Cocaine
Systematic (IUPAC) name
methyl (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3- (benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general 2. 1] octane-2-carboxylate
Identifiers
CAS number	50-36-2
ATC code	N01BC01 R02AD03, S01HA01, S02DA02
PubChem	5760
DrugBank	APRD00080
Chemical data
Formula	C17H21NO4
Mol. mass	303. CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs It is controlled by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component The DrugBank database available at the University of Alberta is a unique Bioinformatics and Cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the The molecular mass (abbreviated m of a substance, more commonly referred to as molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the Mass of one 353 g/mol
SMILES	eMolecules & PubChem
Physical data
Melt. point	195 °C (383 °F)
Solubility in water	1800 mg/mL (20 °C)
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability	Oral: 33%[1] Insufflated: 60[2]–80%[3] Nasal Spray: 25[4]–43%[1]
Metabolism	Hepatic CYP3A4
Half life	1 hour
Excretion	Renal (benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester)
Therapeutic considerations
Pregnancy cat.	C
Legal status	Controlled (S8)(AU) Schedule I(CA) Class A(UK) Schedule II(US)
Dependence Liability	High
Routes	Topical, Oral, Insufflation, IV, PO

Cocaine (benzoylmethyl ecgonine) is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as In Pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered Dose of unchanged drug that reaches the Systemic circulation, one of Insufflation (Latin insufflatio "blowing on or into" is the practice of inhaling substances into a Body cavity. Drug metabolism is the Metabolism of drugs, their Biochemical modification or degradation usually through specialized enzymatic systems The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals Cytochrome P450 3A4 (abbreviated CYP3A4) ( a member of the Cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidase system is one of the most important enzymes involved in the metabolism The biological half-life of a substance is the time it takes for a substance (drug radioactive nuclide or other to lose half of its pharmacologic physiologic or radiologic activity Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of Metabolism and other non-useful materials The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical if it is used as directed by the mother during The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction The Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Drugs and Poisons, abbreviated SUSDP, is a document used in the regulation of drugs and poisons in Australia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act is Canada 's federal drug control statute Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 (c38 is an Act of Parliament, by which the United Kingdom aims to control the possession and supply of numerous drugs The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Controlled Substances Act ( CSA) was enacted into law by the Congress of the United States as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In Pharmacology and Toxicology, a route In Medicine, a topical Medication is applied to body surfaces such as the Skin or Mucous membranes for example the Vagina Insufflation (Latin insufflatio "blowing on or into" is the practice of inhaling substances into a Body cavity. Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of Liquid substances directly into a Vein. In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating Tropane is a Nitrogenous Bicyclic Organic compound. It is mainly known for a group of Alkaloids derived from it (called Tropane alkaloids This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company. Not to be confused with Cocoa. Coca is a Plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to north-western South America ^[5] The name comes from "coca" in addition to the alkaloid suffix -ine, forming cocaine. It is both a stimulant of the central nervous system and an appetite suppressant. Stimulant drugs are Drugs that temporarily increase alertness and awareness In Vertebrates the central nervous system ( CNS) is the part of the Nervous system which is enclosed in the Meninges. Note "Anorectic" is also a term for an anorexic person a person suffering from Anorexia nervosa Anorectics, anorexigenics Specifically, it is a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, a noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor and a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors ( DARI) Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors, Dopamine Transporter Inhibitors are compounds that inhibit the Reuptake of extracellular Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors ( NRIs) also known as noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors ( NARIs) are compounds that elevate the extracellular level of Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs) are a class of Antidepressants used in the treatment of depression, Anxiety disorders Because of the way it affects the mesolimbic reward pathway, cocaine is addictive. The mesolimbic pathway is one of the Neural pathways in the Brain that links the Ventral tegmentum in the Midbrain to the Nucleus accumbens The term " addiction " is used in many contexts to describe an obsession compulsion or excessive Physical dependence or psychological dependence such as Nevertheless, cocaine is used in medicine as a topical anesthetic, even in children, specifically in eye, nose and throat surgery. In Medicine, a topical Medication is applied to body surfaces such as the Skin or Mucous membranes for example the Vagina Anesthesia, or anaesthesia (see spelling differences; from Greek grc αν- an-, "without" and grc αἲσθησις Eye surgery, also known as orogolomistician surgery or ocular surgery, is Surgery performed on the Eye or its Adnexa, typically by Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental

Its possession, cultivation, and distribution are illegal for non-medicinal and non-government sanctioned purposes in virtually all parts of the world. Although its free commercialization is illegal and has been severely penalized in virtually all countries, its use worldwide remains widespread in many social, cultural, and personal settings.

History

Coca leaf

For a thousand years South American indigenous peoples have chewed the coca leaf (Erythroxylon coca), a plant that contains vital nutrients as well as numerous alkaloids, including cocaine. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. Not to be confused with Cocoa. Coca is a Plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to north-western South America This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company. The leaf was, and is, chewed almost universally by some indigenous communities—ancient Peruvian mummies have been found with the remains of coca leaves, and pottery from the time period depicts humans, cheeks bulged with the presence of something on which they are chewing. A tribe, viewed historically or developmentally consists of a Social group existing before the development of or outside of States Many anthropologists use ^[6] There is also evidence that these cultures used a mixture of coca leaves and saliva as an anesthetic for the performance of trepanation. Trepanation (also known as trepanning, trephination, trephining or burr hole) is surgery in which a hole is Drilled or scraped into ^[7]

The coca plant, Erythroxylon coca.

When the Spaniards conquered South America, they at first ignored aboriginal claims that the leaf gave them strength and energy, and declared the practice of chewing it the work of the Devil. The Spanish colonization of the Americas was Spain 's conquest settlement and rule over much of the Western hemisphere. Satan, ( Standard Hebrew Satan'el, English accuser) is a term that originates from the Abrahamic faiths, being traditionally But after discovering that these claims were true, they legalized and taxed the leaf, taking 10% off the value of each crop. These taxes were for a time the main source of support for the Roman Catholic Church in the region. In 1569, Nicolás Monardes described the practice of the natives of chewing a mixture of tobacco and coca leaves to induce "great contentment":

^[8]

In 1609, Padre Blas Valera wrote:

Isolation

Although the stimulant and hunger-suppressant properties of coca had been known for many centuries, the isolation of the cocaine alkaloid was not achieved until 1855 . This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company. Many scientists had attempted to isolate cocaine, but none had been successful for two reasons: the knowledge of chemistry required was insufficient at the time, and the cocaine was worsened because coca does not grow in Europe and ruins easily during travel.

The cocaine alkaloid was first isolated by the German chemist Friedrich Gaedcke in 1855. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A chemist is a Scientist trained in the Science of Chemistry. Friedrich Gaedcke (1828-1890 was a German chemist He was the first person to isolate the Cocaine Alkaloid which happened in 1855 Gaedcke named the alkaloid "erythroxyline", and published a description in the journal Archiv der Pharmazie. ^[9]

In 1856, Friedrich Wöhler asked Dr. Friedrich Wöhler (31 July 1800 - 23 September 1882 was a German Chemist, best-known for his synthesis of Urea, but also the first to isolate several Carl Scherzer, a scientist aboard the Novara (an Austrian frigate sent by Emperor Franz Joseph to circle the globe), to bring him a large amount of coca leaves from South America. Karl von Scherzer (sometimes written Carl -, May 1, 1821 in Vienna - February 19, 1903 in Görz today Gorizia Two ships of the Austro-Hungarian Navy have been named SMS Novara after the Battle of Novara (1849: SMS ''Novara'' (1850, a sail frigate Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich For the bird see Frigatebird. A frigate /ˈfrɪgɪt/ is a warship Franz Joseph I Karl (- German, in English Francis Joseph I Charles, see the name in other languages) (18 August 1830 &ndash 21 November In 1859, the ship finished its travels and Wöhler received a trunk full of coca. Wöhler passed on the leaves to Albert Niemann, a Ph.D. student at the University of Göttingen in Germany, who then developed an improved purification process. Albert Niemann ( May 20 1834 &ndash January 19 1861) was a German Chemist. "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation. The University of Göttingen ( German: Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) is a University in the city of Göttingen, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. ^[10]

Niemann described every step he took to isolate cocaine in his dissertation titled Über eine neue organische Base in den Cocablättern (On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves), which was published in 1860—it earned him his Ph. A dissertation (also called thesis or disquisition) is a document that presents the author's Research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves is an 1860 Dissertation written by Dr D. and is now in the British Library. The British Library ( BL) is the National library of the United Kingdom. He wrote of the alkaloid's “colourless transparent prisms” and said that, “Its solutions have an alkaline reaction, a bitter taste, promote the flow of saliva and leave a peculiar numbness, followed by a sense of cold when applied to the tongue. ” Niemann named the alkaloid “cocaine”—as with other alkaloids its name carried the “-ine” suffix (from Latin -ina). This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company. An affix is a Morpheme that is attached to a stem to form a word Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. ^[10]

The first synthesis and elucidation of the structure of the cocaine molecule was by Richard Willstätter in 1898. Richard Martin Willstätter ( August 13, 1872 – August 3, 1942) was a German Organic chemist whose study of the structure ^[11] The synthesis started from tropinone, a related natural product and took five steps. Tropinone is an Alkaloid, famously synthesised in 1917 by Robert Robinson as a synthetic precursor to Atropine, a scarce commodity during

Medicalisation

With the discovery of this new alkaloid, Western medicine was quick to exploit the possible uses of this plant.

