Cocoa is the dried and partially fermented fatty seed of the cacao tree from which chocolate is made. CACAO is a research Java Virtual Machine developed at Vienna University of Technology. Chocolate ( pronounced or /-ˈələt/ comprises a number of raw and processed foods that are produced from the seed of the tropical Cacao tree "Cocoa" can often also refer to the drink commonly known as hot chocolate^[1]; cocoa powder, the dry powder made by grinding cocoa seeds and removing the cocoa butter from the dark, bitter cocoa solids; or it may refer to the combination of both cocoa powder and cocoa butter together. Hot chocolate (also known as hot cocoa, drinking chocolate or just cocoa) is a heated Beverage that typically consists of Cocoa solids is a term for the nonfat component of Chocolate. Cocoa butter, also called theobroma oil, is the pale-yellow pure edible Vegetable fat of the Cacao bean ^[2][3]

A cacao pod has a rough leathery rind about 3 cm thick (this varies with the origin and variety of pod). It is filled with sweet, mucilaginous pulp called 'baba de cacao' in South America, enclosing 30 to 50 large almond-like seeds (beans) that are fairly soft and pinkish or purplish in color. The Almond ( Prunus dulcis, syn Prunus amygdalus Batsch Amygdalus communis L A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored

Cocoa should not be confused with the coca plant which can be used to create cocaine. Not to be confused with Cocoa. Coca is a Plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to north-western South America Cocaine ( benzoylmethyl ecgonine) is a Crystalline Tropane Alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the Coca plant

Contents 1 History 2 Production 2.1 World production 2.2 Harvesting 2.3 Processing 2.4 Chocolate production 3 Health benefits of cocoa consumption 4 Non-human animal consumption 5 Problems in the use of cocoa as a commodity 5.1 Child labor 6 Cocoa trading 7 See also 8 References 9 External links

History

The cacao tree is native to the Americas. It may have originated in the foothills of the Andes in the Amazon and Orinoco basins of South America where today, examples of wild cacao still can be found. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. The Amazon River (Rio Amazonas Río Amazonas of South America is the largest river in the world by volume with a total river flow greater than the next top ten largest rivers ORiNOCO is the brand name that was used for a family of wireless networking solutions by Proxim (previously Lucent) South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a However, it may have had a larger range in the past, evidence for which may be obscured because of its cultivation in these areas long before, as well as after, the Spanish arrived. It may have been introduced into Central America by the ancient Mayas, and cultivated in Mexico by the Olmecs, then by the Toltecs and later by the Aztecs. The Maya civilization is a Mesoamerican Civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the Pre-Columbian Americas The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The Olmec were an ancient Pre-Columbian people living in the Tropical lowlands of south-central Mexico, in what are roughly the modern-day states Toltec-style Vessel 1jpg|thumb|250px|right|A rather expressive orange-ware clay vessel in the Toltec style Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political It was a common currency throughout Mesoamerica and the Caribbean before the Spanish conquest.

Cacao trees will grow in a limited geographical zone, of approximately 20 degrees to the north and south of the Equator. Nearly 70% of the world crop is grown in West Africa.

Cocoa was an important commodity in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences Mesoamerica or Meso-America (Mesoamérica is a Region extending approximately from central Mexico to Honduras and Nicaragua, defined Spanish chroniclers of the conquest of Mexico by Hernán Cortés relate that when Montezuma II, emperor of the Aztecs, dined he took no other beverage than chocolate, served in a golden goblet and eaten with a golden spoon. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Hernán Cortés de Monroy y Pizarro 1st Marqués del Valle de Oaxaca ( 1485&ndash December 2, Moctezuma, also known as Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin (Motēuczōma Xōcoyōtzin|mo Aztec is a term used to refer to certain ethnic groups of central Mexico, particularly those groups who spoke the Nahuatl language and who achieved political Chocolate ( pronounced or /-ˈələt/ comprises a number of raw and processed foods that are produced from the seed of the tropical Cacao tree Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Flavored with vanilla and spices, his chocolate was whipped into a froth that dissolved in the mouth. Vanilla is a Flavoring derived from Orchids of the genus Vanilla native to Mexico. A spice is a dried Seed, Fruit, Root, Bark or vegetative substance used in Nutritionally insignificant quantities as a Food additive It is reported that Montezuma II may have consumed no fewer than 50 portions each day, and 200 more by the nobles of his court. Nobility is a government-privileged title which may be either hereditary (see Hereditary titles) or for a lifetime

