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"Ladybird" and "ladybug" redirect here. For other uses, see ladybird (disambiguation).
Coccinellidae
Coccinella septempunctata
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Coleoptera
Superfamily: Cucujoidea
Family: Coccinellidae
Latreille, 1807
Subfamilies

Chilocorinae
Coccidulinae
Coccinellinae
Epilachninae
Scymininae
Sticholotidinae
etc. Coccinella septempunctata, the seven-spot ladybird (or in North America, seven-spotted ladybug or "C-7") is the most common Arthropods are Animals belonging to the Phylum Arthropoda (from Greek ἄρθρον arthron, " Joint " Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described Beetles are the group of Insects with the largest number of known Species. Cucujoidea is a Superfamily of Beetles. It contains the families Alexiidae Imhoff 1856 Biphyllidae LeConte 1861 Pierre André Latreille ( November 20, 1762 - February 6, 1833) was a French entomologist. see list of Coccinellidae genera
Basic anatomy of a ladybird
Basic anatomy of a ladybird
Early larva stage
Early larva stage
Mid-larva stage
Mid-larva stage
Pupal stage
Pupal stage
eggs
eggs

Coccinellidae is a family of beetles, known variously as ladybirds (British English, Australian English, South African English), ladybugs (North American English) or lady beetles (preferred by some scientists). The family Coccinellidae ("ladybirds" "lady beetles" or "lady bugs" is divided into seven subfamilies, many tribes, and In Biological classification, family ( Latin Beetles are the group of Insects with the largest number of known Species. British English or UK English ( BrE, BE, en-GB) is the broad term used to distinguish the forms of the English language used in the Australian English ( AuE, AusE, en-AU) is the form of the English language used in Australia. South African English ( SAE, en-ZA) is a Dialect of English spoken in South Africa and in neighbouring countries with a large number North American English is a collective term used for the varieties of the English language that are spoken in North America, namely in the United States The family name comes from its type genus, Coccinella. In biology the phrase type genus is used differently depending on the nomenclatural ''Code'' that applies In zoological nomenclature, a type This page is about the Beetle genus; for the software see Coccinella (software Coccinella is the most familiar Coccinellids are found worldwide, with over 5,000 species described[1], more than 450 native to North America alone. In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Coccinellids are small insects, ranging from 1 mm to 10 mm (0. Insects ( Class Insecta) are a major group of Arthropods and the most diverse group of Animals on the Earth with over a million described To help compare different Orders of magnitude this page lists Lengths between 10&minus3 m and 10&minus2 m (1 mm and 1 cm 04 to 0. 4 inches), and are commonly yellow, orange, or scarlet with small black spots on their wing covers, with black legs, head and antennae. An elytron (plural elytra) is a modified hardened Forewing of certain Insect orders notably Beetles (Coleoptera and true bugs ( Hemiptera Antennae (singular antenna) are paired Appendages connected to the front-most segments of Arthropods In Crustaceans they are A very large number of species are mostly or entirely black, gray, or brown and may be difficult for non-entomologists to recognize as coccinellids (and, conversely, there are many small beetles that are easily mistaken as such, like tortoise beetles). Entomology (from Greek grc ἔντομος entomos, "that which is cut in pieces or engraved/segmented" hence "insect" and grc -λογία The tortoise beetles are an artificial grouping of tribes within the Leaf beetle subfamily Hispinae.

Ladybirds are generally considered useful insects as many species feed on aphids or scale insects, which are pests in gardens, agricultural fields, orchards, and similar places. The scale insects are small Insects of the order Hemiptera, generally classified as the Superfamily Coccoidea. The Mall of America, for instance, releases thousands of ladybugs into its indoor park as a natural means of pest control for its gardens[2]. Mall of America (also MOA, MoA or the Megamall) is a super-regional shopping mall located in the Twin Cities suburb of Bloomington Some people consider seeing them or having them land on one's body to be a sign of good luck to come, and that killing them presages bad luck. Luck (also called fortunity) is a chance happening, or that which happens beyond a person's control. A few species are pests in North America and Europe.

