Clunia, full name Colonia Clunia Sulpicia, was an ancient Roman city located on Alto de Castro, at more than 1000 m above MSL, between the cities of Peñalba de Castro and Coruña del Conde, 2 km away from the latter, in the province of Burgos in Spain. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Mean sea level (MSL is the average (mean height of the Sea, with reference to a suitable reference surface Coruña del Conde is a Spanish village and Municipality located at the south of Burgos province Castile-Leon autonomous community Burgos is a province of northern Spain, in the northeastern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. It was one of the most important Roman cities of the northern half of Hispania and, from the 1st century BC, served as the capital of a conventus iuridici in the province Hispania Tarraconensis[1][2], called Conventus Cluniensis. Hispania Tarraconensis was one of three Roman provinces in Hispania. It was located on the road that lead from Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza) to Asturica Augusta (Astorga). Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former Astorga is a small city and Episcopal see, located in the province of León of Spain. The city declined during the 3rd century and was largely abandoned by the Visigothic era. The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East [3] Clunia is a toponym of Arevacian origin. Toponymy refers to the scientific study of place-names ( toponyms) their origins meanings use and Typology. The Arevaci were an ancient Celtiberian tribe who settled in the Meseta Central of northern Hispania. [4]
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History
Pre-Roman period
The city of Clunia was founded on a mount a short distance from a Celtiberian settlement called Cluniaco or Kolounioukou, belonging to the Arevaci, a Pre-Roman tribe that belonged to the family of Celtiberians. The Arevaci were an ancient Celtiberian tribe who settled in the Meseta Central of northern Hispania. The Celtiberians (or Celt-Iberians were a Celtic people of Hallstatt culture
Genesis
Clunia was built from scratch. Unlike other sites conquered by the Romans, Clunia did not occupy the site of an earlier city or town. [5] Clunia boasted two public baths, a basilica, a forum, many taverns and shops, and a large temple dedicated to Jupiter. Public baths originated from a communal need for cleanliness Often the term public is misleading to some people as they will have restrictions based upon who can use the facility The Latin word basilica (derived from Greek, Basiliké Stoà, Royal Stoa) was originally used to describe a Roman A temple (from the Latin word Templum) is a structure reserved for religious or spiritual activities such as prayer and sacrifice or analogous rites In Roman mythology, Jupiter was the king of the gods and the god of Sky and Thunder. [6]
Apogee
From Livy, we know that the site was besieged by Pompey in his fight against Sertorius in 75 BC; Pompey was forced to leave Clunia partly due to weather conditions there. Titus Livius (traditionally 59 BC &ndash AD 17 known as Livy in English, was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, commonly known as Pompey /'pɑmpi/ Pompey the Great or Pompey the Triumvir ( Classical Latin abbreviation Quintus Sertorius ( 123 BC - 72 BC) was a Roman statesman and general born in Nursia, in Sabine territory around 124 BC After 20 of resistance by Sertorius, Pompey finally destroyed what existed of Clunia in 72 BC. Clunia fell under the control of the Vacceos in 56 BC, but subsequently fell again under Roman control, as did the rebelling Vacceos and Arevaci. The Vaccaei were an ancient tribe who settled in the Meseta Central of northern Hispania. The Arevaci were an ancient Celtiberian tribe who settled in the Meseta Central of northern Hispania. [7]
Years later, the city was formally founded ex novo during the time of Emperor Tiberius as part of the Roman plan to pacify the region after the Cantabrian Wars. Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus (or Tiberius I) born Tiberius Claudius Nero (November 16 42 BC – March 16 AD 37) was the second Roman The Cantabrian Wars or Astur-Cantabrian Wars ( 29 BC - 19 BC) occurred during the Roman conquest of the ancient provinces of Cantabria [8]. It was first granted the status of municipium, and minted small coinage, asses and dupondi, on which appear the local quattuorviri, who were in charge of their minting. A municipium (pl municipia) belonged to the second highest class of Roman cities being The dupondius ( Latin two-pounder) was a Brass Coin used during the Roman Empire and Roman Republic valued at 2 asses
The city acquired, possibly during the reign of Galba or Hadrian, the status of colonia[9] and the epithet of Sulpicia after Sulpicius Galba, governor of Hispania, proclaimed himself emperor, and who in 68 AD took refuge in Clunia during the anti-Neronian revolution. Servius Sulpicius Galba ( December 24, 3 BC &ndash January 15, 69) also called Servius Sulpicius Galba Caesar Publius Aelius Hadrianus (January 24 76 &ndash July 10 138 as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar At this town he received news of the death of the emperor and the announcement of his own elevation as emperor by the Roman Senate (because of this some essayist added the epithet of Galba to the name of the city). The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. He traveled to Rome from Clunia. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 During the reign of Servius Sulpicius Galba, Clunia was the capital of the Empire. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial
The splendor of the Roman city of Clunia was extended during the 1st and 2nd century AD, the same as other cities of the Meseta Norte of Hispania such as Asturica Augusta or Iuliobriga, located in the provinces of León and Cantabria, respectively. Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar León is a province of northwestern Spain, in the northwestern part of the autonomous community of Castile and León. Cantabria is a Spanish province and Autonomous community with Santander as its capital city During its maximum apogee, it is calculated that the city of Clunia came to have around 30,000 inhabitants.
