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| Name, symbol, number | cobalt, Co, 27 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | transition metals | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, period, block | 9, 4, d | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | metallic with gray tinge |
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| Standard atomic weight | 58.933195(5) g·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | [Ar] 4s2 3d7 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 15, 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Color | a grayish silver | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | 8. Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 Rh redirects here For other uses see Rh (disambiguation Rhodium (ˈroʊdiəm is a Chemical element with the symbol This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic Applications Alloys with other metals primarially to add corrosion and wear resistance Industrial Catalysts Superalloys Electrical A period 4 element is one of the Chemical elements in the fourth row (or period) of the periodic table of the elements. The d-block of the periodic table of the elements consists of those Periodic table groups that contain elements in which in the atomic ground state the highest-energy The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other This article pertains to the chemical element For other uses see Argon (disambiguation. The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 90 g·cm−3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Liquid density at m.p. | 7. Kilogram per cubic metre is the SI measure of Density and is represented as kg/m³ where kg stands for Kilogram and m³ stands for Cubic metre The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. 75 g·cm−3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Melting point | 1768 K (1495 °C, 2723 °F) |
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| Boiling point | 3200 K (2927 °C, 5301 °F) |
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| Heat of fusion | 16. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid The kelvin (symbol K) is a unit increment of Temperature and is one of the seven SI base units The Kelvin scale is a thermodynamic The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of 06 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 377 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | (25 °C) 24. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 81 J·mol−1·K−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Atomic properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | hexagonal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | 4 [1], 3, 2, 1 [2] (amphoteric oxide) |
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| Electronegativity | 1. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. The oxidation number of a central atom in a coordination compound is the charge that it would have if all the Ligands were removed along with the Electron pairs " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 88 (Pauling scale) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies (more) |
1st: 760. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 4 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd: 1648 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd: 3232 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | 135 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) | 152 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 126 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Magnetic ordering | ferromagnetic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | (20 °C) 62. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as Iron) form Permanent magnets and/or exhibit strong interactions with Magnets it Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. 4 nΩ·m | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | (300 K) 100 W·m−1·K−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal expansion | (25 °C) 13. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. When the Temperature of a substance changes the energy that is stored in the Intermolecular bonds between atoms changes 0 µm·m−1·K−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Speed of sound (thin rod) | (20 °C) 4720 m/s | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Young's modulus | 209 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Shear modulus | 75 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bulk modulus | 180 GPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poisson ratio | 0. Sound is a vibration that travels through an elastic medium as a Wave. In Solid mechanics, Young's modulus (E is a measure of the Stiffness of an isotropic elastic material In Materials science, shear modulus or modulus of rigidity, denoted by G, or sometimes S or μ, is defined as the ratio of Shear Poisson's ratio ( ν) named after Simeon Poisson, is the ratio of the relative contraction strain, or transverse strain (normal to 31 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mohs hardness | 5. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Vickers hardness | 1043 MPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Brinell hardness | 700 MPa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS registry number | 7440-48-4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Cobalt (pronounced /ˈkoʊbɒlt/) is a hard, lustrous, silver-grey metal, a chemical element with symbol Co. Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. It is found in various ores, and is used in the preparation of magnetic, wear-resistant, and high-strength alloys. An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Its compounds are used in the production of inks, paints, and varnishes. A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. An ink is a Liquid containing various Pigments and/or Dyes used for coloring a surface to produce an Image, text, or Paint is any Liquid, liquifiable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque Solid Varnish is a transparent, hard protective finish or film primarily used in Wood finishing but also for other materials
Contents |
Notable characteristics
Cobalt is a silver or gray ferromagnetic metal. Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as Iron) form Permanent magnets and/or exhibit strong interactions with Magnets it Pure cobalt is not found in nature, but compounds of cobalt occur naturally in many forms. Small amounts of it are found in most rocks, soil, water, plants, and animals. It is the element of atomic number 27. The Curie temperature is of 1388 K with 1. The Curie point ( Tc) or Curie temperature, is a term in Physics and Materials science, named after Pierre Curie (1859-1906 6~1. 7 Bohr magnetons per atom. In Atomic physics, the Bohr magneton (symbol \mu_\mathrm{B} is named after the Physicist Niels Bohr. History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny In nature, it is frequently associated with nickel, and both are characteristic ingredients of meteoric iron. Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 Iron Meteorites consist overwhelmingly of Nickel - Iron Alloys The metal taken from these meteorites is known as meteoric iron' and Mammals require small amounts of cobalt which is the basis of vitamin B12. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Cyanocobalamin is an especially common Vitamer of the B-12 vitamin family. Cobalt-60, an artificially produced radioactive isotope of cobalt, is an important radioactive tracer and cancer-treatment agent. Cobalt-60 (60Co is a Radioactive isotope of Cobalt, with a Half life of 5 A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created A radioactive tracer, also called a radioactive label, is a substance containing a Radioisotope (which is an isotope that has an unstable nucleus and that stabalizes Cancer (medical term Malignant Neoplasm) is a class of Diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled Cobalt has a relative permeability two thirds that of iron. In Electromagnetism, permeability is the degree of Magnetization of a material that responds linearly to an applied Magnetic field. Metallic cobalt commonly presents a mixture of two crystallographic structures hcp and fcc with a transition temperature hcp→fcc of 722 K. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. The cubic crystal system (or isometric) is a Crystal system where the Unit cell is in the shape of a Cube. Cobalt has a hardness of 5. 5 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material
Common oxidation states of cobalt include +2 and +3, although compounds with oxidation state +1 are also well developed. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound.
