they would be queasy. "At the very least we want you to look away. " He did not want the Russians trying to gum up CIA operations. "From my humble position, I think this is a historical opportunity. Let's get out of the last century into the next one. The Russians indicated they would help and certainly not obstruct. One noted that Afghanistan was ambush heaven, where the guerrilla fighters had demolished the Russian army. "With regret," the Russian said, "I have to say that you're really going to get the hell kicked out of you". "We're going to kill them," Black said. "We're going to put their heads on sticks. We're going to rock their world. " The Russians soon sent a team to the CIA to provide extensive on-the-ground intelligence, especially about the topography and caves of Afghanistan.

The CIA geared up to take the lead in the attack on al-Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan. The Taliban ( طالبان, also anglicised as Taleban; translation "students" is a Sunni Islamist, predominately Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, The NALT team, led by Gary Schroen, entered the country once more on September 26, 2001. Gary C Schroen is a former Central Intelligence Agency field officer who was in charge of the initial CIA incursion into Afghanistan in September 2001 to topple the Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. A new branch was added to the CTC — CTC Special Operations, or CTC/SO. Hank Crumpton, the former head of CTC operations, was recalled to head it. Black told him, "Your mission is to find al-Qa'ida, engage it, and destroy it". [18]

During the "war on terror" Black played a "leading role in many of the [CIA]'s more controversial programs, including the rendition and interrogation of al-Qaeda suspects and the detention of some of them in secret prisons [outside the USA]. "[19]

Later career

Black became the US Department of State's Ambassador-at-Large — roving ambassador — for counter-terrorism in late 2002. He held this position until November 2004.

As the Coordinator for Counter-terrorism [at the State Department], Ambassador Black's office, S/CT, had primary responsibility for developing, coordinating and implementing U. S. counter-terrorism policy. On behalf of the Secretary of State, Ambassador Black represented the Department on the Counter-terrorism Security Group. His office played a leading role on the Department of State's counter-terrorism task forces organized to coordinate responses to international terrorist incidents. [His] responsibilities included coordinating U. S. Government efforts to improve counter-terrorism cooperation with foreign governments, including the policy and planning of the Department's Antiterrorism Training Assistance Program. [5]

In early 2005 Black became Vice Chairman of Blackwater USA (later renamed Blackwater Worldwide), a US-based private security firm which is "the biggest of the State Department's three private security contractors". Blackwater Worldwide, formerly Blackwater USA, is a Private military company founded in 1997 by Erik Prince and Al Clark Blackwater Worldwide, formerly Blackwater USA, is a Private military company founded in 1997 by Erik Prince and Al Clark [20] Black is also Chairman of Total Intelligence Solutions (Total Intel), a private intelligence gathering group. Total Intelligence Solutions LLC (Total Intel is a private intelligence and security company started in 2007 by Cofer Black vice-president of Blackwater and This company was created in February 2007 by the Prince Group, the holding company that owns Blackwater. Total Intel was formed by the merger of The Black Group LLC (also led by Black), Terrorism Research Center, Inc. , and Technical Defense. [21]

In March 2006 Black allegedly suggested at an international conference in Amman, Jordan, that Blackwater USA was ready to move towards providing security professionals up to brigade size for humanitarian efforts and low intensity conflicts. A brigade is a Military unit Echelon: is Black denies the allegation. Critics have suggested this may be going too far in putting political decisions in the hands of privately owned corporations. [22] The company denies this was ever said. [23]

Black is currently leader of The Black Group, LLC.

Mitt Romney Presidential Campaign

On April 26, 2007 Black was chosen by Mitt Romney, a Republican candidate in the 2008 United States presidential election, to head his counter-terrorism policy advisory group. The United States presidential election of 2008, scheduled for Tuesday November 4 2008 will be the 56th consecutive [24]

Awards

In addition to numerous exceptional performance awards and meritorious citations, Black received the Distinguished Intelligence Medal, the George H. The National Intelligence Distinguished Service Medal is the highest decoration awarded for service to the United States Intelligence Community Bush Medal for Excellence, and the Exceptional Collector Award for 1994. The DCI Exceptional Collector National HUMINT Award is a decoration awarded annually by the U [5]

References

  1. ^ Testimony of Cofer Black (copy on Federation of American Scientists' website).
  2. ^ Steve Coll, Ghost Wars (Penguin, 2005 edn), pp. 266-7; "Ambassador Cofer Black Becomes Vice-Chairman at Blackwater USA", Blackwater USA press release, Feb. Blackwater Worldwide, formerly Blackwater USA, is a Private military company founded in 1997 by Erik Prince and Al Clark 4, 2005.
  3. ^ Steve Coll, Ghost Wars (Penguin, 2005 edn), pp. 267, 271; "Ambassador Cofer Black Becomes Vice-Chairman at Blackwater USA", Blackwater USA press release, Feb. Blackwater Worldwide, formerly Blackwater USA, is a Private military company founded in 1997 by Erik Prince and Al Clark 4, 2005.
  4. ^ Steve Coll, Ghost Wars (Penguin, 2005 edn), p. 456.
  5. ^ a b c "Ambassador Cofer Black Becomes Vice-Chairman at Blackwater USA", Blackwater USA press release, Feb. Blackwater Worldwide, formerly Blackwater USA, is a Private military company founded in 1997 by Erik Prince and Al Clark 4, 2005.
  6. ^ Coll, Ghost Wars, pp. 436-7, and p. 646 note 42; 9/11 Commission Report, chapter 11, p. 357 (HTML version).
  7. ^ 9/11 Commission Report, chapter 5, pp. 155-8, 168 (HTML version. Data derived from subsequent intelligence interrogations of captives.
  8. ^ Coll, Ghost Wars, pp. 487-88.
  9. ^ Coll, Ghost Wars, pp. 457, 466-72, 485, and p. 654 note 7; Tenet statement to the Joint Inquiry on 9/11, Oct. 17, 2002; 9/11 Commission Report, chapter 4, pp. 142-3 (HTML version); George Tenet, At the Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA (Harper Press, 2007), pp. 119, 120.
  10. ^ George Tenet, At The Center of the Storm: My Years at the CIA (Harper Press, 2007), pp. 145, 149, 150-3, 158.
  11. ^ Tenet, At The Center Of The Storm, pp. 164-65. The conversation is a virtual replica of that given in Bob Woodward, Bush At War (2002/3) (Publisher's extract from chapter 1).
  12. ^ Tenet, At The Center Of The Storm, p. 167.
  13. ^ Tenet, At the Center of the Storm, pp. 121-2.
  14. ^ 9/11 Commission Report, chapter 10, p. 332 (HTML version; Tenet, At the Center of the Storm, p. *. )
  15. ^ Woodward, Bush at War, pp. 52.
  16. ^ Woodward, Bush at War, pp. 53.
  17. ^ Woodward, Bush at War, pp. 103.
  18. ^ Tenet, At The Center Of The Storm, pp. 211, 217, 221-3.
  19. ^ Dana Hedgpeth, "Blackwater's Owner Has Spies for Hire", Washington Post, Nov. 3, 2007.
  20. ^ Matthew Lee, "Feds Target Blackwater in Weapons Probe", Associated Press, September 22, 2007.
  21. ^ Dana Hedgpeth, "Blackwater's Owner Has Spies for Hire", Washington Post, Nov. 3, 2007, p. A01.
  22. ^ Blackwater USA says it can supply forces for conflicts
  23. ^ Inside America's Private Army (continued)
  24. ^ Romney names terrorism policy advisers


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