Contents

Biology

Coccinellids are typically predators of Hemiptera such as aphids and scale insects, though members of the subfamily Epilachninae are herbivores, and can be very destructive agricultural pests (e. Hemiptera is an order of Insects comprising around 80000 Species of Cicadas Aphids Planthoppers Leafhoppers Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell A pest is an organism which has characteristics that are regarded by Humans as injurious or unwanted g. , the Mexican bean beetle). The Mexican bean beetle ( Epilachna varivestis) is a species of lady beetle which is a notorious agricultural pest They are also known to eat certain plants and crops when no other food is present, making them a possible pest to farmers and gardeners. While they are often used as biological control agents, introduced species of ladybirds (such as Harmonia axyridis or Coccinella septempunctata in North America) can outcompete and displace native coccinellids, and become pests in their own right. Biological control of pests in Agriculture is a method of controlling pests (including Insects Mites Weeds and plant diseases The Asian lady beetle ( Harmonia axyridis) also known as the multicolored Asian lady beetle, harlequin lady beetle (because of the species' Coccinella septempunctata, the seven-spot ladybird (or in North America, seven-spotted ladybug or "C-7") is the most common

Coccinellids are often brightly colored to ward away potential predators. This defense works because most predators associate bright colors (especially orange and black or yellow and black) with poison and other unpleasant properties. This phenomenon is called aposematism. In fact, most coccinellids are indeed poisonous to smaller predators, such as lizards and small birds; however, a human would have to eat several hundred coccinellids before feeling any effects. Adult coccinellids are able to reflex-bleed hemolymph from their leg joints, releasing their oily yellow toxin with a strong repellent smell. Hemolymph or haemolymph is the Blood analogue used by all Arthropods and most Mollusks that have an Open circulatory system. This becomes quite obvious when one handles a coccinellid roughly.

Most coccinellids mate in spring or summer and the female lays a cluster of eggs (numbering from a few to a few hundred, depending on species) as near as possible to an aphid colony. In most species these eggs hatch into a larval state within a week. A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example This state lasts 10–15 days, and they then go into a pupal stage before becoming an adult coccinellid. A pupa ( Latin pupa for doll pl pupae or pupas) is the life stage of some Insects undergoing transformation The entire life cycle of the Coccinellid is only 4–7 weeks. A life cycle is a period involving 1 Generation of an Organism through means of Reproduction, whether through Asexual reproduction or Sexual Most ladybird species are univoltine, producing only one generation a year, although some are bivoltine. Voltinism is a term used in biology to indicate the number of broods or generations of an organisms in a year Voltinism is a term used in biology to indicate the number of broods or generations of an organisms in a year

Coccinellids lay extra infertile eggs with the fertile eggs. These appear to provide a backup food source for the larvae when they hatch. The ratio of infertile to fertile eggs increases with scarcity of food at the time of egg laying. [3]

Some species are migratory and form large aggregations during the migratory period. The SWARM Remote Weapon System (Stabilised Weapon And Reconnaissance Mount is a fully armored Remote weapon system designed and built by the Thales Group in They also form large aggregations when they go into hibernation in Winter. For the ability of certain operating systems see Hibernate (OS feature Hibernation is a state of inactivity and metabolic depression [4]

Habitats

Most coccinellids are beneficial to gardeners in general, as they feed on aphids, scale insects, mealybugs, and mites throughout the year. The scale insects are small Insects of the order Hemiptera, generally classified as the Superfamily Coccoidea. Mealybug is the common name of insects in Pseudococcidae, a family of unarmored Scale insects found in moist warm climates Mites, along with Ticks belong to the subclass Acarina (also known as Acari and the class Arachnida Mites are among the most diverse and successful As in many insects, ladybirds in temperate regions enter diapause during the winter, so they often are among the first insects to appear in the spring. Diapause is a Physiological state of Dormancy with very specific triggering and releasing conditions Some species (e. g. , Hippodamia convergens) gather into groups and move to higher land, such as a mountain, to enter diapause. The convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens, is one of the most common lady beetles in North America and is found throughout the continent Predatory ladybirds are usually found on plants where aphids or scale insects are, and they lay their eggs near their prey, to increase the likelihood the larvae will find the prey easily. Ladybirds are cosmopolitan in distribution, as are their prey.