In 1879, Vassili von Anrep, of the University of Würzburg, devised an experiment to demonstrate the analgesic properties of the newly-discovered alkaloid. The University of Würzburg is a university in Würzburg, Germany, founded in 1402 He prepared two separate jars, one containing a cocaine-salt solution, with the other containing merely salt water. He then submerged a frog's legs into the two jars, one leg in the treatment and one in the control solution, and proceeded to stimulate the legs in several different ways. The leg that had been immersed in the cocaine solution reacted very differently than the leg that had been immersed in salt water. ^[12]

Carl Koller (a close associate of Sigmund Freud, who would write about cocaine later) experimented with cocaine for ophthalmic usage. Karl Koller (born December 3 1857 in Schüttenhofen, Bohemia (now Susice, Czech Republic) died March 21 1944 in New York New York Sigmund Freud (ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt born Sigismund Shlomo Freud (May 6 1856 &ndash September 23 1939 was an Austrian Psychiatrist who founded In an infamous experiment in 1884, he experimented upon himself by applying a cocaine solution to his own eye and then pricking it with pins. His findings were presented to the Heidelberg Ophthalmological Society. Also in 1884, Jellinek demonstrated the effects of cocaine as a respiratory system anesthetic. In living organisms a respiratory system functions to allow Gas exchange. In 1885, William Halsted demonstrated nerve-block anesthesia,^[13] and James Corning demonstrated peridural anesthesia. William Stewart Halsted ( September 23 1852 &ndash September 7 1922) is considered by many to be the most innovative influential and important The term epidural is often short for epidural anesthesia, a form of Regional anesthesia involving injection of drugs through a Catheter placed into the ^[14] 1898 saw Heinrich Quincke use cocaine for spinal anaesthesia. Heinrich Irenaeus Quincke ( 26 August 1842 - 19 May 1922) was a German internist and Surgeon. Spinal analgesia, (or commonly called spinal anesthesia or sub-arachnoid block (S

Popularization

In 1859, an Italian doctor, Paolo Mantegazza, returned from Peru, where he had witnessed first-hand the use of coca by the natives. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest A physician, medical practitioner or medical doctor who practices Medicine, and is concerned with maintaining or restoring human Health Paolo Mantegazza (1831&ndash1910 was a prominent Italian neurologist, Physiologist and Anthropologist, noted for the isolation of Cocaine Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. He proceeded to experiment on himself and upon his return to Milan he wrote a paper in which he described the effects. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. In this paper he declared coca and cocaine (at the time they were assumed to be the same) as being useful medicinally, in the treatment of “a furred tongue in the morning, flatulence, [and] whitening of the teeth. Flatulence is the production of a mixture of gases in the digestive tract of Mammals that are byproducts of the digestion process ”

Pope Leo XIII purportedly carried a hipflask of Vin Mariani with him, and awarded a Vatican gold medal to Angelo Mariani. Pope Leo XIII ( March 2, 1810 – July 20, 1903) born Count Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was the 256th Pope Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory Gold Medal is an Album by American band The Donnas, released in 2004 (see 2004 in music) Angelo Mariani or Ange-François Mariani (1838 - 1914 was a French Chemist, originally from the island of Corsica.

A chemist named Angelo Mariani who read Mantegazza’s paper became immediately intrigued with coca and its economic potential. Angelo Mariani or Ange-François Mariani (1838 - 1914 was a French Chemist, originally from the island of Corsica. In 1863, Mariani started marketing a wine called Vin Mariani, which had been treated with coca leaves. Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Vin Mariani ( French: Mariani's Wine) was a Tonic created Circa 1863 by Angelo Mariani, a chemist who became The ethanol in wine acted as a solvent and extracted the cocaine from the coca leaves, altering the drink’s effect. In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon It contained 6 mg cocaine per ounce of wine, but Vin Mariani, which was to be exported, contained 7. 2 mg per ounce to compete with the higher cocaine content of similar drinks in the United States. A “pinch of coca leaves” was included in John Styth Pemberton's original 1886 recipe for Coca-Cola, though the company began using decocainized leaves in 1906 when the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed. Coca-Cola is a carbonated Soft drink sold in stores restaurants and Vending machines in more than 200 countries The Pure Food and Drug Act of June 30, 1906 is a United States federal law that provided federal inspection of meat products and forbade the manufacture The only known measure of the amount of cocaine in Coca-Cola was determined in 1902 as being as little as 1/400 of a grain (0. In many cultures a grain is a unit of measurement of Mass that is based upon the mass of a single seed of a typical Cereal. 2 mg) per ounce of syrup (6 ppm). "Parts-per" notation is used especially in Science and Engineering, to denote Ratios (relative proportions in measured quantities particularly The actual amount of cocaine that Coca-Cola contained during the first twenty years of its production is practically impossible to determine.

In 1879 cocaine began to be used to treat morphine addiction. Medical uses Morphine can be used as an analgesic in hospital settings to relieve pain in Myocardial infarction pain in Cocaine was introduced into clinical use as a local anaesthetic in Germany in 1884, about the same time as Sigmund Freud published his work Über Coca, in which he wrote that cocaine causes:

Cocaine, the fast-acting anesthetic.

In 1885 the U. S. manufacturer Parke-Davis sold cocaine in various forms, including cigarettes, powder, and even a cocaine mixture that could be injected directly into the user’s veins with the included needle. Parke-Davis is a Subsidiary of the Pharmaceutical company Pfizer. The company promised that its cocaine products would “supply the place of food, make the coward brave, the silent eloquent and . . . render the sufferer insensitive to pain. ”

By the late Victorian era cocaine use had appeared as a vice in literature, for example as the cucaine injected by Arthur Conan Doyle’s fictional Sherlock Holmes. Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities Literature is the Art of written works Literally translated the word means "acquaintance with letters" (from Latin littera letter Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930 was an Anglo-Scottish Author most noted for his stories about the Sherlock Holmes is a famous fictional detective of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who first appeared in Publication in 1887

In early 20th-century Memphis, Tennessee, cocaine was sold in neighborhood drugstores on Beale Street, costing five or ten cents for a small boxful. Memphis is a City in the southwest corner of Tennessee, and the County seat of Shelby County. Beale Street is a street in downtown Memphis Tennessee, which runs from the Mississippi River to East Street a distance of approximately. Stevedores along the Mississippi River used the drug as a stimulant, and white employers encouraged its use by black laborers. ^[15]

In 1909, Ernest Shackleton took “Forced March” brand cocaine tablets to Antarctica, as did Captain Scott a year later on his ill-fated journey to the South Pole. Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, CVO, OBE, (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922 was an Anglo-Irish explorer who was one of the principal figures of the period The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole, is the southernmost point on the surface of the Earth. ^[16] Even as late as 1938 , the Larousse Gastronomique was published carrying a recipe for “cocaine pudding”. Larousse Gastronomique is an Encyclopedia of Gastronomy. The majority of the book is French cuisine with many French dishes cooking techniques

Prohibition

By the turn of the twentieth century, the addictive properties of cocaine had become clear to many, and the problem of cocaine abuse began to capture public attention in the United States. The dangers of cocaine abuse became part of a moral panic that was tied to the dominant racial and social anxieties of the day. A moral panic can be defined as "the intensity of feeling expressed by a large number of people about a specific group of people who appear to threaten the social order at a given In 1903, the American Journal of Pharmacy stressed that most cocaine abusers were “bohemians, gamblers, high- and low-class prostitutes, night porters, bell boys, burglars, racketeers, pimps, and casual laborers. The term bohemian, of French origin was first used in the English language in the nineteenth century to describe the untraditional lifestyles of marginalized and impoverished Artists Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. ” In 1914, Dr. Christopher Koch of Pennsylvania’s State Pharmacy Board made the racial innuendo explicit, testifying that, “Most of the attacks upon the white women of the South are the direct result of a cocaine-crazed Negro brain. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern ” Mass media manufactured an epidemic of cocaine use among African Americans in the Southern United States to play upon racial prejudices of the era, though there is little evidence that such an epidemic actually took place. African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive In the same year, the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act outlawed the sale and distribution of cocaine in the United States. The Harrison Narcotics Tax Act (Ch 1) was a United States federal law that regulated and taxed the production importation and distribution of Opiates. This law incorrectly referred to cocaine as a narcotic, and the misclassification passed into popular culture. The term narcotic (ναρκωτικός is believed to have been coined by the Greek physician Galen to refer to agents that benumb or deaden causing loss As stated above, cocaine is a stimulant, not a narcotic. Although technically illegal for purposes of distribution and use, the distribution, sale and use of cocaine was still legal for registered companies and individuals. Because of the misclassification of cocaine as a narcotic, the debate is still open on whether the government actually enforced these laws strictly. Cocaine was not considered a controlled substance until 1970, when the United States listed it as such in the Controlled Substances Act. The Controlled Substances Act ( CSA) was enacted into law by the Congress of the United States as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Until that point, the use of cocaine was open and rarely prosecuted in the US due to the moral and physical debates commonly discussed.

Modern usage

In many countries, cocaine is a popular recreational drug. Recreational drug use is the use of Psychoactive drugs for Recreational purposes rather than for work, medical or spiritual purposes In the United States, the development of "crack" cocaine introduced the substance to a generally poorer inner-city market. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Cocaine ( benzoylmethyl ecgonine) is a Crystalline Tropane Alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the Coca plant Use of the powder form has stayed relatively constant, experiencing a new height of use during the late 1990s and early 2000s in the U.S., and has become much more popular in the last few years in the UK. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located

Cocaine use is prevalent across all socioeconomic strata, including age, demographics, economic, social, political, religious, and livelihood. Cocaine in its various forms comes in second only to cannabis as the most popular illegal recreational drug in the United States, and is number one in street value sold each year. Cannabis, also known as marijuana or marihuana, or ganja (from Hindi / Sanskrit: गांजा gānjā hemp) is a The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

The estimated U. S. cocaine market exceeded $70 billion in street value for the year 2005, exceeding revenues by corporations such as Starbucks^[17][18]. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Starbucks Corporation ( is an international Coffee and coffeehouse chain based in Seattle Washington. There is a tremendous demand for cocaine in the U. S. market, particularly among those who are making incomes affording luxury spending, such as single adults and professionals with discretionary income. Cocaine’s status as a club drug shows its immense popularity among the “party crowd”. Club drugs are a loosely-defined category of Recreational drugs which are associated with discothèques in the 1970s and Dance clubs parties and Raves in

In 1995 the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI) announced in a press release the publication of the results of the largest global study on cocaine use ever undertaken. The United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute – commonly known as UNICRI - is one of the 5 global Research and Training Institutes of the United However, a decision in the World Health Assembly banned the publication of the study. The World Health Assembly is the forum through which the World Health Organization (WHO is governed by its 193 member states In the sixth meeting of the B committee the US representative threatened that "If WHO activities relating to drugs failed to reinforce proven drug control approaches, funds for the relevant programs should be curtailed". This led to the decision to discontinue publication. A part of the study has been recuperated. ^[19] Available are profiles of cocaine use in 20 countries.

A problem with illegal cocaine use, especially in the higher volumes used to combat fatigue (rather than increase euphoria) by long-term users is trauma caused by the compounds used in adulteration. Cutting or "stamping on" the drug is commonplace, using compounds which simulate ingestion effects, such as Novocain (procaine) producing temporary anaesthaesia, ephedrine producing an increased heart rate, or more dangerously, strong toxins to produce vasodilatory effects. Procaine is a Local anesthetic drug of the Amino Ester group It is used primarily to reduce the pain of Intramuscular injection of For example a nosebleed is incorrectly regarded by heavy users as a sign of purity. The normal adulterants for profit are inactive sugars, usually mannitol, creatine or glucose, so introducing active adulterants gives the illusion of purity. Cocaine trading carries large penalties in most jurisdictions, so user deception about purity and consequent high profits for dealers are the norm.