Chocolate was introduced to Europe by the Spaniards and became a popular beverage by the mid 1600s. ^[4] They also introduced the cacao tree into the West Indies and the Philippines. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The Philippines ( Filipino: Pilipinas, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines (fil ''Republika ng Pilipinas'' RP

The cacao plant was first given its botanical name by Swedish natural scientist Carolus Linnaeus in his original classification of the plant kingdom, who called it Theobroma ("food of the gods") cacao. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for

Production

Main article: Economics of cocoa

World production

Top Cocoa Producers in 2004
(million metric tons)
Côte d'Ivoire	1. This article discusses Child labor and Human trafficking related to west African Cocoa production Côte d'Ivoire (ˌkoʊt divˈwɑː(r ' in English, kot diˈvwaʀ in French) or Ivory Coast, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a 33
Ghana	0. The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the 74
Indonesia	0. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. 43
Nigeria	0. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal 37
Brazil	0. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld 17
Cambodia	0. The Kingdom of Cambodia ( formerly known as Kampuchea (, transliterated: Preăh Réachéanachâkr Kâmpŭchea) is a country in South East 13
Ecuador	0. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. 09
World Total	3. 6
Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organisation (FAO)[1]

About 3,000,000 tonnes (3,000,000 LT/3,300,000 ST) of cocoa is produced each year. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. The short ton ( S/T) is a unit of mass equal to 2000 lb (around 907 The global production was

1,556,484 t (1,531,902 LT/1,715,730 ST) in 1974,

1,810,611 t (1,782,015 LT/1,995,857 ST) in 1984,

2,672,173 t (2,629,970 LT/2,945,567 ST) in 1994,

3,607,052 t (3,550,084 LT/3,976,094 ST) in 2004 (record).

This is an increase of 131. 7% in 30 years, representing a cumulative average growth rate (CAGR) of 2. 8%.

There are three main varieties of cacao: Forastero, Criollo, and Trinitario. The first comprises 95% of the world production of cacao, and is the most widely used. Overall, the highest quality cocoa beans come from the Criollo variety, which is considered a delicacy [2]. Criollo plantations have lower yields than those of Forastero, and also tend to be less resistant to several diseases that attack the cocoa plant, hence very few countries still produce it. One of the largest producer of Criollo beans is Venezuela (Chuao and Porcelana). Trinitario is a hybrid between Criollo and Forastero varieties. It is considered of much higher quality than the latter, but has higher yields and is more resistant to disease than the former [3].

The Netherlands is the leading cocoa processing country, followed by the U.S.. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Cocoa and its products (including chocolate) are used world-wide. Per Capita consumption is poorly understood with numerous countries claiming the highest: various reports state that Switzerland, Belgium, and the UK have the highest consumption, but because there is no clear mechanism to determine how much of a country's production is consumed by residents and how much by visitors, this is all speculative. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

The world's largest cocoa bean producing countries are as follows. The figure gives the production estimates for the 2006/7 season from the International Cocoa Organization. The percentage is the proportion of the world's total of 3. 5 million tonnes for the relevant period.

Country	Amount produced	Percentage of world production
Côte d’Ivoire	1. Côte d'Ivoire (ˌkoʊt divˈwɑː(r ' in English, kot diˈvwaʀ in French) or Ivory Coast, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a 3 million tonnes	37. 4%
Ghana	720 thousand tonnes	20. The Republic of Ghana is a country in West Africa. It borders Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast to the west Burkina Faso to the north Togo to the 7%
Indonesia	440 thousand tonnes	12. The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia. 7%
Cameroon	175 thousand tonnes	5. The Republic of Cameroon is a unitary republic of central and western Africa. 0%
Nigeria	160 thousand tonnes	4. Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal 6%
Brazil	155 thousand tonnes	4. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld 5%
Ecuador	118 thousand tonnes	3. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Ecuador topics. 4%
Dominican Republic	47 thousand tonnes	1. The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with 4%
Malaysia	30 thousand tonnes	0. For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and 9%