Isotopes
Naturally occurring cobalt is "monoisotopic"; i. Naturally occurring Cobalt ( Co) is composed of 1 stable Isotope, 59Co e. only one isotope is stable: 59Co. Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides 22 radioisotopes have been characterized with the most stable being 60Co with a half-life of 5. A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page 2714 years, 57Co with a half-life of 271. 79 days, 56Co with a half-life of 77. 27 days, and 58Co with a half-life of 70. 86 days. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives that are less than 18 hours and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 1 second. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. This element also has 4 meta states, all of which have half-lives less than 15 minutes. A nuclear isomer is a Metastable state of an Atomic nucleus caused by the excitation of one or more of its Nucleons A nuclear isomer occupies
The isotopes of cobalt range in atomic weight from 50 u (50Co) to 73 u (73Co). The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass The unified atomic mass unit ( u) or Dalton ( Da) or sometimes universal mass unit, is an unit of Mass used to express The primary decay mode for isotopes with atomic mass unit values less than that of the most abundant stable isotope, 59Co, is electron capture and the primary mode of decay for those of greater than 59 atomic mass units is beta decay. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Electron capture (sometimes called inverse beta decay) is a Decay mode for Isotopes that will occur when there are too many Protons in the In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted The primary decay products before 59Co are element 26 (iron) isotopes and the primary products after are element 28 (nickel) isotopes. In Nuclear physics, a decay product, also known as a daughter product, daughter isotope or daughter nuclide, is a Nuclide Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides
Cobalt radioisotopes in medicine
Cobalt-60 (Co-60 or 60Co) is a radioactive metal that is used in radiotherapy. Cobalt-60 (60Co is a Radioactive isotope of Cobalt, with a Half life of 5 Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Radiation therapy (or radiotherapy) is the medical use of Ionizing radiation as part of Cancer treatment to control Malignant It produces two gamma rays with energies of 1. Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions 17 MeV and 1. 33 MeV. The 60Co source is about 2 cm in diameter and as a result produces a geometric penumbra, making the edge of the radiation field fuzzy. A centimetre ( American spelling: centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one hundredth Geometry, a diameter of a Circle is any straight Line segment that passes through the center of the circle and whose Endpoints are on the Geometry ( Greek γεωμετρία; geo = earth metria = measure is a part of Mathematics concerned with questions of size shape and relative position For other uses of the word "umbra" see Umbra (disambiguation. Radiation, as in Physics, is Energy in the form of waves or moving Subatomic particles emitted by an atom or other body as it changes from a higher energy The metal has the unfortunate habit of producing a fine dust, causing problems with radiation protection. Radiation protection, sometimes known as radiological protection, is the science of protecting people and the environment from the harmful effects of Ionizing radiation Cobalt-60 has a radioactive half-life of 5. 27 years. This decrease in activity requires periodic replacement of the sources used in radiotherapy. This is one more reason why cobalt machines have been largely replaced by linear accelerators (linacs) in modern radiation therapy.