Pharmacology

Appearance

A pile of cocaine hydrochloride

A piece of compressed cocaine powder

Cocaine in its purest form is a white, pearly product. Cocaine appearing in powder form is a salt, typically cocaine hydrochloride (CAS 53-21-4). A salt, in Chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of Acids and bases. In chemistry hydrochlorides are salts resulting or regarded as resulting from the reaction of Hydrochloric acid with an organic base (mostly Amines CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to Street market cocaine is frequently adulterated or “cut” with various powdery fillers to increase its weight; the substances most commonly used in this process are baking soda; sugars, such as lactose, dextrose, inositol, and mannitol; and local anesthetics, such as lidocaine or benzocaine, which mimic or add to cocaine's numbing effect on mucous membranes. Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the Chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3 Lactose (also referred to as milk sugar) is a Sugar which is found most notably in Milk. Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. Inositol, (of which the most prominent naturally occurring form is myo -inositol cis -1235- trans -46-cyclohexanehexol) is a carbocyclic Mannitol or hexan-123456-hexol (C6H8(OH6 is a Polyol that is used as an osmotic Diuretic agent and a Lidocaine ( INN) (ˈlaɪdoʊkeɪn or lignocaine (former BAN) (/ˈlɪgnoʊkeɪn/ is a common Local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug Benzocaine is a Local anesthetic commonly used as a Topical pain reliever Cocaine may also be "cut" with other stimulants such as methamphetamine. ^[20] Adulterated cocaine is often a white, off-white or pinkish powder.

The color of “crack” cocaine depends upon several factors including the origin of the cocaine used, the method of preparation – with ammonia or baking soda – and the presence of impurities, but will generally range from white to a yellowish cream to a light brown. Crack cocaine or crack is a solid smokable form of Cocaine. It is a freebase form of cocaine that can be made using baking soda ( Sodium bicarbonate Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the Chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3 Its texture will also depend on the adulterants, origin and processing of the powdered cocaine, and the method of converting the base. It ranges from a crumbly texture, sometimes extremely oily, to a hard, almost crystalline nature.

Forms of cocaine

Cocaine sulfate

Cocaine sulfate is produced by macerating coca leaves along with water that has been acidulated with sulfuric acid, or an aromatic-based solvent, like kerosene or benzene. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage is a Combustible Hydrocarbon liquid Benzene, or benzol, is an organic Chemical compound and a known Carcinogen with the molecular formula C 6 H 6 This is often accomplished by placing the ingredients into a vat and stomping on them, in a manner similar to the traditional method for crushing grapes. For the Tokyo University supercomputer see Gravity Pipe. GRAPE, or GRA phics P rogramming E nvironment is A more popular method in modern times is to form a makeshift "vat" by spreading a heavy nylon tarp on the floor of an enclosed area and shred the leaves with a gas-powered weed trimmer. This method is fast, and not only shreds the leaves, but results in bruising and fragmenting of the remaining pieces, aiding the extraction process. After the maceration is completed, the water is evaporated to yield a pasty mass of impure cocaine sulfate. The sulfate salt itself is an intermediate step to producing cocaine hydrochloride.

Freebase

Main article: Freebase (chemistry)

As the name implies, “freebase” is the base form of cocaine, as opposed to the salt form of cocaine hydrochloride. Freebase or free base refers to the standalone neutral basic form of an Amine, as opposed to its water-soluble salt form. In Chemistry, a base is most commonly thought of as an aqueous substance that can accept Protons This refers to the Brønsted-Lowry theory of acids and A salt, in Chemistry, is defined as the product formed from the neutralisation reaction of Acids and bases. Whereas cocaine hydrochloride is extremely soluble in water, cocaine base is insoluble in water and is therefore not suitable for drinking, snorting or injecting. Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Whereas cocaine hydrochloride is not well-suited for smoking because the temperature at which it vaporizes is very high and close to the temperature at which it burns, cocaine base vaporizes at a much lower temperature, which makes it suitable for inhalation. Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature Evaporation is the process by which Molecules in a Liquid state (e Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of Evaporation is the process by which Molecules in a Liquid state (e

Smoking freebase cocaine has the additional effect of releasing methylecgonidine into the user's system due to the pyrolysis of the substance (a side effect which insufflating or injecting powder cocaine does not create). Methylecgonidine (anhydromethylecgonine anhydroecgonine methyl ester is a chemical intermediate derived from Ecgonine or Cocaine. Pyrolysis is the Chemical decomposition of organic materials by heating in the absence of Oxygen or any other reagents except possibly Steam Some research suggests that smoking freebase cocaine can be even more cardiotoxic than other routes of administration [3] because of methylecgonidine's effects on lung tissue [4] and liver tissue. In Pharmacology and Toxicology, a route [5]

Smoking freebase is preferred by many users because the cocaine is absorbed immediately into blood via the lungs, reaching the brain in about five seconds. Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells ��such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive The brain is the center of the Nervous system in animals All Vertebrates and the majority of Invertebrates have a brain The rush is much more intense than snorting the same amount of cocaine nasally, but the effects do not last as long. The peak of the freebase rush is over almost as soon as the user exhales the vapor, but the high typically lasts 5–10 minutes afterward. What makes freebasing particularly dangerous is that users typically do not wait that long for their next hit and will continue to smoke freebase until none is left. These effects are similar to those that can be achieved by injecting or “slamming” cocaine hydrochloride, but without the risks associated with intravenous drug use (though there are other serious risks associated with smoking freebase). Intravenous therapy or IV therapy is the giving of Liquid substances directly into a Vein.

Freebase cocaine is produced by first dissolving cocaine hydrochloride in water. Once dissolved in water, cocaine hydrochloride (Coc-HCl) dissociates into the protonated cocaine ion (Coc-H⁺) and the chloride ion (Cl⁻). In chemistry protonation is the addition of a proton ( H[[Cation +]] to an Atom, Molecule, or Ion. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge The chloride Ion is formed when the element Chlorine picks up one Electron to form an Anion (negatively-charged ion Cl&minus Any solids that remain suspended in the solution are impurities from the cut and are removed by filtration. A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. In Chemistry, a solution is a Homogeneous Mixture composed of two or more substances Filtration is a mechanical or physical operation which is used for the separation of solids from fluids (liquids or gases by interposing a medium to fluid flow through which the fluid A base, typically ammonia (NH₃), is added to the solution. Ammonia is a compound with the formula N[[hydrogen H3]] It is normally encountered as a Gas with a characteristic pungent Odor In Chemistry, a solution is a Homogeneous Mixture composed of two or more substances The following net acid-base reaction takes place:

As freebase cocaine (Coc) is insoluble in water, it precipitates and the solution becomes cloudy. A chemical reaction is a process that always results in the interconversion of Chemical substances The substance or substances initially involved in a chemical reaction are called To recover the freebase in the "traditional" manner, diethyl ether is added to the solution. Diethyl ether, also known as ether and ethoxyethane, is a clear colorless and highly Flammable liquid with a low Boiling point and a Since freebase is highly soluble in ether, a vigorous shaking of the mixture results in the freebase being dissolved in the ether. As ether is practically insoluble in water, it can be siphoned off. The ether is then left to evaporate, leaving behind the nearly pure freebase.

Handling diethyl ether is dangerous because ether is extremely flammable; its vapors are heavier than air and can "creep" from an open bottle, and in the presence of oxygen it can form peroxides, which can spontaneously combust. Flammability is the ease with which a substance will ignite causing Fire or Combustion. Diethyl ether peroxides are a class of Organic peroxides that slowly form in Diethyl ether upon storage under air light or in the presence of metal by Autoxidation Comedian Richard Pryor performed a skit poking fun at himself for a 1980 incident in which he caused an explosion and ignited himself attempting to smoke "freebase", presumably while still wet with ether (though his ex-wife Jennifer Lee Pryor said that he poured high-proof rum over his body and torched himself in a drug psychosis). Richard Franklin Lennox Thomas Pryor III ( December 1, 1940 &ndash December 10, 2005) was an American Comedian, Actor Rum is a Distilled beverage made from Sugarcane by-products such as Molasses and sugarcane Juice by a process of fermentation Amphetamine psychosis is a form of Psychosis which can result from Amphetamine or Methamphetamine use

Crack cocaine

Main article: Crack cocaine

In its creation process, due to the dangers of using ether to produce pure freebase cocaine, cocaine producers began to omit the step of removing the freebase cocaine precipitate from the ammonia mixture. Crack cocaine or crack is a solid smokable form of Cocaine. It is a freebase form of cocaine that can be made using baking soda ( Sodium bicarbonate Typically, filtration processes are also omitted. The end result of this process is that the cut, in addition to the ammonium salt (NH₄Cl), remains in the freebase cocaine after the mixture is evaporated. The “rock” that is thus formed also contains a small amount of water. Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) is also preferred in preparing the freebase, for when commonly "cooked" the ratio is 50/50 to 40/60% cocaine/bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the Chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3 This acts as a filler which extends the overall profitability of illicit sales. Crack cocaine may be reprocessed in small quantities with water (users refer to the resultant product as "cookback"). This removes the residual bicarbonate, and any adulterants or cuts that have been used in the previous handling of the cocaine and leaves a relatively pure, anhydrous cocaine base.

When the rock is heated, this water boils, making a crackling sound (hence the onomatopoeic “crack”). Onomatopoeia (also spelled onomatopœia, from Greek: ονοματοποιΐα is a Word or a grouping of words that imitates the sound it is describing Baking soda is now most often used as a base rather than ammonia for reasons of lowered stench and toxicity; however, any weak base can be used to make crack cocaine. Strong bases, such as sodium hydroxide, tend to hydrolyze some of the cocaine into non-psychoactive ecgonine. Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions Ecgonine is an Organic chemical and Tropane alkaloid found naturally in Coca leaves

Chewed/eaten

Coca leaves are typically mixed with an alkaline substance (such as lime) and chewed into a wad that is retained in the mouth between gum and cheek (much in the same as chewing tobacco is chewed) and sucked of its juices. Chewing tobacco is a Smokeless tobacco product Chewing tobacco also contains Nicotine. The juices are absorbed slowly by the mucous membrane of the inner cheek and by the gastrointestinal tract when swallowed. Alternatively, coca leaves can be infused in liquid and consumed like tea. Ingesting coca leaves generally is an inefficient means of administering cocaine. Advocates of the consumption of the coca leaf state that coca leaf consumption should not be criminalized as it is not actual cocaine, and consequently it is not properly the illicit drug. Because cocaine is hydrolyzed and rendered inactive in the acidic stomach, it is not readily absorbed when ingested alone. Only when mixed with a highly alkaline substance (such as lime) can it be absorbed into the bloodstream through the stomach. The efficiency of absorption of orally administered cocaine is limited by two additional factors. First, the drug is partly catabolized by the liver. Second, capillaries in the mouth and esophagus constrict after contact with the drug, reducing the surface area over which the drug can be absorbed. Nevertheless, cocaine metabolites can be detected in the urine of subjects that have sipped even one cup of coca leaf infusion. Therefore, this is an actual additional form of administration of cocaine, albeit an inefficient one.

