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Coercive persuasion comprises social influences capable of producing substantial behavior, attitude and ideology change through the use of coercive tactics and persuasion, via interpersonal and group-based influences. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Coercion (co-er-shion is the practice of compelling a person or manipulating them to behave in an involuntary way (whether through action or inaction by use of threats Persuasion is a form of Social influence. It is the process of guiding people toward the adoption of an idea attitude or action by rational and symbolic (though not always An interpersonal relationship is a relatively long-term association between two or more people

The term was coined by Edgar Schein[1] in 1961 in relation to his study of Chinese POWs' indoctrination. Edgar H Schein (born 1928 a professor at the MIT Sloan School of Management has had a notable mark on the field of Organizational development in many areas According to Schein, the essence of coercive persuasion, . . . , is to produce ideological and behavioral changes in a fully conscious, mentally intact individual. Schein notes that elements of coercive persuasion exist in many areas of human endeavor such as college fraternities, established religion, social rehabilitation programmes, the armed forces, and other conventional institutions. Fraternities and sororities (from the Latin words la frater and la soror, meaning "brother" and "sister" respectively are fraternal A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Schein also suggests that the popular image of brainwashing as entailing "extensive self-delusion and excessive [mental] distortion [. Brainwashing (also known as Thought reform or as Re-education) consists of any effort aimed at instilling certain attitudes and Beliefs . . ] is a false one. " [2]

Martyn Carruthers has the following definition: "Coercive persuasion attempts to force people to change beliefs, ideas, attitudes or behaviors using psychological pressure, undue influence, threats, anxiety, intimidation and/or stress. Peer Pressure is a term describing the pressure exerted by a Peer group in encouraging a person to change their Attitude, Behavior and/or Morals Undue influence (as a term in Jurisprudence) is an equitable doctrine that involves one person taking advantage of a position of power over another person (Coercive persuasion has been called mind control and brainwashing. Mind control is a broad range of psychological tactics able to subvert an individual's control of his own thinking, behavior emotions or decisions ) [3]

Coercive persuasion is studied in managerial psychology, psychology of religion, epistemology, civil law (legal system), politics, diplomacy, and different aspects of sociology. Managerial Psychology is one course or subdiscipline of Psychology or Management, focusing the understanding the psychological insight for the Managers Psychology of religion is the psychological study of Religious experiences Beliefs and activities Epistemology (from Greek επιστήμη - episteme, "knowledge" + λόγος, " Logos " or theory of knowledge Civil law or Romano-Germanic law or Continental law is the predominant system of law in the world. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge"

In academic fields, the terms coercive persuasion, coercive psychological systems or coercive influence are often used interchangeably.

Coercive persuasion is used as a deterrent in diplomacy and warfare, using a threat to use force, or a credible threat to escalate a crisis or war to a more dangerous level. War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units [4]

Some scholars such as Michael Langone or J. Michael D Langone, is an American counseling Psychologist who specialises in research about " Cultic groups" and alleged psychological manipulation K. Ungerleider use the term coercive persuasion in the same sense as brainwashing, thought reform or mind control[5] [6] and connect it to methods of cultic groups in acquiring and retaining members. Brainwashing (also known as Thought reform or as Re-education) consists of any effort aimed at instilling certain attitudes and Beliefs Mind control is a broad range of psychological tactics able to subvert an individual's control of his own thinking, behavior emotions or decisions This view is disputed by scholars such as James Gene[7] and Bette Nove Evans [8], among others, while the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion[9] stated in 1990 that there was not sufficient research to permit a consensus on the matter and that "one should not automatically equate the techniques involved in the process of physical coercion and control with those of nonphysical coercion and control". A similar statement was made by the American Psychological Association in 1987 when they rejected the report produced by the "APA taskforce on Deceptive and Indirect Techniques of Persuasion and Control" (DIMPAC)). The American Psychological Association (APA is a professional organization representing psychologists in the U [10], stating that "the brainwashing theory espoused lacks the scientific rigor and evenhanded critical approach necessary for APA imprimatur. " See also Brainwashing controversies. Brainwashing (also known as Thought reform or as Re-education) consists of any effort aimed at instilling certain attitudes and Beliefs

In the cases of Molko vs. Holy Spirit Association and Wollersheim vs. Church of Scientology, coercive persuasion was connected by the plaintiffs to the legal concept of undue influence[11][12]. Undue influence (as a term in Jurisprudence) is an equitable doctrine that involves one person taking advantage of a position of power over another person

Tactics mentioned in describing coercive persuasion can include everyday methods like hard sale tactics or environmental control like described by Robert Lifton. Mind control is a broad range of psychological tactics able to subvert an individual's control of his own thinking, behavior emotions or decisions

See also

References

  1. ^  Schein, Edgar, Coercive Persuasion: A socio-psychological analysis of the "brainwashing" of American civilian prisoners by the Chinese Communists (1961), W. Evangelism is the Christian practice of proselytisation. The intention of most evangelism is to effect Eternal salvation to those who do not follow the W. Norton (publishers), (1971 edition ISBN 0-393-00613-1)
  2. ^  Schein, Edgar, Brainwashing and Totalitarianization in Modern Society (1959)
  3. ^  Carruthers, Martyn, Prevent Coercive Persuasion & Mind Control (online) Retrieved November 2005
  4. ^  Cimbala, Stephen The Politics of Warfare (2004) pp. 144-5 , Penn State Press, ISBN 0-271-02592-1
  5. ^  Langone, Michael, Cults Questions and Answers] (Online) Retrieved November 2005
  6. ^  Ungerleider and Wellish, Coercive persuasion (brainwashing), religious cults, and deprogramming American Journal of Psychatry, 1979
  7. ^  Gene G. James, Brainwashing: The Myth and the Actuality Fordham University Quarterly, Volume LXI, June 1986
  8. ^  Novit Evas, Bette Interpreting the Free Exercise of Religion: The Constitution and American Pluralism, () pp. Fordham University is a private University in the United States, with three campuses located in and around New York City. 91-3, UNC Press, ISBN 0-8078-4674-0
    "For legal purposes, the term coercive persuassion [as it pertains to the acquisition of religious beliefs] is both conceptually flawed as well as unworkable within the limits of the First Amendment"
  9. ^  Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, council meeting on the 7th of November 1990 (Online)
  10. ^  APA Board of Social and Ethical Responsibility for Psychology, Memo re Final Report of DIMPAC Task Force, Board of Social and Ethical Responsibility for Psychology, May 11, 1987 (online)
  11. ^  Molko v. Holy Spirit Assn. (1988) 46 C3d 1092 (online)
  12. ^  Document presented to the U. S. Supreme Court in the case Wollersheim vs. Churchof Scientology How does mind control work?: A technical overview of mind control tactics (Online) Retrieved November 2005

External links

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