Harvesting

When the pods ripen, they are harvested from the trunks and branches of the Cocoa tree with a curved knife on a long pole. A knife is a handheld sharp-edged instrument consisting of handle attached to a Blade used for cutting Polymerase (DNA directed epsilon, also known as POLE, is a human Gene. The pod itself is green when ready to harvest, rather than red or orange. Normally, red or orange pods are considered of a lesser quality because their flavors and aromas are poorer; these are used for industrial chocolate. The pods are either opened on the field and the seeds extracted and carried to the fermentation area on the plantation, or the whole pods are taken to the fermentation area. Fermentation in Food processing typically refers to the conversion of Sugar to Alcohol using Yeast under Anaerobic conditions

Processing

The harvested pods are opened with a machete, the pulp and cocoa seeds are removed and the rind is discarded. The machete (məˈʃɛti is a large cleaver -like cutting tool The pulp and seeds are then piled in heaps, placed in bins, or laid out on grates for several days. During this time, the seeds and pulp undergo "sweating", where the thick pulp liquefies as it ferments. The fermented pulp trickles away, leaving cocoa seeds behind to be collected. Sweating is important for the quality of the beans, which originally have a strong bitter taste. If sweating is interrupted, the resulting cocoa may be ruined; if underdone the cocoa seed maintains a flavor similar to raw potatoes and becomes susceptible to mildew. The potato is a Starchy Tuberous crop Vegetable from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae Mildew refers to certain kinds of Mold or Fungus. In Old English, it meant honeydew (a substance secreted by Aphids on leaves formerly

Some cocoa producing countries distill alcoholic spirits using the liquefied pulp. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon

The fermented beans are dried by spreading them out over a large surface and constantly raking them. In large plantations, this is done on huge trays under the sun or by using artificial heat. Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco Small plantations may dry their harvest on little trays or on cowhides. Cowhide is the natural product/by-product of the Food industry from Cattle. Finally, the beans are trodden and shuffled about (often using bare human feet) and sometimes, during this process, red clay mixed with water is sprinkled over the beans to obtain a finer color, polish, and protection against molds during shipment to factories in the United States, the Netherlands, United Kingdom, and other countries. Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Drying in the sun is preferable to drying by artificial means, as no extraneous flavors such as smoke or oil are introduced which might otherwise taint the flavor.

Boy collecting cacao

Cacao drying square in front of church, Chuao, Venezuela. Chuao is a small village located in the northern coastal range of Venezuela.

Woman drying cacao

Chocolate production

Main article: Chocolate#Production

To make 1 kg (2. Chocolate ( pronounced or /-ˈələt/ comprises a number of raw and processed foods that are produced from the seed of the tropical Cacao tree 2 pounds) of chocolate, about 300 to 600 beans are processed, depending on the desired cocoa content. Chocolate ( pronounced or /-ˈələt/ comprises a number of raw and processed foods that are produced from the seed of the tropical Cacao tree In a factory, the beans are washed and roasted. Next they are cracked and then de-hulled by a "winnower". The resulting pieces of beans are called nibs, and are ground using various methods into a thick creamy paste, known as chocolate liquor or cocoa paste. For chocolate-flavored liqueur see chocolate liqueur. Chocolate liquor, also known as cocoa liquor and cocoa mass, is a smooth This "liquor" is then further processed into chocolate by mixing in (more) cocoa butter and sugar (and sometimes lecithin as an emulsifier and vanilla), and then refining, conching and tempering. A conche is an agitator that evenly distributes Cocoa butter within Chocolate, and may act as a 'polisher' of the Particles It also promotes Flavor Or it can be separated into cocoa powder and cocoa butter using a hydraulic press or the Broma process. Cocoa solids is a term for the nonfat component of Chocolate. Cocoa butter, also called theobroma oil, is the pale-yellow pure edible Vegetable fat of the Cacao bean For the mechanical technology see Hydraulic machinery and Hydraulic cylinder Hydraulics is a topic of science and Engineering Introduction A press, or a machine press is a Tool used to work Metal (typically Steel) by changing its shape and internal structure The Broma process is a method used to remove Cocoa butter from Cacao beans resulting in Cocoa solids, also known as cocoa powder This process produces around 50% cocoa butter and 50% cocoa powder. Cocoa butter, also called theobroma oil, is the pale-yellow pure edible Vegetable fat of the Cacao bean Cocoa solids is a term for the nonfat component of Chocolate. Standard cocoa powder has a fat content of approximately 10-12 percent. Cocoa butter is used in chocolate bar manufacture, other confectionery, soaps, and cosmetics. Cocoa butter, also called theobroma oil, is the pale-yellow pure edible Vegetable fat of the Cacao bean Confectionery is a set of Food items that are rich in Sugar; modern usage may include substances rich in artificial sweeteners as well SOAP (see below for name and origins is a protocol for exchanging XML -based messages over Computer networks normally using