Orally administered cocaine takes approximately 30 minutes to enter the bloodstream. Typically, only a third of an oral dose is absorbed, although absorption has been shown to reach 60% in controlled settings. Given the slow rate of absorption, maximum physiological and psychotropic effects are attained approximately 60 minutes after cocaine is administered by ingestion. Physiology (from Greek grc φύσις physis, "nature origin" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the mechanical physical A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a Chemical substance that acts primarily upon the Central nervous system where it alters Brain While the onset of these effects is slow, the effects are sustained for approximately 60 minutes after their peak is attained.

Contrary to popular belief, both ingestion and insufflation result in approximately the same proportion of the drug being absorbed: 30 to 60%. Compared to ingestion, the faster absorption of insufflated cocaine results in quicker attainment of maximum drug effects. Snorting cocaine produces maximum physiological effects within 40 minutes and maximum psychotropic effects within 20 minutes, however, a more realistic activation period is closer to 5 to 10 minutes, which is similar to ingestion of cocaine. Physiological and psychotropic effects from nasally insufflated cocaine are sustained for approximately 40 - 60 minutes after the peak effects are attained. ^[21]

Mate de coca or coca-leaf infusion is also a traditional method of consumption and is often recommended in coca producing countries, like Peru and Bolivia, to ameliorate some symptoms of altitude sickness. Coca tea, also called mate de coca, is a Tisane (herbal tea made using the leaves of the coca plant. Altitude sickness, also known as acute mountain sickness ( AMS) altitude illness, or soroche, is a pathological condition that is caused by acute This method of consumption has been practiced for many centuries by the native tribes of South America. One specific purpose of ancient coca leaf consumption was to increase energy and reduce fatigue in messengers who made multi-day quests to other settlements.

In 1986 an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association revealed that U. JAMA The Journal of the American Medical Association is an international peer-reviewed general Medical journal, published 48 times per year by the American S. health food stores were selling dried coca leaves to be prepared as an infusion as “Health Inca Tea. ”^[22] While the packaging claimed it had been “decocainized,” no such process had actually taken place. The article stated that drinking two cups of the tea per day gave a mild stimulation, increased heart rate, and mood elevation, and the tea was essentially harmless. Stimulation is the action of various agents ( stimuli) on Muscles Nerves or a sensory end organ by which activity is evoked especially the nervous Measuring heart rate The Pulse rate (which in most people is identical to the heart rate can be measured at any point on the body where an Artery 's pulsation A mood is a relatively long lasting affective or emotional state Despite this, the DEA seized several shipments in Hawaii, Chicago, Illinois, Georgia, and several locations on the East Coast of the United States, and the product was removed from the shelves. The Drug Enforcement Administration ( DEA) is a United States Department of Justice Law enforcement agency tasked with combating drug smuggling and The State of Hawaii ( or həˈwaɪʔiː Hawaiian: Mokuāina o Hawaii) is a state in the United States located on an Archipelago in the Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule The East Coast of the United States, also known as the "Eastern Seaboard" or "Atlantic Seaboard" refers to the easternmost coastal states in the central and northern

Insufflation

Insufflation (known colloquially as "snorting," "sniffing," or "blowing") is the most common method of ingestion of recreational powdered cocaine in the Western world. Insufflation (Latin insufflatio "blowing on or into" is the practice of inhaling substances into a Body cavity. Cocaine is not inhaled using this method. The drug coats and is absorbed through the mucous membranes lining the sinuses. The mucous membranes (or mucosae; singular mucosa) are linings of mostly endodermal origin covered in Epithelium, which are involved in Paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces communicating with the nasal cavity within the bones of the Skull and face When insufflating cocaine, absorption through the nasal membranes is approximately 30–60%, with higher doses leading to increased absorption efficiency. Any material not directly absorbed through the mucous membranes is collected in mucus and swallowed (this "drip" is considered pleasant by some and unpleasant by others). In vertebrates mucus is a slippery secretion produced by and covering Mucous membranes It is a viscous Colloid containing Antiseptic enzymes (such as In a study^[23] of cocaine users, the average time taken to reach peak subjective effects was 14. 6 minutes. Any damage to the inside of the nose is because cocaine highly constricts blood vessels – and therefore blood and oxygen/nutrient flow – to that area.

Prior to insufflation, cocaine powder must be divided into very fine particles. Cocaine of high purity breaks into fine dust very easily, except when it is moist (not well stored) and forms "chunks," which reduces the efficiency of nasal absorption.

Rolled up banknotes, hollowed-out pens, cut straws, pointed ends of keys, specialized spoons, long fingernails, and (clean) tampon applicators are often used to insufflate cocaine. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is A pen (Latin pinna, feather is a Writing instrument used to apply Ink to a surface usually Paper. The drinking straw is a device used for transferring a Liquid - usually a drink from one location to another (such as from a cup to your mouth A cocaine spoon, referred to as a "coke spoon", or simply "spoon", is an instrument used in the process of insufflating ("snorting" A nail is a horn -like structure at the end of an animal's Finger or Toe. Such devices are often called "tooters" by users. The cocaine typically is poured onto a flat, hard surface (such as a mirror, CD case or book) and divided into "bumps", "lines" or "rails", and then insufflated. A mirror is an object with a surface that has good Specular reflection; that is it is smooth enough to form an Image. ^[24] The amount of cocaine in a line varies widely from person to person and occasion to occasion (the purity of the cocaine is also a factor), but one line is generally considered to be a single dose and is typically 35 mg (a "bump") to 100 mg (a "rail"). As tolerance builds rapidly in the short-term (hours), many lines are often snorted to produce greater effects.

A study by Bonkovsky and Mehta published in Am Acad Dermatol (2001 Feb;44(2):159-82) reported that, just like shared needles, the sharing of straws used to "snort" cocaine can spread blood diseases such as Hepatitis C. Hepatitis C is a blood-borne infectious disease that is caused by the Hepatitis C virus ( HCV) affecting the Liver. ^[25]

In the United States, as far back as 1992 many of the people sentenced by federal authorities for charges related to powder cocaine were Hispanic; more Hispanics than White and Black people received sentences for crimes related to powder cocaine. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa ^[26]

Injected

Drug injection provides the highest blood levels of drug in the shortest amount of time. Injection of Recreational drugs is a method of the drug into the body with a hollow needle and a Syringe which is pierced through the skin into the body (usually Intravenous Upon injection, cocaine reaches the brain in a matter of seconds, and the exhilarating rush that follows can be so intense that it induces some users to vomit uncontrollably. Subjective effects not commonly shared with other methods of administration include a ringing in the ears moments after injection (usually when in excess of 120 milligrams) lasting 2 to 5 minutes including tinnitus & audio distortion. Tinnitus (tɪˈnaɪtəs or /ˈtɪnɪtəs/ from the Latin word for " Ringing " is the perception of sound within the human ear in the absence of corresponding This is colloquially referred to as a "bell ringer". ^[27] In a study^[23] of cocaine users, the average time taken to reach peak subjective effects was 3. 1 minutes. The euphoria passes quickly. Aside from the toxic effects of cocaine, there is also danger of circulatory emboli from the insoluble substances that may be used to cut the drug. In Medicine, an embolism occurs when an object (the embolus, plural emboli) migrates from one part of the Body (through circulation As with all injected illicit substances, there is a risk of the user contracting blood-borne infections if sterile injecting equipment is not available or used.

An injected mixture of cocaine and heroin, known as “speedball” is a particularly popular and dangerous combination, as the converse effects of the drugs actually complement each other, but may also mask the symptoms of an overdose. Heroin ( INN: diacetylmorphine, BAN: diamorphine) is a semi-synthetic opioid synthesized from Morphine, a derivative Speedballing (alternatively known as snowballing) is a term commonly referring to the Intravenous use of heroin or morphine and Cocaine together in It has been responsible for numerous deaths, particularly in and around Los Angeles, including celebrities such as John Belushi, Chris Farley (in Chicago), Mitch Hedberg (in North NJ) River Phoenix and Layne Staley (in Seattle). Los Angeles (lɑˈsændʒələs los ˈaŋxeles in Spanish) is the largest City in the state of California and the American West John Adam Belushi ( January 24, 1949 – March 5, 1982) was an American Comedian, Actor and Musician Christopher Crosby "Chris" Farley (February 15 1964 &ndash December 18 1997 was an American Comedian and Actor. Mitchell Lee Hedberg (February 24 1968 – March 29 2005 Hedberg's comedy and on-stage persona gained him a Cult following, with audience members sometimes shouting out the River Jude Phoenix ( August 23, 1970 – October 31, 1993) was an American Film Actor. Layne Thomas Staley ( August 22, 1967 - April 5, 2002) was the lead singer and co-lyricist of the rock group Alice in Chains and the

Experimentally, cocaine injections can be delivered to animals such as fruit flies to study the mechanisms of cocaine addiction. ^[28]

Smoked

See also: Crack cocaine above. Cocaine ( benzoylmethyl ecgonine) is a Crystalline Tropane Alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the Coca plant

Smoking freebase or crack cocaine is most often accomplished using a pipe made from a small glass tube, often taken from "Love roses," small glass tubes with a paper rose that are promoted as romantic gifts. A love rose is a product which is used by many Crack cocaine users These are sometimes called "stems", "horns", "blasters" and "straight shooters". A small piece of clean heavy copper or occasionally stainless steel scouring pad – often called a "brillo" (actual Brillo pads contain soap, and are not used), or "chore", named for Chore Boy brand copper scouring pads, – serves as a reduction base and flow modulator in which the "rock" can be melted and boiled to vapor. Brillo Pad is a Trade name for a scouring pad, used for Cleaning dishes, and made from Steel wool impregnated with Soap Chore Boy is a brand name for a coarse scouring pad made of steel or copper wool In a pinch, crack smokers sometimes smoke though a soda can with small holes in the bottom instead of a crack pipe. A beverage can (or drinks can) is most often an Aluminum Can manufactured to hold a single serving of a Beverage. Also, the bottoms of small glass liquor bottles can be removed, and the bottles neck can then be stuffed with chore to use as a makeshift crack pipe.

Crack is smoked by placing it at the end of the pipe; a flame held close to it produces vapor, which is then inhaled by the smoker. The effects, felt almost immediately after smoking, are very intense and do not last long – usually five to fifteen minutes. In a study^[23] performed on crack cocaine users, the average time taken for them to reach their peak subjective "high" was 1. 4 minutes. Most (especially frequent) users crave more immediately after the peak. "Crack houses" depend on these cravings by providing a place for smoking crack to its users, and a ready supply of small bags for sale. In the United States crack house is a term used to describe an old often abandoned or burnt-out building often in an inner-city neighborhood where drug dealers and drug users buy

When smoked, cocaine is sometimes combined with other drugs, such as cannabis, often rolled into a joint or blunt. Cannabis, also known as marijuana or marihuana, or ganja (from Hindi / Sanskrit: गांजा gānjā hemp) is a A blunt is a Cigar which is wider than a Cigarillo and not quite as wide as a traditional cigar Powdered cocaine is also sometimes smoked, though heat destroys much of the chemical; smokers often sprinkle it on marijuana. Cannabis, also known as marijuana or marihuana, or ganja (from Hindi / Sanskrit: गांजा gānjā hemp) is a

The language referring to paraphernalia and practices of smoking cocaine vary across the United States, as do the packaging methods in the street level sale.