Cobalt-57 (Co-57 or 57Co) is a radioactive metal that is used in medical tests; it is used as a radiolabel for vitamin B12 uptake. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. It is useful for the Schilling test. The Schilling's test is a medical investigation used in patients with vitamin B{{ssub|12}} deficiency [1]
Industrial uses for radioactive isotopes
Cobalt-60 (Co-60 or 60Co) is useful as a gamma ray source because it can be produced—in predictable quantity, and high activity—by simply exposing natural cobalt to neutrons in a reactor for a given time. Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. It is used for
- sterilization of medical supplies, and medical waste;
- radiation treatment of foods for sterilization (cold pasteurization);
- industrial radiography (e. Radiation, as in Physics, is Energy in the form of waves or moving Subatomic particles emitted by an atom or other body as it changes from a higher energy Food irradiation is the process of exposing food to Ionizing radiation in order to destroy Microorganisms Bacteria, Viruses or Insects Pasteurization is the process of heating Liquids for the purpose of destroying bacteria, Protozoa, Molds and Yeasts The process was For medical radiography see Radiology Radiography is the use of X-rays to view unseen or hard-to-image objects g. , weld integrity radiographs);
- density measurements (e. g. , concrete density measurements); and
- tank fill height switches.
Cobalt-59 is used as a source in Mössbauer spectroscopy. Mössbauer spectroscopy (Mößbauer is a spectroscopic technique based on the Mössbauer effect.
Applications
- Alloys, such as
- Superalloys, for parts in gas turbine aircraft engines. An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has A superalloy, or high-performance alloy, is an Alloy that exhibits excellent mechanical strength and creep resistance at high temperatures good surface A turbine is a rotary Engine that extracts Energy from a Fluid flow An engine is a mechanical device that produces some form of output from a given input
- Corrosion- and wear-resistant alloys. Corrosion means the breaking down of essential properties in a material due to Chemical reactions with its surroundings
- High speed steels. High speed steel (often abbreviated HSS, sometimes HS) is a material usually used in the manufacture of machine Tool bits and other cutters
- Cemented carbides (also called hard metals) and diamond tools. For the Software development tool targeting the Symbian OS, see Carbide In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in
- Magnets and magnetic recording media. A magnet (from Greek grc μαγνήτης λίθος " Magnesian stone" is a material or object that produces a Magnetic field. A data storage device is a device for recording (storing information (data
- Alnico magnets. Alnico is an acronym referring to alloys which are composed primarily of Aluminium (symbol Al) Nickel (symbol Ni) and Cobalt (symbol
- Samarium-cobalt magnets. Samarium-cobalt magnets are primarily composed of Samarium and Cobalt.
- Catalysts for the petroleum and chemical industries, e. Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit g. for hydroformylation and oxidation. Hydroformylation, also known as oxo synthesis, is an important industrial process for the production of aldehydes from alkenes Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state
- Electroplating because of its appearance, hardness, and resistance to oxidation. Electroplating is the process of using electrical current to reduce Cations of a desired material from a solution and coat a conductive object Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state
- Drying agents for paints, varnishes, and inks. Paint is any Liquid, liquifiable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque Solid Varnish is a transparent, hard protective finish or film primarily used in Wood finishing but also for other materials An ink is a Liquid containing various Pigments and/or Dyes used for coloring a surface to produce an Image, text, or
- Ground coats for porcelain enamels. Porcelain is a Ceramic material made by heating raw materials generally including Clay in the form of Kaolin, in a Kiln to temperatures In a discussion of Material science, enamel (or vitreous enamel or porcelain enamel in U
- Pigments (cobalt blue and cobalt green). Cobalt blue is a cool slightly desaturated blue Color, historically made using Cobalt salts Cobalt green, also sometimes known as Rinman's green or Zinc Green, is a translucent green Pigment made by mixing Cobalt(II oxide and Zinc
- Lithium ion battery electrodes. Lithium-ion batteries (sometimes abbreviated Li-ion batteries) are a type of Rechargeable battery in which a Lithium ion moves between the Anode In electronics a battery is a combination of two or more Electrochemical cells which store chemical Energy which can be converted into electrical energy
- Steel-belted radial tires. This article is about tires used on road Vehicles including pneumatic tires and solid tires.
