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A coalition is an alliance among individuals, during which they cooperate in joint action, each in their own self-interest. A joint venture (often abbreviated JV) is an entity formed between two or more parties to undertake economic activity together This alliance may be temporary or a matter of convenience. A coalition thus differs from a more formal covenant. A covenant, in its most general sense is a solemn promise to engage in or refrain from a specified action Possibly described as a joining of 'factions'.

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Politics and government

A coalition government, in a parliamentary system, is a government composed of a coalition of parties. A coalition government, or coalition cabinet, is a Cabinet of a parliamentary Government in which several parties cooperate A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which In Australia, the Coalition is also used to refer to an alliance (coalition agreement) of three parties (the Liberals, Nationals and Country Liberals) existing in federal politics since 1922—this constitutes a parliamentary coalition. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The Coalition in Australian politics refers to a pragmatic grouping of Centre-right parties that has existed in the form of a coalition agreement since 1922 The Liberal Party of Australia is an Australian political party. The National Party of Australia is an Australian political party. The Country Liberal Party (CLP is a Northern Territory political party affiliated with both the Liberal and National parties This article deals with elections to the Australian Parliament. A coalition of parties is also an electoral fusion. Electoral fusion is an arrangement where two or more political parties support a common Candidate, pooling the votes for all those parties

Also in the Cambridge Dictionary: the union of different political parties or groups for a particular purpose, usually for a limited time.

In international relations, a coalition can be an ad hoc grouping of nations united for a specific purpose. Sometimes, such groups are diverse and are characterized by some degree of commonalities. Sometimes, the degree of uncommonalities would lead some to perceive the group's bond as being ordinarily unlikely; here it can indicate the fact the historical ties may no longer be in operation, and the coalition members, instead, are joined by a new intention, not necessarily prior bonds.

A coalition might also refer to a group of citizens uniting behind a common goal. Many of these are grassroots organizations, like the Christian Coalition. For other organizations with a similar name see Christian Coalition.

It can also be collaborative, means-oriented arrangement, especially a temporary one, that allows distinct people or organizational entities to pool resources and combine efforts in order to effect change. The combination of such persons or entities into one body, as a union, variously organized and structured, but generally less formal than a covenant. Although persons and groups form coalitions for many and varied reasons, the most common purpose is to combat a common threat or to take advantage of a certain opportunity; hence, the often-temporary nature of coalitions. The common threat or existence of opportunity is what gives rise to the coalition and allows it to exist. Such collaborative processes can gain political influence and potentially initiate social movements. According to Sidney Tarrow, five elements are necessary to maintain a coalition:

  1. Members must frame the issue that brings them together with a common interest.
  2. Members’ trust in each other and believe that their peers have a credible commitment to the common issue(s) and/or goal(s).
  3. The coalition must have a mechanism(s) to manage differences in language, orientation, tactics, culture, ideology, etc. between and among the collective’s members (especially in transnational coalitions).
  4. The shared incentive to participate and, consequently, benefit.

Coalitions manifest in a variety of forms, types and terms of duration:

Economics

A coalition in economics refers to a group of companies that create a mutual trust between each other in order for increased profit. For example, Dunkin Donuts and Baskin Robbins create a coalition by having shared stores and thus shared revenue. Dunkin' Donuts is an international donut and Coffee retailer founded in 1950 in Quincy, Massachusetts, U Baskin-Robbins is a global chain of Ice cream parlors founded by Burt Baskin and Irv Robbins in 1945 in Glendale California.

Political science

Within political science, coalition theory is using game theory to analyze formation, workings and break-up of coalitions . Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems Game theory is a branch of Applied mathematics that is used in the Social sciences (most notably Economics) Biology, Engineering,

Military

A coalition is a collection of countries involved in a military operation who are unified under a single command. An example is the coalition assembled by George H. W. Bush during the Persian Gulf War, as well as the "Coalition of the Willing", a phrase employed during the 2003 campaign for the war in Iraq led by the United States and its allies [1]. The term coalition of the willing is a post-1990 political phrase used to describe military or military/humanitarian interventions for which the United Nations Security Council The Iraq War, also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, or the War in Iraq, is an ongoing Military campaign

Mathematics

Coalitions can be studied as games. Game theory is a branch of Applied mathematics that is used in the Social sciences (most notably Economics) Biology, Engineering, The Nash equilibrium defines conditions where rational players can benefit other players in the coalition. In Game theory, the Nash equilibrium (named after John Forbes Nash, who proposed it is a Solution concept of a game involving two or more players in which

Computer science

In the computer field, and in the study of cognition, the entities can be called agents or daemons. In Artificial intelligence, an intelligent agent ( IA) is an entity which observes "reason" and acts upon an environment (i In Unix and other computer multitasking Operating systems a daemon (ˈdiːmən or /ˈdeɪmən/ is a Computer program that runs in the background By definition, agents can form coalitions.

Fiction

See also

References

External links

The Evolution of Cooperation the title of a 1981 article and a related 1984 book by Political science professor Robert Axelrod. The Coalition in Australian politics refers to a pragmatic grouping of Centre-right parties that has existed in the form of a coalition agreement since 1922 Israel's Political system is based on Proportional representation which allows for a Multi-party system with numerous parties A multi-party system is a system in which three or more political parties have the capacity to gain control of government separately or in coalition

Dictionary

coalition

-noun

  1. A temporary group or union of organizations, usually formed for a particular advantage.
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