Coca leaf infusions

Coca herbal infusion (also referred to as Coca tea) is used in coca-leaf producing countries much as any herbal medicinal infusion would elsewhere in the world. An infusion is the outcome of steeping plants with a desired flavour in Water or oil. Coca tea, also called mate de coca, is a Tisane (herbal tea made using the leaves of the coca plant. The free and legal commercialization of dried coca leaves under the form of filtration bags to be used as "coca tea" has been actively promoted by the governments of Peru and Bolivia for many years as a drink having medicinal powers. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Visitors to the city of Cuzco in Peru, and La Paz in Bolivia are greeted with the offering of coca leaf infusions (prepared in tea pots with whole coca leaves) purportedly to help the newly-arrived traveler overcome the malaise of high altitude sickness. ||} Cusco (also spelled Cuzco, and in the local Quechua language as Qusqu 'qos Nuestra Señora de La Paz is the administrative Capital of Bolivia, as well as the departmental capital of La Paz Department. The effects of drinking coca tea are a mild stimulation and mood lift. It does not produce any significant numbing of the mouth nor does it give a rush like snorting cocaine. In order to prevent the demonization of this product, its promoters publicize the unproven concept that much of the effect of the ingestion of coca leaf infusion would come from the secondary alkaloids, as being not only quantitatively different from pure cocaine but also qualitatively different.

It has been promoted as an adjuvant for the treatment of cocaine dependence. In one controversial study, coca leaf infusion was used -in addition to counseling- to treat 23 addicted coca-paste smokers in Lima, Peru. Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Relapses fell from an average of four times per month before treatment with coca tea to one during the treatment. The duration of abstinence increased from an average of 32 days prior to treatment to 217 days during treatment. These results suggest that the administration of coca leaf infusion plus counseling would be an effective method for preventing relapse during treatment for cocaine addiction. ^[29] Importantly, these results also suggest strongly that the primary pharmacologically active metabolite in coca leaf infusions is actually cocaine and not the secondary alkaloids.

The cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine can be detected in the urine of people a few hours after drinking one cup of coca leaf infusion. See also Methylecgonine cinnamate Truxilline Hydroxytropacocaine Tropacocaine

Oral

Cocaine has been used medically and informally as an oral anesthetic. Many users rub the powder along the gum line, or onto a cigarette filter which is then smoked (called a "hoolie"), which numbs the gums and teeth - hence the colloquial names of "numbies", "gummers" or "cocoa puffs" for this type of administration. This is mostly done with the small amounts of cocaine remaining on a surface after insufflation. Another oral method is to wrap up some cocaine in rolling paper and swallow it. This is sometimes called a "snow bomb. "

Physical mechanisms

The pharmacodynamics of cocaine involve the complex relationships of neurotransmitters (inhibiting monoamine uptake in rats with ratios of about: serotonin:dopamine = 2:3, serotonin:norepinephrine = 2:5^[30]) The most extensively studied effect of cocaine on the central nervous system is the blockade of the dopamine transporter protein. Monoamine neurotransmitters are Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators that contain one Amino group that is connected to an aromatic ring by a Serotonin (ˌsɛrəˈtoʊnən ( 5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) is a Monoamine Neurotransmitter synthesized in serotonergic Neurons Dopamine is a Hormone and Neurotransmitter occurring in a wide variety of animals including both vertebrates and invertebrates Norepinephrine ( INN) (abbreviated norepi or NE) or noradrenaline ( BAN) (abbreviated NA or NAd) is a In Vertebrates the central nervous system ( CNS) is the part of the Nervous system which is enclosed in the Meninges. The Dopamine transporter (also dopamine active transporter DAT SLC6A3 is a membrane-spanning protein that binds the Neurotransmitter Dopamine Dopamine transmitter released during neural signaling is normally recycled via the transporter; i. For biologic transmitters see Transmitter substance. A transmitter is an electronic device which usually with the aid of an antenna e. , the transporter binds the transmitter and pumps it out of the synaptic cleft back into the presynaptic neuron, where it is taken up into storage vesicles. Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which Neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in Muscles or Glands A vesicle is a small bubble of liquid within a cell A more formal definition in Cell biology, would be that a vesicle is a relatively small intracellular membrane-enclosed Cocaine binds tightly at the dopamine transporter forming a complex that blocks the transporter's function. The dopamine transporter can no longer perform its reuptake function, and thus dopamine accumulates in the synaptic cleft. Dopamine is a Hormone and Neurotransmitter occurring in a wide variety of animals including both vertebrates and invertebrates Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which Neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in Muscles or Glands This results in an enhanced and prolonged postsynaptic effect of dopaminergic signaling at dopamine receptors on the receiving neuron. Dopaminergic means "related to the Neurotransmitter Dopamine " Prolonged exposure to cocaine, as occurs with habitual use, leads to homeostatic dysregulation of normal (i. e. without cocaine) dopaminergic signaling via down-regulation of dopamine receptors and enhanced signal transduction. In Biology, signal transduction refers to any process by which a cell converts one kind of signal or stimulus into another The decreased dopaminergic signaling after chronic cocaine use may contribute to depressive mood disorders and sensitize this important brain reward circuit to the reinforcing effects of cocaine (e. g. enhanced dopaminergic signalling only when cocaine is self-administered). This sensitization contributes to the intractable nature of addiction and relapse.

Dopamine-rich brain regions such as the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex are frequent targets of cocaine addiction research. The nucleus accumbens (NAcc also known as the accumbens nucleus or as the nucleus accumbens septi (Latin for nucleus leaning against the Septum The cerebral cortex is a structure within the Brain that plays a key role in Memory, Attention, perceptual Awareness, Thought, Of particular interest is the pathway consisting of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area that terminate in the nucleus accumbens. This projection may function as a "reward center", in that it seems to show activation in response to drugs of abuse like cocaine in addition to natural rewards like food or sex. ^[31] While the precise role of dopamine in the subjective experience of reward is highly controversial among neuroscientists, the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens is widely considered to be at least partially responsible for cocaine's rewarding effects. This hypothesis is largely based on laboratory data involving rats that are trained to self-administer cocaine. If dopamine antagonists are infused directly into the nucleus accumbens, well-trained rats self-administering cocaine will undergo extinction (i. e. initially increase responding only to stop completely) thereby indicating that cocaine is no longer reinforcing (i. e. rewarding) the drug-seeking behavior.

Cocaine's effects on serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) show across multiple serotonin receptors, and is shown to inhibit the re-uptake of 5-HT3 specifically as an important contributor to the effects of cocaine. The 5-HT3 receptor is a member of the superfamily of Ligand-gated ion channels a superfamily that also includes the neuronal Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors The overabundance of 5-HT3 receptors in cocaine conditioned rats display this trait, however the exact effect of 5-HT3 in this process is unclear. ^[32] The 5-HT2 receptor (particularly the subtypes 5-HT2AR, 5-HT2BR and 5-HT2CR) show influence in the evocation of hyperactivity displayed in cocaine use. 5-HT2 receptors are a family of 5-HT receptors, with the following members 5-HT2A receptors * 5-HT2B receptors * 5-HT2C Hyperactivity can be described as a physical state in which a person is abnormally and easily excitable or exuberant ^[33]

Sigma receptors are effected by cocaine, as cocaine functions as a sigma ligand agonist. The sigma receptors σ1 and σ2 are receptors which bind to Ligands such as 4-PPBP, SA 4503, Ditolylguanidine ^[34] Further specific receptors it has been demonstrated to function on are NMDA and the D1 dopamine receptor. NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartic acid is an Amino acid derivative acting as a specific Agonist at the NMDA receptor, and therefore mimics the action of the ^[35]

Cocaine also blocks sodium channels, thereby interfering with the propagation of action potentials; thus, like lignocaine and novocaine, it acts as a local anesthetic. Ion channels are pore-forming Proteins that help establish and control the small Voltage Gradient across the Plasma membrane of all living In Neurophysiology, the action potential is a self-regenerating Wave of Electrochemical activity that allows Nerve cells to carry a signal Lidocaine ( INN) (ˈlaɪdoʊkeɪn or lignocaine (former BAN) (/ˈlɪgnoʊkeɪn/ is a common Local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug Procaine is a Local anesthetic drug of the Amino Ester group It is used primarily to reduce the pain of Intramuscular injection of Cocaine also causes vasoconstriction, thus reducing bleeding during minor surgical procedures. Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels particularly the large Arteries, Arterioles The locomotor enhancing properties of cocaine may be attributable to its enhancement of dopaminergic transmission from the substantia nigra. The substantia nigra ( Latin for "black substance" Sömmering) or locus niger is a heterogeneous portion of the midbrain, separating Recent research points to an important role of circadian mechanisms^[36] and clock genes^[37] in behavioral actions of cocaine.

Because nicotine increases the levels of dopamine in the brain, many cocaine users find that consumption of tobacco products during cocaine use enhances the euphoria. Nicotine is an Alkaloid found in the Nightshade family of plants ( Solanaceae) which constitutes approximately 0 Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. This, however, may have undesirable consequences, such as uncontrollable chain smoking during cocaine use (even users who do not normally smoke cigarettes have been known to chain smoke when using cocaine), in addition to the detrimental health effects and the additional strain on the cardiovascular system caused by tobacco. Chain smoking is the practice of lighting a new Cigarette for personal consumption immediately after one that is finished sometimes using the finished cigarette to light the A cigarette ( French "small Cigar " from cigar + -ette) is a product consumed through Smoking and manufactured

In addition to irritability, mood disturbances, restlessness, paranoia, and auditory hallucinations, cocaine use can cause several dangerous physical conditions. It can lead to disturbances in heart rhythm and heart attacks, as well as chest pains or even respiratory failure. In addition, strokes, seizures and headaches are common in heavy users.

Cocaine can often cause reduced food intake, many chronic users lose their appetite and can experience severe malnutrition and significant weight loss.