Coccinellids as household pests

Although native species of coccinellids are typically considered benign, in North America the Asian lady beetle (Harmonia axyridis), introduced in the twentieth century to control aphids on agricultural crops, has become a serious household pest in some regions owing to its habit of overwintering in structures. The Asian lady beetle ( Harmonia axyridis) also known as the multicolored Asian lady beetle, harlequin lady beetle (because of the species' A pest is an organism which has characteristics that are regarded by Humans as injurious or unwanted It is similarly acquiring a pest reputation in Europe, where it is called the "Harlequin Ladybird" (see main article "Asian lady beetle" for discussion). The Asian lady beetle ( Harmonia axyridis) also known as the multicolored Asian lady beetle, harlequin lady beetle (because of the species' Some ladybirds eat flies such as greenflies and smaller insects.

Coccinellids in popular culture

Coccinellids are and have for very many years been favorite insects of children. The insects had many regional names (now mostly disused) such as the lady-cow, may-bug, golden-knop, golden-bugs (Suffolk); and variations on Bishop-Barnaby (Norfolk dialect) - (Barney, Burney) Barnabee, Burnabee, and the Bishop-that-burneth. Suffolk (ˈsʌfək is a non-metropolitan county of historic origin in East Anglia, England. The Norfolk dialect, also known as Broad Norfolk, is a Dialect that was once spoken by those living in the County of Norfolk in England

The ladybird is immortalised in the still-popular children's nursery rhyme Ladybird, Ladybird:

“ Ladybird, ladybird, fly away home

Your house is on fire and your children are gone
All except one, and that's Little Anne
For she has crept under the warming pan. A nursery rhyme is a traditional Song or Poem taught to young children originally in the nursery. " Ladybird Ladybird " (sometimes rendered as " Ladybug Ladybug " particularly in the US) is a Nursery rhyme.

”

Many variants exist, including one that seems ancient (recounted in an 1851 publication):

“ Dowdy-cow, dowdy-cow, ride away heame,

Thy house is burnt, and thy bairns are tean,
And if thou means to save thy bairns
Take thy wings and flee away!

 ”
Coccinella septempunctata pair in copulo
Coccinella septempunctata pair in copulo

The name that the insect bears in the various languages of Europe is mythic. 1851 ( MDCCCLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Coccinella septempunctata, the seven-spot ladybird (or in North America, seven-spotted ladybug or "C-7") is the most common Sexual intercourse, in its biological sense is the act in which the male reproductive organ (in humans and other higher animals enters the female reproductive tract The word mythology (from the Greek grc μυθολογία mythología, meaning "a story-telling a legendary lore" In this, as in other cases, the Virgin Mary has supplanted Freyja, the fertility goddess of Norse mythology; so that Freyjuhaena and Frouehenge have been changed into Marienvoglein, which corresponds with Our Lady's Bird. Freyja (sometimes anglicized as Freya) is a major goddess in Norse Paganism, a subset of Germanic Paganism. Fertility is the natural capability of giving life As a measure "Fertility Rate" is the number of children born per couple person or population A goddess is a Female Deity. Many Cultures have goddesses Often deities are part of a polytheistic system that includes several deities Norse mythology comprises the indigenous pre-Christian religion, beliefs and Legends of the Scandinavian peoples including those who settled on Iceland The esteem with which these insects are regarded has roots in ancient beliefs. [5] In Irish, the insect is called bóín Dé — or "God's little cow"; similarly, in Croatian it is called Božja ovčica ("God's little sheep"). Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Croatian language ( hrvatski jezik) is a South Slavic language which is used primarily in Croatia, by Croats in Bosnia and Herzegovina in neighbouring In France it is known as bête à bon Dieu, "the Good Lord's animal",[6] and in Russia, Божья коровка ("God's little cow"),[6] while in Yiddish, it is called "Moshe Rabbenu's little cow" or "Moshe Rabbenu's little horse", apparently an adaptation of the Russian name, or sometimes "Little Messiah". This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Yiddish (yi [[wiktייִדיש ייִדיש]] yidish or yi [[wiktאידיש אידיש]] idish, literally "Jewish" is a nonterritorial High Moses ( Latin: Moyses,; Greek: grc Mωυσής in both the Septuagint and the New Testament; Arabic: ar موسىٰ This article is about the concept of a Messiah in religion notably in the Christian Islamic and Jewish traditions [6]

