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For details of the language group, see Coast Salish languages. Coast Salish languages are a subgroup of the Salishan language family

Coast Salish refers to a cultural or ethnographic designation of a subgroup of the First Nations or Native American cultures in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon who speak one of the Coast Salish languages. First Nations is a term of Ethnicity that refers to the Aboriginal peoples in Canada who are neither Inuit nor Métis people Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States British Columbia (ˌbrɪtɨʃ kəˈlʌmbiə ( BC) ( (la Colombie-Britannique C Washington ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Oregon ( is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Coast Salish languages are a subgroup of the Salishan language family Although the Nuxalk (Bella Coola) are included ethnographically, their language is not classified linguistically as a Coast Salish language. Nuxálk (also Bella Coola) is a Salishan language spoken in the vicinity of the Canadian town Bella Coola British Columbia by approximately Coast Salish languages are part of the Salishan language family but there is no one language or people named "Coast Salish". This article is about the Salish/Salishan language For the Tacoma Washington neighborhood see Salishan Tacoma Washington.

Contents

The Peoples

Below is a list of the tribes and nations located in British Columbia, Washington and Oregon.

History

The following is a provisional list of historical events, primarily from an American perspective. The Klahoose First Nation is a First Nations government located on Cortes Island at the northern end of the Strait of Georgia in southwestern British Tla A' minThe Sliammon First Nation (Tla A' min is a First Nations government located on the upper Sunshine Coast in southwestern British Columbia, The Snuneymuxw First Nation (pronounced) is the Band government of the Snuneymux of west-central Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. The Shishalh (Sechelt people at the time of the first European contact had a population near 26000 The Sḵwx̱wú7mesh (sqʷχʷúʔməʃ or Squamish are an indigenous people of southwestern British Columbia, a part of the Salishan-speaking The Musqueam Indian Band is a First Nations government in the Canadian province of British Columbia, and is the only Indian band whose reserve lies within Tsawwassen is a suburban mostly residential community in the southwestern part of the Corporation of Delta, British Columbia, Canada. The Katzie Nation are based in Pitt Meadows BC and on Barnston Island and at Yorkson Creek in Langley British Columbia. The Cowichan Tribes First Nations government and reserve located in and around the Cowichan Valley and Duncan British Columbia, it is the the Quamichan (or Kw’amutsun) is a traditional nation of the Coast Salish people commonly referred to by the English adaptation of Qu'wutsun as the Cowichan Somena Or S'amuna' The Somena are one of several Indigenous Peoples living in the Duncan region of British Columbia, The Penelakut are a small (about 300 individuals Hul'qumi'num -speaking First Nation. This article is about the Saanich Indigenous people; for the Municipality in British Columbia, see Saanich British Columbia. The Songhees or Songish, also known as the Lekwungen or Lekungen, are an indigenous North American Coast Salish people who reside on southeastern The City of Esquimalt (ɨsˈkwaɪmɔlt is a municipality at the southern tip of Vancouver Island, in British Columbia, Canada. The Lummi Nation is a Native American tribe of the Coast Salish ethnolinguistic group in western Washington state in the United States Malahat or The Malahat refers to an unincorporated district region highway passenger train and First Nations tribe located on the western side of Saanich Semiahmoo may refer to Semiahmoo Bay, south-eastern section of Boundary Bay that crosses the US-Canada border near White Rock British Columbia The Sammamish (tsah-PAHBSH people were a Coast Salish Native American tribe in the Sammamish River Valley in central King County Washington The Pentlatch or Puntlatch or Puntledge language is a Salishan language that was spoken on Canada 's Vancouver Island in a small area Klallam (also Clallam, although the spelling with "K" is preferred in all four modern Klallam communities refers to four related indigenous Native Port Gamble is an unincorporated community on the northwestern shore of the Kitsap Peninsula in Kitsap County, Washington, United States The Upper Skagit are a Native American people living in the state of Washington. The Lower Skagits (sometimes called Whidbey Island Skagits) are a Coast Salish group of Native American people living in the state of Washington Snohomish is the name of a Tribe of Native Americans who reside around the Puget Sound area of Washington, north of Seattle. The Duwamish tribe (dxʷdɐwʔabʃ in Lushootseed is a Native American tribe in western Washington, and the indigenous people of metropolitan Seattle. The Snoqualmie ( S·dukwalbixw) are a group of Coast Salish Native American peoples from the Snoqualmie Valley in east The Suquamish are a Native American tribe of Washington State in the United States. For other uses see Nisqually. Nisqually is a Native American tribe in western Washington state in the United The Muckleshoot are a Native American tribe descended from the Coast Salish people of the Pacific Northwest The Puyallup are a Native American tribe from western Washington state U Squaxin Island Tribe (also Squaxin, Squaxon) is a Native American tribe in western Washington state in the United States. The Cowlitz are a group of Native American peoples from what is now western Washington state in the United States. Tulalip is a group of Native American peoples from western Washington state in the United States. This article refers to the historical Siletz tribe which is to be distinguished from the currently existing Confederated Tribes of Siletz. Coast Salish peoples in British Columbia have had similar economic experience, although their political and treaty experience has been different—occasionally dramatically so:

Population

Among losses due to diseases, a smallpox epidemic broke out among the Northwest tribes in 1862, killing roughly half the affected native populations. Smallpox is an Infectious disease unique to humans caused by either of two virus variants named Variola major and Variola minor. In Epidemiology, an epidemic (from Greek epi- upon + demos people is a classification of a disease that appears as new cases in a Documentation in archives and historical epidemiology demonstrates that governmental policies furthered the progress of this epidemic among the natives, and did little or nothing about the waves of other introduced epidemics. Mean population decline 1774–1874 was about 66%. [7]

Culture

Social organization

External

Neighboring groups, whether villages or adjacent tribes, were related by marriage, feasting, ceremonies, and common or shared territory. Ties were especially strong within the same waterway or watershed. There existed no breaks throughout the south Coast Salish culture area and beyond. There existed no formal political institutions. [8]

External relations were extensive throughout most of the Puget Sound-Georgia Basin and east to the Sahaptin-speaking lands of Chelan, Kittitas and Yakama in what is now Eastern Washington. Puget Sound (ˈpjuːʤᵻt is an arm of the Pacific Ocean, connected to the rest of the Pacific by the Strait of Juan de Fuca, in the Pacific Northwest The Salish Sea is claimed to be the traditional name used by first nations peoples for the inland Waterway stretching from Tumwater, Washington to before The Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation, or simply Yakama Nation (formerly Yakima) is a Native American group with nearly 10000 enrolled

There was little political organization. [9] No formal political office existed. Warfare for the southern Coast Salish was primarily defensive, with occasional raiding into territory where there were no relatives. No institutions existed for mobilizing or maintaining a standing force.

The real enemies of all the Coast Salish for most of the first half of the 19th century were the Lekwiltok Kwakiutl (Kwakwaka'wakw). With earlier access to guns with the fur trade, they raided for slaves and loot. Organized retaliatory raids from several tribes were raised several times. [10]

Internal

The highest-ranking male assumed the role of ceremonial leader but rank could vary and was determined by different standards. [9] Villages were linked to others through intermarriage; the wife usually went to live at the husband's village. Society was divided into upper class, lower class and slaves, all largely hereditary. [9] Nobility was based on genealogy, intertribal kinship, wise use of resources, and possession of esoteric knowledge about the workings of spirits and the world — making an effective marriage of class, secular, religious, and economic power. Many Coast Salish mothers altered the appearance of their free-born by carefully shaping the heads of their babies, binding them with cradle boards just long enough to produce a steep sloping forehead. [11]

Unlike hunter-gatherer societies widespread in North America, but similar to other Pacific Northwest coastal cultures, Coast Salish society was complex, hierarchical and oriented toward property and status.

Slavery was widespread. [12] The Coast Salish held slaves as simple property and not as members of the tribe. The children of slaves themselves became slaves.

The staple of their diet was typically salmon, supplemented with a rich variety of other seafoods and forage, particularly for the southern Coast Salish where the climate was even more temperate. Salmon is the common name for several species of Fish of the family Salmonidae. [13]

The art of the Coast Salish has become a popular idiom for modern art in British Columbia and the Puget Sound area.

Recreation

Games often involved gambling on a sleight-of-hand game known as slahal, as well as athletic contests. Slahal ( Lahal) is the Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast gambling game known as stickgame bonegame bloodless war game or a name specific to each Games that are similar to modern day lacrosse, rugby and forms of martial arts also existed. Lacrosse is a full contact Team sport played using a solid rubber ball and long handled racket called a crosse or Lacrosse stick. Rugby football (usually just " rugby " may refer to a number of sports through history descended from a common form of Football developed at Rugby School Martial arts are systems of codified practices and traditions of training for Combat. [14]

Beliefs

Belief in guardian spirits and transmutation between human and animal were widely shared in myriad forms. The relations of soul or souls, the lands of the living and the dead, were complex and mutable. Vision quest journeys involving other states of consciousneess were varied and widely practiced. A vision quest is a Rite of passage in some Native American cultures. The Duwamish had a soul recovery and journey ceremony. [10]and legends

Architecture

Villages of the Coast Salish typically consisted of Western Red Cedar split plank and earthen floor longhouses providing habitation for forty or more people, usually a related extended family. Western redcedar ( Thuja plicata) is a species of Thuja, an Evergreen coniferous Tree in the cypress family Longhouses were and are built by native peoples in various parts of North America, sometimes reaching over 100 meters long (330 ft but generally around Also used by many groups were pit-houses, known in the Chinook Jargon as kekuli (see Quiggly holes). A pit-house or ( dugout is a dwelling dug into the ground which may also be layered with stone A quiggly hole, also known simply as a quiggly or kekuli, is the remains of an underground house built by the First Nations people of the Interior The villages were typically located near navigable water for easy transportation by dugout canoe. A canoe is a small narrow Boat, typically human-powered though it may also be powered by sails or small electric or gas motors Houses that were part of the same village sometimes stretched for several miles along a river or watercourse.