Metabolism and excretion

Cocaine is extensively metabolized, primarily in the liver, with only about 1% excreted unchanged in the urine. Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals The metabolism is dominated by hydrolytic ester cleavage, so the eliminated metabolites consist mostly of benzoylecgonine, the major metabolite, and in lesser amounts ecgonine methyl ester and ecgonine. Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least See also Methylecgonine cinnamate Truxilline Hydroxytropacocaine Tropacocaine Metabolomics is the "systematic study of the unique chemical fingerprints that specific cellular processes leave behind" - specifically the study of their small-molecule metabolite

If taken with alcohol, cocaine combines with the ethanol in the liver to form cocaethylene, which is both more euphorigenic and some studies suggest a higher cardiovascular toxicity than cocaine by itself. The liver is a vital organ in the human body and is present in Vertebrates and some other animals Cocaethylene is the ethyl Ester of Benzoylecgonine. It is chemically related to Cocaine, which is the corresponding methyl ester This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System" It is precisely this characteristic that has prompted heavily inebriated persons, since the early 20th century, to snort cocaine to relieve them of the depressive effects of alcohol abuse.

Depending on liver and kidney function, cocaine metabolites are detectable in urine. Benzoylecgonine can be detected in urine within four hours after cocaine intake and remains detectable in concentrations greater than 150 ng/ml typically for up to eight days after cocaine is used. Detection of accumulation of cocaine metabolites in hair is possible in regular users until the sections of hair grown during use are cut or fall out.

Effects and health issues

Acute

Data from The Lancet shows Cocaine to be the 2nd most dependent and 2nd most harmful of 20 drugs. This article is about the journal For other uses of the term "lancet" see Lancet (disambiguation. ^[38]

Cocaine is a potent central nervous system stimulant. In Vertebrates the central nervous system ( CNS) is the part of the Nervous system which is enclosed in the Meninges. Stimulant drugs are Drugs that temporarily increase alertness and awareness Its effects can last from 20 minutes to several hours, depending upon the dosage of cocaine taken, purity, and method of administration.

The initial signs of stimulation are hyperactivity, restlessness, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate and euphoria. Blood pressure is also the title of a short story by Damon Runyan in Guys and Dolls and Other Stories Measuring heart rate The Pulse rate (which in most people is identical to the heart rate can be measured at any point on the body where an Artery 's pulsation Euphoria is a medically recognized emotional state related to Pleasure and Happiness. The euphoria is sometimes followed by feelings of discomfort and depression and a craving to experience the drug again. Sexual interest and pleasure can be amplified. Side effects can include twitching, paranoia, and impotence, which usually increases with frequent usage. Paranoia is a disturbed thought process characterized by excessive Anxiety or Fear, often to the point of Irrationality and Delusion.

With excessive or prolonged use, the drug can cause itching, tachycardia, hallucinations, and paranoid delusions. Itch ( Latin: pruritus) is an unpleasant Sensation that evokes the desire or Reflex to scratch A hallucination, in the broadest sense is a Perception in the absence of a stimulus. Formication is a somewhat unusual but medically well-known abnormal sensation Overdoses cause tachyarrhythmias and a marked elevation of blood pressure. Dysrhythmia redirects here For the American band see Dysrhythmia (band. These can be life-threatening, especially if the user has existing cardiac problems. The LD₅₀ of cocaine when administered to mice is 95. In Toxicology, the median lethal dose, LD50 (abbreviation for “Lethal Dose 50%” or LCt50 (Lethal Concentration & Time of a 1 mg/kg. ^[39] Toxicity results in seizures, followed by respiratory and circulatory depression of medullar origin. This may lead to death from respiratory failure, stroke, cerebral hemorrhage, or heart-failure. Respiratory failure is a medical term for inadequate Gas exchange by the Respiratory system. A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain A cerebral hemorrhage (or intracerebral hemorrhage, ICH) is a subtype of Intracranial hemorrhage that occurs within the Brain tissue itself The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic Cocaine is also highly pyrogenic, because the stimulation and increased muscular activity cause greater heat production. Heat loss is inhibited by the intense vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels particularly the large Arteries, Arterioles Cocaine-induced hyperthermia may cause muscle cell destruction and myoglobinuria resulting in renal failure. Hyperthermia, in its advanced state referred to as heat stroke or sunstroke, is an acute condition which occurs when the Body produces or absorbs more Myoglobinuria is the presence of Myoglobin in the urine usually associated with Rhabdomyolysis or muscle destruction Renal failure or kidney Emergency treatment often consists of administering a benzodiazepine sedation agent, such as diazepam (Valium) to decrease the elevated heart rate and blood pressure. The benzodiazepines (pronounced, often abbreviated to "benzos") are a class of Psychoactive drugs with varying Hypnotic Diazepam (daɪˈæzɨpæm first marketed as Valium by Hoffmann-La Roche, is a Benzodiazepine derivative Drug. Physical cooling (ice, cold blankets, etc. . . ) and paracetamol(acetaminophen) may be used to treat hyperthermia, while specific treatments are then developed for any further complications. Paracetamol ( INN) (ˌpærəˈsiːtəmɒl -ˈsɛtə- or acetaminophen ( USAN) is a widely-used Analgesic and Antipyretic Medication ^[40] There is no officially approved specific antidote for cocaine overdose, and although some drugs such as dexmedetomidine and rimcazole have been found to be useful for treating cocaine overdose in animal studies, no formal human trials have been carried out. An antidote or counterdose is a substance which can counteract a form of Poisoning. Dexmedetomidine is a Sedative medication used by intensive care units and anesthesiologists and is marketed under the brand name Precedex ( Hospira Inc Rimcazole is an antagonist of the Sigma receptor. Sigma receptors are thought to be involved in the drug Psychosis that can be induced by some drugs

In cases where a patient is unable or unwilling to seek medical attention, cocaine overdoses resulting in mild-moderate tachycardia (i. e. : a resting pulse greater than 120 bpm), may be initially treated with 20 mg of orally administered diazepam or equivalent benzodiazepine (eg: 2mg lorazepam). Acetaminophen and physical cooling may likewise be used to reduce mild hyperthermia (<39 C). However, a history of high blood pressure or cardiac problems puts the patient at high risk of cardiac arrest or stroke, and requires immediate medical treatment. A cardiac arrest, also known as cardiorespiratory arrest, cardiopulmonary arrest or circulatory arrest, is the abrupt cessation of normal circulation of A stroke is the rapidly developing loss of brain functions due to a disturbance in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain Similarly, if benzodiazepine sedation fails to reduce heart rate or body temperatures fails to lower, professional intervention is necessary. ^[41][42][43]

Cocaine's primary acute effect on brain chemistry is to raise the amount of dopamine and serotonin in the nucleus accumbens (the pleasure center in the brain); this effect ceases, due to metabolism of cocaine to inactive compounds and particularly due to the depletion of the transmitter resources (tachyphylaxis). The nucleus accumbens (NAcc also known as the accumbens nucleus or as the nucleus accumbens septi (Latin for nucleus leaning against the Septum Metabolism is the set of Chemical reactions that occur in living Organisms in order to maintain Life. Tachyphylaxis is a medical term describing a rapidly decreasing response to a drug following administration of the initial doses This can be experienced acutely as feelings of depression, as a "crash" after the initial high. Further mechanisms occur in chronic cocaine use. The "crash" is accompanied with muscle spasms throughout the body, also known as the "jitters", muscle weakness, headaches, dizziness, and suicidal thoughts. Not all users will experience these, but most tend to experience some or all of these symptoms.

Studies have shown that cocaine usage during pregnancy triggers premature labor^[44] and may lead to abruptio placentae. ^[45]

Cocaine can cause coronary artery spasms which lead to a myocardial infarction. Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is severe Chest pain due to Ischemia (a lack of blood and hence Oxygen supply of the heart Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply This effect can happen randomly to any user. The coronary artery spasms can occur on the users first usage or any other usage after. The coronary spasms cause the ectopic ventricular foci of the heart to become hypoxic and the extreme irritability can trigger life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Dysrhythmia redirects here For the American band see Dysrhythmia (band.

Chronic

Chronic cocaine intake causes brain cells to adapt functionally to strong imbalances of transmitter levels in order to compensate extremes. Thus, receptors disappear from the cell surface or reappear on it, resulting more or less in an "off" or "working mode" respectively, or they change their susceptibility for binding partners (ligands) – mechanisms called down-/upregulation. WikipediaWikipedia is not a dictionary ---> Downregulation is the process by which WikipediaWikipedia is not a dictionary ---> Downregulation is the process by which Chronic cocaine use leads to a DATS upregulation, further contributing to depressed mood states. However, studies suggest cocaine abusers do not show normal age-related loss of striatal DAT sites, suggesting cocaine has neuroprotective properties for dopamine neurons. ^[46] Physical withdrawal is not dangerous, and is in fact restorative. The experience of insatiable hunger, aches, insomnia/oversleeping, lethargy, and persistent runny nose are often described as very unpleasant. Depression with suicidal ideation may develop in very heavy users. Finally, a loss of vesicular monoamine transporters, neurofilament proteins, and other morphological changes appear to indicate a long term damage of dopamine neurons. The vesicular monoamine transporter is a Transport protein located within the presynaptic cell.

All these effects contribute a rise in tolerance thus requiring a larger dosage to achieve the same effect. The lack of normal amounts of serotonin and dopamine in the brain is the cause of the dysphoria and depression felt after the initial high. The diagnostic criteria for cocaine withdrawal are characterized by a dysphoric mood, fatigue, unpleasant dreams, insomnia or hypersomnia, erectile dysfunction, increased appetite, psychomotor retardation or agitation, and anxiety.

Cocaine abuse also has multiple physical health consequences. It is associated with a lifetime risk of heart attack that is 6% higher than that of non-users. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply During the hour after cocaine is used, heart attack risk rises 24-fold. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply ^[47]

Side effects from chronic smoking of cocaine include hemoptysis, bronchospasm, pruritus, fever, diffuse alveolar infiltrates without effusions, pulmonary and systemic eosinophiliachest, pain, lung trauma, shortness of breath, sore throat, asthma, hoarse voice, dyspnea, and an aching, flu-like syndrome. Dyspnea or dyspnoea (pronounced disp-nee-ah, IPA /dɪsp'niə/ from Latin dyspnoea, from Greek dyspnoia from A common but untrue belief is that the smoking of cocaine chemically breaks down tooth enamel and causes tooth decay. Tooth enamel is the hardest and most highly mineralized substance of the body and with Dentin, Cementum, and dental pulp is one of the four major Dental caries is a disease that damages Tooth structures resulting in what is commonly called tooth decay or cavities which are holes in the teeth However, cocaine does often cause involuntary tooth grinding, known as bruxism, which can deteriorate tooth enamel and lead to gingivitis. Bruxism (from the Greek βρυγμός (brugmós gnashing of teeth) is the grinding of the teeth and is typically accompanied by the clenching Gingivitis (" Inflammation of the gums quot ( Gingiva) around the Teeth is a general term for gingival diseases affecting the gingiva ^[48]

Chronic intranasal usage can degrade the cartilage separating the nostrils (the septum nasi), leading eventually to its complete disappearance. Cartilage is a type of dense Connective tissue. It is composed of specialized cells called chondrocytes that produce a large amount of extracellular matrix The nasal septum separates the left and right airways in the Nose, dividing the two Nostrils. Due to the absorption of the cocaine from cocaine hydrochloride, the remaining hydrochloride forms a dilute hydrochloric acid. ^[49]

Cocaine may also greatly increase this risk of developing rare autoimmune or connective tissue diseases such as lupus, Goodpasture's disease, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and other diseases. Systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE or lupus,) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can be fatal though with recent medical advances fatalities are becoming Goodpasture’s syndrome (also known as Goodpasture’s disease and anti-glomerular basement membrane disease) is a rare condition characterised by rapid destruction Vasculitis (plural vasculitides) a group of diseases featuring Inflammation of the wall of Blood vessels including veins ( Phlebitis) arteries Glomerulonephritis, also known as glomerular nephritis, abbreviated GN, is a renal disease characterized by Inflammation of the glomeruli Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS is a life-threatening Condition affecting the Skin in which Cell death causes the epidermis to separate from the ^{[50][51][52][53]} It can also cause a wide array of kidney diseases and renal failure. ^[54][55] While these conditions are normally found in chronic use they can also be caused by short term exposure in susceptible individuals.