Adding an alkali produces Dutch process cocoa powder, which is less acidic, darker and more mellow in flavor than what is generally available in most of the world. In Chemistry, an alkali (from Arabic: Al-Qaly القلي القالي) is a basic, ionic salt of an Alkali metal Dutch process chocolate, or Dutched chocolate, It forms the basis for much of modern chocolate and is used in Ice cream, Hot cocoa, and baking Regular (nonalkalized) cocoa is acidic, so when added to an alkaline ingredient like baking soda, the two react and leave a byproduct.

Health benefits of cocoa consumption

Chocolate and cocoa contain a high level of flavonoids, specifically epicatechin, which may have beneficial cardiovascular effects on health. The term flavonoid (or bioflavonoid refers to a class of Plant Secondary metabolites According to the IUPAC nomenclature they can be classified into Catechins are polyphenolic Antioxidant Plant Metabolites. They belong to the family of Flavonoids and to be more specific flavan-3-ols This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System" ^[5][6][7] The ingestion of flavonol-rich cocoa is associated with acute elevation of circulating nitric oxide, enhanced flow-mediated vasodilation, and augmented microcirculation. Nitric oxide or nitrogen monoxide is a Chemical compound with Chemical formula N[[Oxygen O]] The microcirculation is the Blood flow through Blood vessels smaller than 100 µm (i ^[8]

Prolonged intake of flavonol-rich cocoa has been linked to cardiovascular health benefits,^[9][10][11] though it should be noted that this refers to plain cocoa and dark chocolate. Milk chocolate's addition of whole milk reduces the overall cocoa content per ounce while increasing saturated fat levels, possibly negating some of cocoa's heart-healthy potential benefits. Nevertheless, studies have still found short term benefits in LDL cholesterol levels from dark chocolate consumption. Low-density lipoprotein ( LDL) is a type of Lipoprotein that transports Cholesterol and Triglycerides from the Liver to peripheral ^[12]

Hollenberg and colleagues of Harvard Medical School studied the effects of cocoa and flavanols on Panama's Kuna Indian population, who are heavy consumers of cocoa. The researchers found that the Kuna Indians living on the islands had significantly lower rates of heart disease and cancer compared to those on the mainland who do not drink cocoa as on the islands. It is believed that the improved blood flow after consumption of flavanol-rich cocoa may help to achieve health benefits in hearts and other organs. In particular, the benefits may extend to the brain and have important implications for learning and memory. ^[13][14]

Foods rich in cocoa appear to reduce blood pressure but drinking green and black tea may not, according to an analysis of previously published research in the April 9, 2007 issue of Archives of Internal Medicine, one of the JAMA/Archives journals. ^[15]

Non-human animal consumption

Chocolate is a food product with appeal not only to the human population, but to many different animals as well. However, chocolate and cocoa contain a high level of xanthines, specifically theobromine and to a much lesser extent caffeine, that are detrimental to the health of many animals, including dogs and cats. Xanthine (ˈzænθiːn ˈzænθaɪn] (37-dihydro-purine-26-dione is a Purine base found in most body tissues and fluids and in other organisms Theobromine, also known as xantheose, which also includes the similar compounds Theophylline and Caffeine. Caffeine is a bitter white crystalline Xanthine Alkaloid that acts as a Psychoactive Stimulant Drug and a mild Diuretic The dog ( Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated Subspecies of the gray wolf, a Mammal of the Canidae family of the order WikipediaManual of Style (spelling, articles should conform to one overall spelling style of English typically the one most linked to the article topic (if it is geographic While these compounds have desirable effects in humans, they cannot be efficiently metabolized in many animals and can lead to cardiac and nervous system problems, and if consumed in high quantities, even lead to death. However, since the mid-2000s, some cocoa derivatives with a low concentration of xanthines, have been designed by specialized industry to be suitable for pet consumption, enabling the pet food industry to offer animal safe chocolate and cocoa flavored products. ^[16][17] It results in products with a high concentration of fiber and proteins, while maintaining low concentrations of sugar and other carbohydrates; thus enabling it to be used to create healthy functional cocoa pet products. Fiber or fibre is a class of Materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces similar to lengths of thread. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most Functional food or medicinal food is any fresh or processed Food claimed to have a health-promoting and/or disease-preventing property beyond the basic Nutritional