- Purification of histidine-tagged fusion proteins in biotechnology applications. A polyhistidine-tag is an Amino acid motif in Proteins that consists of at least six Histidine ( His) residues often at the N- or C-terminus Fusion proteins, also known as chimeric proteins, are proteins created through the joining of two or more Genes which originally coded for separate proteins Biotechnology is Technology based on Biology, especially when used in Agriculture, Food science, and Medicine.
History
Cobalt compounds have been used for centuries to impart a rich blue color to glass, glazes, and ceramics. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many Glaze is a layer or coating of a Vitreous substance which has been fired to fuse to a ceramic object to color decorate strengthen or waterproof it Ceramics and ceramic art in the art world means artwork made out of clay bodies and fired to form a ceramic. Cobalt has been detected in Egyptian sculpture and Persian jewelry from the third millennium BC, in the ruins of Pompeii (destroyed AD 79), and in China dating from the Tang dynasty (AD 618–907) and the Ming dynasty (AD 1368–1644)[2]. Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples and Caserta in the Italian region of Campania, in China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by The Ming Dynasty ( or Empire of the Great Ming ( was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol -led Cobalt glass ingots have been recovered from shipwrecks dating to the time of the Minoans (BC 2700-1450). The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization which arose on the island of Crete.
Swedish chemist George Brandt (1694–1768) is credited with isolating cobalt in 1735. Georg Brandt ( July 21 1694 &ndash April 29 1768) was a Swedish chemist and mineralogist who discovered Cobalt (c He was able to show that cobalt was the source of the blue color in glass, which previously had been attributed to the bismuth found with cobalt. Bismuth (ˈbɪzməθ is a Chemical element that has the symbol Bi and Atomic number 83
During the 19th century, cobalt blue was produced at the Norwegian Blaafarveværket (70-80% of world production), led by the Prussian industrialist Benjamin Wegner. Blaafarveværket in Modum, Norway, founded by King Christian VII of Denmark-Norway in the 1770s became the largest industrial company of the Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state Jacob Benjamin Wegner (1795-1864 was a Prussian - Norwegian industrialist born in Königsberg.
In 1938, John Livingood and Glenn Seaborg discovered cobalt-60. Glenn Theodore Seaborg ( Glenn Teodor Sjöberg) ( April 19, 1912 &ndash February 25, 1999) won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry Cobalt-60 (60Co is a Radioactive isotope of Cobalt, with a Half life of 5
The word cobalt is derived from the German kobalt, from kobold meaning "goblin", a term used for the ore of cobalt by miners. The kobold is a sprite of German folklore. Although usually invisible a kobold can materialise in the form of an animal fire a human being and a mundane An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining The first attempts at smelting the cobalt ores to produce cobalt metal failed, yielding cobalt(II) oxide instead; not only that, but because of cobalt's curious affinity for arsenic, the primary ores of cobalt always contain arsenic, and upon smelting the arsenic oxidized into the highly toxic As4O6, which was breathed in by workers. Arsenic (ˈɑrsənɪk is a Chemical element that has the symbol As and Atomic number of 33
Occurrence
.PNG/180px-2005cobalt_(mined).PNG)
Cobalt is not found as a native metal but generally found in the form of ores. A native metal is any of a number of Metals that can be found freely in nature An ore is a volume of rock containing components or Minerals in a mode of occurrence that renders it valuable for mining Cobalt is usually not mined alone, and tends to be produced as a by-product of nickel and copper mining activities. A by-product is a secondary or incidental product deriving from a Manufacturing process a Chemical reaction or a biochemical pathway and is not the primary product Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 The main ores of cobalt are cobaltite, erythrite, glaucodot, and skutterudite. Cobaltite is a Sulfosalt mineral composed of Cobalt, Arsenic and Sulfur, Co[[arsenic As]] S. Erythrite or red cobalt is a secondary hydrated arsenate of Cobalt Minerals with the formula (Co3(AsO42·8H2O Glaucodot is a Cobalt Iron Arsenic Sulfide mineral with formula (CoFeAsS Skutterudite is a naturally occurring Cobalt Arsenide Mineral.