Cocaine abuse doubles both the risks of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes. ^[56]

Years after the abuse has ended, many ex-abusers report a noticeably reduced attention span. Attention span is the amount of time a person can concentrate on a single Activity.

Cocaine as a local anesthetic

Cocaine was historically useful as a topical anesthetic in eye and nasal surgery, although it is now predominantly used for nasal and lacrimal duct surgery. The lacrimal canaliculi, also known as the lacrimal canals or lacrimal ducts, are the small channels in each Eyelid that commence at minute orifices The major disadvantages of this use are cocaine's intense vasoconstrictor activity and potential for cardiovascular toxicity. Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels particularly the large Arteries, Arterioles This is an article about the rock music band "Circulatory System" Cocaine has since been largely replaced in Western medicine by synthetic local anaesthetics such as benzocaine, proparacaine, lignocaine/xylocaine/lidocaine, and tetracaine though it remains available for use if specified. Benzocaine is a Local anesthetic commonly used as a Topical pain reliever Proparacaine (Alcaine Ak-Taine is a Topical anesthetic drug of the amino ester group Lidocaine ( INN) (ˈlaɪdoʊkeɪn or lignocaine (former BAN) (/ˈlɪgnoʊkeɪn/ is a common Local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug Lidocaine ( INN) (ˈlaɪdoʊkeɪn or lignocaine (former BAN) (/ˈlɪgnoʊkeɪn/ is a common Local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug Lidocaine ( INN) (ˈlaɪdoʊkeɪn or lignocaine (former BAN) (/ˈlɪgnoʊkeɪn/ is a common Local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug Tetracaine ( INN, also known as amethocaine; trade name Pontocaine) is a potent Local anesthetic of the Ester group If vasoconstriction is desired for a procedure (as it reduces bleeding), the anesthetic is combined with a vasoconstrictor such as phenylephrine or epinephrine. Phenylephrine or Neo-Synephrine is an α1-adrenergic receptor Agonist used primarily as a Decongestant, as an agent to dilate the In Australia it is currently prescribed for use as a local anesthetic for conditions such as mouth and lung ulcers. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Ulcers are healing wounds that develop on the skin mucous membranes or eye Some ENT specialists occasionally use cocaine within the practice when performing procedures such as nasal cauterization. Otolaryngology is the branch of Medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of Ear, Nose, Throat, and head and neck disorders Cauterize redirects here For the band see Cauterize (band Cauterization is a medical term describing the burning of the body to remove In this scenario dissolved cocaine is soaked into a ball of cotton wool, which is placed in the nostril for the 10-15 minutes immediately prior to the procedure, thus performing the dual role of both numbing the area to be cauterized and also vasoconstriction. Even when used this way, some of the used cocaine may be absorbed through oral or nasal mucosa and give systemic effects.

Etymology

The word "cocaine" was made from "coca" + the suffix "-ine"; from its use as a local anaesthetic a suffix "-caine" was extracted and used to form names of synthetic local anaesthetics. Not to be confused with Cocoa. Coca is a Plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to north-western South America In Grammar, a suffix (also postfix, ending) is an Affix which is placed at the end of a word A local anesthetic is a drug that causes reversible Local anesthesia and a loss of Nociception.

Current Prohibition

Main article: Legal status of cocaine

The production, distribution and sale of cocaine products is restricted (and illegal in most contexts) in most countries as regulated by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. The production the distribution and the sale of cocaine products is restricted (and illegal in most contexts in most countries The Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs is an international Treaty to prohibit production and supply of specific (nominally Narcotic) Drugs and of drugs The 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances is one of three major drug control treaties currently in force In the United States the manufacture, importation, possession, and distribution of cocaine is additionally regulated by the 1970 Controlled Substances Act. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Year 1970 ( MCMLXX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link shows full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Controlled Substances Act ( CSA) was enacted into law by the Congress of the United States as Title II of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control

Some countries, such as Peru and Bolivia permit the cultivation of coca leaf for traditional consumption by the local indigenous population, but nevertheless prohibit the production, sale and consumption of cocaine. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Not to be confused with Cocoa. Coca is a Plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to north-western South America For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States.

Some parts of Europe and Australia allow processed cocaine for medicinal uses only. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.

In certain countries in the Middle East and Asia, such as Singapore, Saudi Arabia and Indonesia, being in possession of cocaine can be punishable by death. The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Singapore The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, KSA ( المملكة العربية السعودية, al-Mamlaka al-ʻArabiyya as-Suʻūdiyya) or Suudi The Republic of Indonesia ( (Republik Indonesia is a Country in Southeast Asia.

Interdiction

In 2004, according to the United Nations, 589 metric tons of cocaine were seized globally by law enforcement authorities. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. Colombia seized 188 tons, the United States 166 tons, Europe 79 tons, Peru 14 tons, Bolivia 9 tons, and the rest of the world 133 tons. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. ^[57]

Illicit trade

Bricks of cocaine, a form in which it is commonly transported.

Because of the extensive processing it undergoes during preparation, cocaine is generally treated as a 'hard drug', with severe penalties for possession and trafficking. Hard and soft drugs are loose categories of non-prescription Psychoactive drugs This distinction is used in both official and casual discourse Demand remains high, and consequently black market cocaine is quite expensive. Unprocessed cocaine, such as coca leaves, are occasionally purchased and sold, but this is exceedingly rare as it is much easier and more profitable to conceal and smuggle it in powdered form. Not to be confused with Cocoa. Coca is a Plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to north-western South America The scale of the market is immense: 770 tonnes times $100 per gram retail = up to $77 billion.

Production

By 1999, Colombia had become the world's leading producer of cocaine. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Three-quarters of the world's annual yield of cocaine was produced there, both from cocaine base imported from Peru (primarily the Huallaga Valley) and Bolivia, and from locally grown coca. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The Huallaga Valley is located in northern Peru, south of Tarapoto. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Not to be confused with Cocoa. Coca is a Plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to north-western South America There was a 28% increase from the amount of potentially harvestable coca plants which were grown in Colombia in 1998 . Not to be confused with Cocoa. Coca is a Plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to north-western South America Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. This, combined with crop reductions in Bolivia and Peru, made Colombia the nation with the largest area of coca under cultivation after the mid-1990s. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Coca grown for traditional purposes by indigenous communities, a use which is still present and is permitted by Colombian laws, only makes up a small fragment of total coca production, most of which is used for the illegal drug trade. Attempts to eradicate coca fields through the use of defoliants have devastated part of the farming economy in some coca growing regions of Colombia, and strains appear to have been developed that are more resistant or immune to their use. Whether these strains are natural mutations or the product of human tampering is unclear. These strains have also shown to be more potent than those previously grown, increasing profits for the drug cartels responsible for the exporting of cocaine. The cultivation of coca has become an attractive, and in some cases even necessary, economic decision on the part of many growers due to the combination of several factors, including the persistence of worldwide demand, the lack of other employment alternatives, the lower profitability of alternative crops in official crop substitution programs, the eradication-related damages to non-drug farms, and the spread of new strains of the coca plant.

Synthesis

Synthetic cocaine would be highly desirable to the illegal drug industry, as it would eliminate the high visibility and low reliability of offshore sources and international smuggling, replacing them with clandestine domestic laboratories, as are common for illicit methamphetamine. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. However, natural cocaine remains the lowest cost and highest quality supply of cocaine.

Actual full synthesis of cocaine is rarely done. Formation of inactive enantiomers and synthetic by-products limits the yield and purity.

Note, names like 'synthetic cocaine' and 'new cocaine' have been misapplied to phencyclidine (PCP) and various designer drugs. Phencyclidine (a complex clip of the chemical name phenylcyclohexylpiperidine, commonly initialised as PCP) is a Dissociative drug Designer drug is a term used to describe Psychoactive drugs which are created (or marketed if they had already existed to get around existing Drug laws

Trafficking and distribution

Organized criminal gangs operating on a large scale dominate the cocaine trade. "Crime syndicate" redirects here For the DC Comics group of villains see Crime Syndicate. Most cocaine is grown and processed in South America, particularly in Colombia, Bolivia, Peru, and smuggled into the United States and Europe, the United States being the worlds largest consumer of Cocaine^[59], where it is sold at huge markups; usually in the US at $50-$75 for 1 gram (or a "fitty rock"), and $125-200 for 3. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 5 grams (1/8th of an ounce, or an "eight ball").

Cocaine shipments from South America transported through Mexico or Central America are generally moved over land or by air to staging sites in northern Mexico. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The cocaine is then broken down into smaller loads for smuggling across the U.S.–Mexico border. The primary cocaine importation points in the United States are in Arizona, southern California, southern Florida, and Texas. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Typically, land vehicles are driven across the U. S. -Mexico border. Sixty Five percent of cocaine enters the United States through Mexico, and the vast majority of the rest enters through Florida. ^[60]

Cocaine is also carried in small, concealed, kilogram quantities across the border by couriers known as “mules” (or “mulas”), who cross a border either legally, e. A mule or Courier is someone who smuggles something with him or her (as opposed to sending by mail etc g. through a port or airport, or illegally through undesignated points along the border. The drugs may be strapped to the waist or legs or hidden in bags, or hidden in the body. If the mule gets through without being caught, the gangs will reap most of the profits. If he or she is caught however, gangs will sever all links and the mule will usually stand trial for trafficking by him/herself.