The interior walls of longhouses were typically lined with sleeping platforms. Storage shelves above the platforms held baskets, tools, clothing, and other items. Firewood was stored below the platforms. Mattresses and cushions were constructed woven reed mats and animals skins. Food was hung to dry from the ceiling. The larger houses included partitions to separate families, as well as interior fires with roof slats that functioned as chimneys.

The wealthy built extraordinarily large longhouses. The Suquamish Oleman House (Old Man House) at what became the Port Madison Reservation was 152 x 12–18 m (500 x 40–60 ft), c. Old Man House was the largest "bighouse" (a type of Longhouse) in what is now the U The Port Madison Indian Reservation is an Indian reservation in northern Kitsap County, Washington. 1850. The gambrel roof was unique to Puget Sound Coast Salish. [15]

Diet

Provisionally, this is primarily southern Coast Salish, though much is in common with Coast Salish overall.

Anthropogenic grasslands were maintained. Grasslands (also called greenswards) are areas where the Vegetation is dominated by Grasses ( Poaceae) and other Herbaceous (non-woody The south Coast Salish may have had more vegetables and land game than people farther north or on the outer coast. Fish and salmon were staples. There was kakanee, a freshwater fish in the Lake Washington and Lake Sammamish watersheds. Shellfish were abundant. Shellfish is a Culinary and Fisheries term for those aquatic Invertebrate animals that are used as Food: various species of molluscs Butter clams, horse clams, and cockles were dried for trade. The horse clam ( Tresus nuttallii and T capax) are related to the Geoduck, though smaller with shells up to eight inches long (20 cm weight to 3&ndash4

Hunting was specialized; professions were probably sea hunters, land hunters, fowlers. Water fowl were captured on moonless nights using strategic flares.

The managed grasslands not only provided game habitat, but vegetable sprouts, roots, bulbs, berries, and nuts were foraged from them as well as found wild. Grasslands (also called greenswards) are areas where the Vegetation is dominated by Grasses ( Poaceae) and other Herbaceous (non-woody The most important were probably bracken and camas; wapato especially for the Duwamish. Brackens ( Pteridium) are a genus of about ten species of large coarse Ferns in the family Dennstaedtiaceae. The Duwamish tribe (dxʷdɐwʔabʃ in Lushootseed is a Native American tribe in western Washington, and the indigenous people of metropolitan Seattle. Many, many varieties of berries were foraged; some were harvested with comblike devices not reportedly used elsewhere. Acorns were relished but were not widely available. Regional tribes went in autumn to the Nisqually Flats (Nisqually plains) to harvest them. The Nisqually River (nɪskwɑːli is a river in west central Washington in the United States, approximately 81 mi (130 km long [13] Indeed, the regionswas so abundant that the southern Puget Sound as a whole had one of the only sedentary hunter-gatherer societies that has ever existed.

See also

Bibliography

Footnotes

  1. ^ Dailey), map icon 33, Dailey reference 2, 9, 10.
  2. ^ (1) Suttle & Lane (1990) p. 489
    (2) Although Hudson's Bay and Pendleton blankets have retained a widely-renowned cachet to the present day.
  3. ^ a b Suttle & Lane (1990), pp. 499–500
  4. ^ [http://www.schoolnet.ca/ABORIGINAL/umistweb/art6a-e.html Confiscation An Incident in History]
  5. ^ Cole & Chaikin (1990)
  6. ^ See also Treaty of Point Elliott #Context and, for example, Duwamish (tribe) #Recent history
  7. ^ (1) Lange, Essay 5171)
    (2) Boyd (1999)
    (2. The Treaty of Point Elliott of 1855 or the Point Elliott Treaty is the lands settlement treaty between the United States government and the nominal Native American The Duwamish tribe (dxʷdɐwʔabʃ in Lushootseed is a Native American tribe in western Washington, and the indigenous people of metropolitan Seattle. 1) A smallpox vaccine was discovered in 1801. Russian Orthohox missionaries were an exception to general policy, vaccinating at-risk Native populations in what is now SE Alaska and NW British Columbia. [Boyd]
  8. ^ Suttles, Wayne P. ; Lane, Barbara (1990). "South Coast Salish". Handbook of North American Indians 7, Northwest coast. Ed. Sturtevant, William C. . Washington: Smithsonian Institution. 486-7. Retrieved on 2007-06-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros.  
  9. ^ a b c "The people and their land". "Puget Sound Native Art and Culture". Seattle Art Museum (2003-07-04 per "Native Art of the Northwest Coast: Collection Insight"). Retrieved on 2006-04-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date)
  10. ^ a b Suttle & Lane (1990), pp. 495–7
  11. ^ Miller (1996)
  12. ^ Donald (1997)
  13. ^ a b Suttle & Lane (1990), pp. 488–9
  14. ^ Pathways of the Past: A look at the history and organization of the Squamish people. Community archive of the Sḵwxwú7mesh Pg. The Sḵwx̱wú7mesh (sqʷχʷúʔməʃ or Squamish are an indigenous people of southwestern British Columbia, a part of the Salishan-speaking 4
  15. ^ Suttle & Lane (1990), p. 491
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