In 2005, the Democratic Republic of the Congo was the top producer of cobalt with almost 40% world share followed by Canada, Zambia, Russia, Brazil and Cuba, reports the British Geological Survey. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (République démocratique du Congo often referred to as DR Congo, DRC or RDC, and formerly known or referred to The British Geological Survey (BGS is a partly publicly-funded body which aims to advance geoscientific knowledge of the United Kingdom landmass and its Continental
Compounds
There is a wide variety of cobalt compounds. The +2 and +3 oxidation states are most prevalent, however cobalt(I) complexes are also fairly common. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. Cobalt(II) salts form the red-pink [Co(OH2)6]2+ complex in aqueous solution. Adding excess chloride will also change the color from pink to blue, due to the formation of [CoCl4]2-. Cobalt oxides are antiferromagnetic at low temperature: CoO (Neel temperature 291 K) and Co3O4 (Neel temperature: 40 K), which is analogous to magnetite (Fe3O4), with a mixture of +2 and +3 oxidation states. In materials that exhibit antiferromagnetism, the magnetic moments of atoms or molecules usuallyrelated to the spins of Electrons align in a regular pattern with neighboring Temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold something that is hotter generally has the greater temperature The Néel temperature, TN is the Temperature at which an Antiferromagnetic material becomes Paramagnetic &mdash that is the thermal energy Magnetite is not to be confused with Magnesite or Maghemite. Magnetite is a ferrimagnetic Mineral with chemical The oxide Co2O3 is probably unstable; it has never been synthesized. Other than Co3O4 and the brown fluoride CoF3 (which is instantly hydrolyzed in water), all compounds containing cobalt in the +3 oxidation state are stabilized by complex ion formation. Hydrolysis is a Chemical reaction during which one or more water molecules are split into hydrogen and hydroxide ions which may go on to participate in further reactions
- see also Category:Cobalt compounds
Biological role
Cobalt in small amounts is essential to many living organisms, including humans. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus Having 0. 13 to 0. 30 mg/kg of cobalt in soils markedly improves the health of grazing animals. Grazing generally describes a type of Predation in which an Herbivore feeds on Plants (such as Grasses, or more broadly on a multicellular Cobalt is a central component of the vitamin cobalamin, or vitamin B12. A vitamin is an Organic compound required as a Nutrient in tiny amounts by an Organism. Cyanocobalamin is an especially common Vitamer of the B-12 vitamin family.
Isotopes
60Co is a high-energy gamma ray emitter. Cobalt-60 (60Co is a Radioactive isotope of Cobalt, with a Half life of 5 Gamma rays (denoted as &gamma) are a form of Electromagnetic radiation or light emission of frequencies produced by sub-atomic particle interactions Acute high-dose exposures to the gamma emissions can cause severe burns and death. Extended exposures increase the risk of morbidity or mortality from cancer. [3]
Nuclear weapon designs could intentionally incorporate 59Co, some of which would be activated in a nuclear explosion to produce 60Co. Nuclear weapon designs are physical chemical and engineering arrangements that cause the physics package of a nuclear weapon to detonate The 60Co, dispersed as nuclear fallout, creates what is sometimes called a dirty bomb or cobalt bomb. Fallout is the residual radiation hazard from a Nuclear explosion, so named because it "falls out" of the atmosphere into which it is spread during the explosion The term dirty bomb is primarily used to refer to a radiological dispersal device ( RDD) a speculative Radiological weapon which combines Radioactive A cobalt bomb, a type of salted bomb is a Nuclear weapon originally proposed by physicist Leó Szilárd, who suggested that it would be capable of destroying
Precautions
Although cobalt is an essential element for life in minute amounts, at higher levels of exposure it shows mutagenic and carcinogenic effects similar to nickel (see Cobalt Poisoning ). In Biology, a mutagen ( Latin, literally origin of change) is a physical or chemical agent that changes the genetic information (usually DNA) The term carcinogen refers to any substance Radionuclide or radiation that is an agent directly involved in the promotion of Cancer or in the fatation of its propagation Nickel (ˈnɪkəl is a metallic Chemical element with the symbol Ni and Atomic number 28 Cobalt poisoning is the Intoxication caused by excessive levels of Cobalt in the body [4]
Powdered cobalt in metal form is a fire hazard.
References & notes
- ^ JPNM Physics Isotopes
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica Online.
- ^ The Juarez accident
- ^ 11th ROC: Cobalt Sulfate
External links
- National Pollutant Inventory - Cobalt fact sheet
- WebElements.com – Cobalt
- London celebrates 50 years of Cobalt-60 Radiotherapy
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