Cocaine traffickers from Colombia, and recently Mexico, have also established a labyrinth of smuggling routes throughout the Caribbean, the Bahama Island chain, and South Florida. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Smuggling, also known as trafficking, is the clandestine transportation of goods or persons past a point where prohibited such as out of a building into a Prison The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an independent sovereign English -speaking country consisting of two thousand Cays and Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the They often hire traffickers from Mexico or the Dominican Republic to transport the drug. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with The traffickers use a variety of smuggling techniques to transfer their drug to U. S. markets. These include airdrops of 500–700 kg in the Bahama Islands or off the coast of Puerto Rico, mid-ocean boat-to-boat transfers of 500–2,000 kg, and the commercial shipment of tonnes of cocaine through the port of Miami. The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an independent sovereign English -speaking country consisting of two thousand Cays and Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}}

Bulk cargo ships are also used to smuggle cocaine to staging sites in the western Caribbean–Gulf of Mexico area. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The Gulf of Mexico ( Spanish: Golfo de México) is the ninth largest Body of water in the world These vessels are typically 150–250-foot (50–80 m) coastal freighters that carry an average cocaine load of approximately 2. 5 tonnes. Commercial fishing vessels are also used for smuggling operations. In areas with a high volume of recreational traffic, smugglers use the same types of vessels, such as go-fast boats, as those used by the local populations. The dance or go-fast boat is a high performance Boat of a characteristic design

Bales of cocaine washed up on the beaches of Cornwall February 28. Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule ^[61]

Sophisticated submarine-like boats are the latest tool drug runners are using to bring cocaine north from Colombia, it was reported on March 20, 2008. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Although the vessels were once viewed as a quirky sideshow in the drug war, they are becoming faster, more seaworthy, and capable of carrying bigger loads of drugs than earlier models, according to those charged with catching them. ^[62]

Sales to consumers

Cocaine is readily available in all major countries' metropolitan areas. According to the Summer 1998 Pulse Check, published by the U. S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, cocaine use had stabilized across the country, with a few increases reported in San Diego, Bridgeport, Miami, and Boston. The White House Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP, a Cabinet level component of the Executive Office of the President of the United States, was established in 1988 In the West, cocaine usage was lower, which was thought to be due to a switch to methamphetamine among some users; methamphetamine is cheaper and provides a longer-lasting high. Numbers of cocaine users are still very large, with a concentration among urban youth.

In addition to the amounts previously mentioned, cocaine can be sold in "bill sizes": for example, $10 might purchase a "dime bag," a very small amount (0. 1–0. 15 g) of cocaine. Twenty dollars might purchase . 15–. 3 g. However, in lower Texas its sold cheaper due to it being easier to receive. A dime for $10 is . 4g, a 20 is . 8 or a gram and a 8-ball (3. 5g) is sold for $60 to $80 dollars depending on the quality and dealer. These amounts and prices are very popular among young people because they are inexpensive and easily concealed on one's body. Quality and price can vary dramatically depending on supply and demand, and on geographic region. ^[63]

However UK prices are astronomical compared to that of a USA with £40 (typically $80) getting 1 Gram of Cocaine.

Wraps of cocaine. Wraps are used to distribute cocaine by street-level dealers.

Consumption

World annual cocaine consumption currently stands at around 600 metric tons, with the United States consuming around 300 metric tons, 50% of the total, Europe about 150 metric tons, 25% of the total, and the rest of the world the remaining 150 metric tons or 25%. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ^[64]

According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2006 World Drug Report, the United States has the world's greatest rate of cocaine consumption by people aged 15 to 64, 2. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC is a United Nations agency that was established in 1997 as the Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 8%. It is closely followed by Spain with 2. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. 7%, and England & Wales with 2. 4%. Most Western European countries have a consumption rate between 1% and 2%. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' ^[65]

Cocaine adulturants

Cocaine is "cut" with many substances such as:

Anesthetics: Lidocaine Benzocaine Procaine

Other stimulants: Caffeine Ephedrine Methamphetamin Caffeine

Inert powder: Baking soda Inositol

Usage

According to a 2007 United Nations report, Spain is the country with the highest rate of cocaine usage (3. 0% of adults in the previous year). ^[66] Other countries where the usage rate meets or exceeds 1. 5% are the United States (2. 8%), England and Wales (2. 4%), Canada (2. 3%), Italy (2. 1%), Bolivia (1. 9%), Chile (1. 8%), and Scotland (1. 5%). ^[66]

In the United States

General usage

Cocaine has become the second most popular illegal recreational drug in the U. S. (behind marijuana)^[67] and the U. Cannabis, also known as marijuana or marihuana, or ganja (from Hindi / Sanskrit: गांजा gānjā hemp) is a S. is the world's largest consumer of cocaine^[59]. Cocaine is commonly used in middle to upper class communities. It is also popular amongst college students, not just to aid in studying, but also as a party drug. Its users span over different ages, races, and professions. In the 1970s and 80's, the drug became particularly popular in the disco culture as cocaine usage was very common and popular in many discos such as Studio 54. Disco is a Genre of dance-oriented music whose origins are hard to define Studio 54 is a New York City Broadway theater and former Discothèque located at 254 West 54th Street in Manhattan.

The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) reported in 1999 that cocaine was used by 3. 7 million Americans, or 1. 7% of the household population age 12 and older. Estimates of the current number of those who use cocaine regularly (at least once per month) vary, but 1. 5 million is a widely accepted figure within the research community.

Although cocaine use had not significantly changed over the six years prior to 1999, the number of first-time users went up from 574,000 in 1991, to 934,000 in 1998 – an increase of 63%. While these numbers indicated that cocaine is still widely present in the United States, cocaine use was significantly less prevalent than it was during the early 1980s. Cocaine use peaked in 1982 when 10. 4 million Americans (5. 6% of the population) reportedly used the drug.

Usage among youth

The 1999 Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey found the proportion of American students reporting use of powdered cocaine rose during the 1990s. Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Monitoring the Future is an annual survey given to 50000 8th 10th and 12th graders in the United States to determine Drug use trends and patterns including scales In 1991, 2. 3% of eighth-graders stated that they had used cocaine in their lifetime. This figure rose to 4. 7% in 1999. For the older grades, increases began in 1992 and continued through the beginning of 1999. Between those years, lifetime use of cocaine went from 3. 3% to 7. 7% for tenth-graders and from 6. 1% to 9. 8% for high school seniors. Lifetime use of crack cocaine, according to MTF, also increased among eighth-, tenth-, and twelfth-graders, from an average of 2% in 1991 to 3. 9% in 1999.

Perceived risk and disapproval of cocaine and crack use both decreased during the 1990s at all three grade levels. The 1999 NHSDA found the highest rate of monthly cocaine use was for those aged 18–25 at 1. 7%, an increase from 1. 2% in 1997. Rates declined between 1996 and 1998 for ages 26–34, while rates slightly increased for the 12–17 and 35+ age groups. Studies also show people are experimenting with cocaine at younger ages. NHSDA found a steady decline in the mean age of first use from 23. 6 years in 1992 to 20. 6 years in 1998.

Addiction

Main article: Cocaine dependence

Cocaine dependence (or addiction) is physical and psychological dependency on the regular use of cocaine. Cocaine dependence (or addiction) is physical and psychological dependency on the regular use of Cocaine. Cocaine dependence (or addiction) is physical and psychological dependency on the regular use of Cocaine. It can result in physiological damage, lethargy, psychosis, depression, or a potentially fatal overdose.

References

See also

• Black cocaine
• Coca
• Coca eradication
• Coca Museum
• Crack baby
• Crack Epidemic
• Cuscohygrine
• Drug addiction
• Drug injection
• Drugs and prostitution
• Ecgonine benzoate
• Entomotoxicology
• The Great Binge
• Hydroxytropacocaine
• Hygrine
• List of cocaine analogues
• Methylecgonine cinnamate
• Norcocaine
• Psychoactive drug
• TA-CD
• Take a Whiff On Me
• Vanoxerine

External links

• Cocaine in Egyptian Mummies
• EMCDDA drugs profile: Cocaine(2007)
• Erowid -> Cocaine Information — A collection of data about cocaine including dose, effects, chemistry, legal status, images and more. Black cocaine, also known as Coca Negra, is a combination of regular Cocaine Hydrochloride and various chemicals such as Potassium thiocyanate Not to be confused with Cocoa. Coca is a Plant in the family Erythroxylaceae, native to north-western South America Coca eradication is a controversial strategy strongly promoted by the United States government as part of its " War on Drugs " to eliminate the The Coca Museum (in Spanish, Museo de la Coca) covers the history of the Coca plant from the Andean region and related drug Cocaine Crack cocaine or crack is a solid smokable form of Cocaine. It is a freebase form of cocaine that can be made using baking soda ( Sodium bicarbonate The crack epidemic refers to a six year period between 1984 and 1990 in the United States during which there was a huge surge in the use of Crack cocaine in major Cuscohygrine is a Pyrrolidine Alkaloid found in Coca. It can be extracted from plants of the family Solanaceae as well including Deadly Drug addiction is widely considered a pathological state. The disorder of addiction involves the progression of acute Drug use to the development of drug-seeking Injection of Recreational drugs is a method of the drug into the body with a hollow needle and a Syringe which is pierced through the skin into the body (usually Intravenous Drugs and prostitution are related in that some Drug addicts most commonly Heroin or Crack cocaine users obtain their drugs primarily through Prostitution See also Methylecgonine cinnamate Truxilline Hydroxytropacocaine Tropacocaine In Forensic entomology, entomotoxicology is the analysis of toxins in Arthropods (mainly Flies and Beetles) that feed on Carrion. The "Great Binge" is a term used by historians to describe the period between 1870 and 1914 when various drugs were developed and widely consumed alongside strong alcoholic drinks Hydroxytropacocaine is a Tropane alkaloid found in Erythroxylum coca. Hygrine is a Pyrrolidine Alkaloid, found mainly in Coca leaves (0 This is a list of Cocaine analogues. A cocaine analogue is a drug manufactured from cocaine or has its basis as a total synthesis of cocaine but is modified to alter Methylecgonine cinnamate is a natural Tropane Alkaloid found within the Erythroxylum coca plant Norcocaine is a minor Metabolite of Cocaine, it is the only pharmacologically active metabolite of cocaine A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a Chemical substance that acts primarily upon the Central nervous system where it alters Brain TA-CD is an active Vaccine developed by the Xenova Group which is used to negate the effects of Cocaine, making it suitable for use in treatment of Addiction " Take a Whiff on Me " ( Roud 10062) is an American folk song with references to the use of Cocaine. Vanoxerine, also known as GBR-12909, is a Piperazine derivative which is a potent and selective Dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
• Slang Dictionary for Cocaine.
• Cocaine content of plants
• Cocaine - The History and the Risks at h2g2
• www.HarmReduction.org A coalition of harm reduction advocates with resources and insightful help for those dealing with drug issues as well as those trying to provide help. Harm reduction is a Philosophy of Public health, intended to be a progressive alternative to the prohibition of certain potentially dangerous
• www.DanceSafe.org A community-driven project from the rave culture gives non-judgmental information considered "youth-friendly" and well-informed. DanceSafe has pioneered many harm-reduction campaigns.
• Cocaine Frequently Asked Questions