In parts of Northern Europe, tradition says that one's wish granted if a ladybird lands on oneself (this tradition lives on in North America, where children capture a ladybird, make a wish, and then "blow it away" back home to make the wish come true). Northern Europe is a term for the northern part of Europe. The United Nations defines Northern Europe as (Finland In Italy, it is said by some that if a ladybird flies into one's bedroom, it is considered good luck. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest In central Europe, a ladybird crawling across a girl's hand is thought to mean she will get married within the year. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and In some cultures they are referred to as lucky bugs (Turkish: uğur böceği).

In Russia, a popular children's rhyme exists with a call to fly to the sky and bring back bread; similarly, in Denmark a ladybird, called a mariehøne ("Mary's hen"), is asked by children to fly to 'our lord in heaven and ask for fairer weather in the morning'.

In Greece, ladybirds are called πασχαλίτσα (paschalitsa), because they are found abundantly in Eastertime, along with paschalia, the Common Lilac plant, which flowers at the same time. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year. Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year. Syringa vulgaris ( Lilac or Common Lilac) is a species of Syringa in the olive family Oleaceae, native to the

In Malta, the ladybird is called nannakola, and until a few years ago little children sang: Nannakola, mur l-iskola/Aqbad siġġu u ibda ogħla (Ladybird go to school, get a chair and start jumping). Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands

Gallery

Pupal stage of a coccinellid

Hippodamia overwintering en masse (Colorado Springs, Colorado)

Neoharmonia venusta

Anatis on a pine cone

Coccinella species from the U. Hippodamia is a genus of Ladybirds in the family Coccinellidae. The City of Colorado Springs is a Home Rule Municipality that is the County seat and most populous city of El Paso County, Colorado, This page is about the Beetle genus; for the software see Coccinella (software Coccinella is the most familiar S.

P-14 coccinellid consuming an aphid

Larvae just hatched from their eggs

Coccinella septempunctata

Harmonia axyridis deploying wings

Hippodamia hiding within a flower bud

Lady beetle larva eating an aphid

Coccinella septempunctata (Canada)

References

  1. ^ Judy Allen & Tudor Humphries (2000). Coccinella septempunctata, the seven-spot ladybird (or in North America, seven-spotted ladybug or "C-7") is the most common The Asian lady beetle ( Harmonia axyridis) also known as the multicolored Asian lady beetle, harlequin lady beetle (because of the species' Hippodamia is a genus of Ladybirds in the family Coccinellidae. Coccinella septempunctata, the seven-spot ladybird (or in North America, seven-spotted ladybug or "C-7") is the most common Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Are You A Ladybug?, Kingfisher, p. 30
  2. ^ Matthew Power, "Top Tech City: Minneapolis, MN", PopSci. com (http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2005-03/top-tech-city-minneapolis-mn?page=4), accessed April 19 2008
  3. ^ J. Perry & B. Roitberg (2005). Ladybird mothers mitigate offspring starvation risk by laying trophic eggs. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 58: 578–586.  
  4. ^ A. Honek, Z. Martinkova & S. Pekar (2007). Aggregation characteristics of three species of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) at hibernation sites. European Journal of Entomology 104 (1): 51–56.  
  5. ^ "Bishop Barnaby" (1849-12-29). Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1170 - Thomas Becket: Thomas Becket Archbishop of Canterbury is assassinated inside Canterbury Cathedral by followers of King Henry II Notes and Queries 9. Notes and Queries (originally subtitled "a medium of inter-communication for literary men artists antiquaries, Genealogists etc")  
  6. ^ a b c Born to Kvetch, Michael Wex, St. Michael Wex (born 1954 is a Canadian novelist playwright lecturer performer and author of books on language and literature Martin's Press, New York, 2005, ISBN 0-312-30741-1

External links

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