Problems in the use of cocoa as a commodity

• Cocoa farmers in many countries lack information on production and marketing practices to help them improve their livelihoods. A commodity is anything for which there is demand but which is supplied without qualitative differentiation across a market Charities such as the World Cocoa Foundation helps to support sustainable cocoa efforts through public-private partnerships such as IITA's sustainable tree crops program (STCP) in cocoa growing regions.
• Natural pollination is exclusively by midges, which may be affected by pesticides. Pollination in angiosperms and Gymnosperms is the process that transfers pollen grains, which contain the male Gametes (sperm to where the female Midges comprise many kinds of very small two-winged flies The term does not encapsulate a well-defined taxonomic group but includes animals in several families of Nematoceran A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. Pollination is also carried out manually.
• Many cocoa farmers receive a low price for their production. This has led to cocoa and chocolate being available as fairtrade items in some countries. Fairtrade (one word redirects here For the more general article on the fair trade movement see Fair trade (two words However, this fair trade remains as a tiny percentage of the total trade.

Child labor

Main article: Economics of cocoa

• Children work in the cocoa production industry. This article discusses Child labor and Human trafficking related to west African Cocoa production According to an International Labor Organization report, in 2002 more than 109,000 children were working on cocoa farms in Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), some of them in 'the worst forms of child labor'. The International Labour Organization Côte d'Ivoire (ˌkoʊt divˈwɑː(r ' in English, kot diˈvwaʀ in French) or Ivory Coast, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a Child labor is the employment of Children at regular and sustained labour ^[18] The International Labor Organization later reported that 200,000 children were working in the cocoa industry in Ivory Coast in 2005. [4]
• The first allegations that child slavery is used in cocoa production appeared in 1998. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another The 2005 International Labor Organization report failed to fully characterize this problem, but estimated that up to 6% of the 200,000 children involved in cocoa production could be the victims of human trafficking or slavery[5]. Human trafficking is the recruitment transportation harbouring or receipt of people for the purposes of slavery forced labor (including bonded labor or debt bondage and servitude (See Economics of cocoa). This article discusses Child labor and Human trafficking related to west African Cocoa production
• See Cocoa Protocol for efforts to end these practices. The Harkin-Engel Protocol, commonly referred to as the Cocoa Protocol is an international aimed at ending child labour in the production of cocoa The Cocoa Protocol has been criticized by some groups including the International Labor Rights Fund as an industry initiative which falls short. The Harkin-Engel Protocol, commonly referred to as the Cocoa Protocol is an international aimed at ending child labour in the production of cocoa The International Labor Rights Forum (ILRF is a nonprofit advocacy organization headquartered in Washington DC that describes itself as "an

Cocoa trading

Cocoa beans, Cocoa butter and cocoa powder are traded on two world exchanges: London and New York. The London market is based on West African cocoa and New York on cocoa predominantly from South East Asia. Cocoa is the world's smallest soft commodity market. A soft commodity is a Commodity such as Coffee, Cocoa, Sugar, Corn, Wheat, Soybean and Fruit. The futures price of cocoa butter and cocoa powder is determined by multiplying the bean price by a ratio. The combined butter and powder ratio has tended to be around 3. 5. If the combined ratio falls below 3. 2 or so, production ceases to be economically viable and some factories cease extraction of butter and powder and trade exclusively in cocoa liquor.

See also

• Cacao
• Caffeine
• Chocolate
• Theobromine, an alkaloid present in cocoa
• Epicatechin, a flavonoid present in cocoa
• Labor exploitation in the chocolate industry
• International Labor Rights Fund - child labor in the cocoa industry

References

External links

• World Cocoa Foundation - supporting sustainable cocoa farming
• International Cocoa Organization
• Harvard Study on Medical Aspects of Cocoa
• Cocoa Producers' Alliance (COPAL)

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