Decline
During the 3rd century, a gradual depopulation of the urban nucleus was produced, in relation to the crisis of the 3rd century and the incipient decline of the Western Roman Empire. The Decline of the Roman Empire, leading to the Fall of the Roman Empire, or the Fall of Rome, was the end of the Western Roman Empire. It is evident that there were Barbarian invasions into Clunia. The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions, or sometimes Völkerwanderung ( German for "wandering of peoples" is the English name In fact, it is verified that, towards the end of the 3rd century, the city was burned by Barbarian tribes, specifically, by the Franco-Germans. These invasions, as well as economic instability, may have contributed to the inexorable decline of Clunia. Nevertheless, it does not appear that there was a violent and general destruction, in any event this preludes the end of the Roman cultural influence in the city of Clunia and its surroundings. Excavations reveal destroyed urban areas in Clunia, which were not rebuilt at the end of the 3rd century. [10] Some limited reconstruction took place during the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine, but large parts of the city were uninhabited by the 7th century, during the Visigothic era. Gaius Aurelius Valerius Diocletianus ( ca. December 22 244 The modern historian Timothy Barnes takes December 22 as his birthdate Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East [11]
The the full conquest of Visigothic Hispania by the Muslims, the city and its surroundings were conquered by the troops of the Berber general Tariq ibn-Ziyad during the year 713. Berbers are the indigenous peoples of North Africa west of the Nile Valley. Tariq Ibn Ziyad or Taric bin Zeyad (طارق بن زياد d 720 known in Spanish history and legend as Taric el Tuerto (Taric the one-eyed was Later, Christians repopulated the city in 912, locating their city on the site that the current Coruña del Conde occupies, located where many Roman ruins from the city of Clunia can be seen. Coruña del Conde is a Spanish village and Municipality located at the south of Burgos province Castile-Leon autonomous community
Later, the village of Peñalba de Castro was built, which received the meseta of the enclave of Clunia in exchange for water in a time when the value of water was more valuable than the few ruins not yet buried that remained of the abandoned Roman city.
Archeological legacy
Clunia constitutes an archeological enclave of exceptional interest in a collection of the Iberian Peninsula. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra This interest is determined by its urban morphology and by the cultural sequence of the findings that it provides. Also, its ruins are the most representative of all the ones that have been found of the Roman period in the north of the Iberian Peninsula.
The archeological excavations in the deposit began in 1915. The work resumed in 1931 and 1958, bringing to light the glorious past of one of the principal cities of Hispania whose extension —judging by the archeological excavation— neared 1. 2 square kilometres, this being one of the largest cities of all of Roman Hispania. The excavations permitted the discovery —after centuries of being hidden— a theater excavated into rock, various domus with mosaics, streets, ruins of the buildings of the forum and a great cloaca, just as important sculptural findings, like an effigy of Isis and a torso of Dionisus, which are preserved at the National Archeological Museum of Madrid and in that of Burgos, including a large quantity of coins, epigraphic ruins, Roman ceramics such as Samian ware, glass, bronze objects, etc. Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one A domus was the form of house that wealthy and some Middle class families owned in Ancient Rome and could be found in almost all the major cities of the Isis is a goddess in Ancient Egyptian religious beliefs and is celebrated in their mythology as the ideal mother and wife patron of nature and magic friend of slaves sinners Samian ware is a kind of bright red Roman Pottery also known as terra sigillata (although this is not quite correct on the continental mainland terra
Urban Morphology
As in every city, the majority of the space developed in Clunia was occupied by residences. The archeological excavations have permitted the following of the evolution of the domestic town planning and verify some of its most characteristic features.
In the archeological deposit, the following buildings can be observed:
Theater
The most significant ruin is the theater, excavated into rock, which had a capacity of 10,000 spectators, which converted it into one of the largest of its time in Hispania. Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one Hispania was the name given by the Romans to the whole of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar It had the purpose of serving for the interpretation of theatrical acts of the Classical period. Its recuperation has merited the award in the section of Restoration and Rehabilitation given by the biannual Awards of Architecture of Castile and León of 2004-2005. Castile and León (Castilla y León known formally as the Community of Castile and León is one of the seventeen autonomous communities of Spain. The panel of judges highlighted "the respectful recuperation of the theater and the general landscaping treatment".
Forum
The center of Romana cities, where the Cardus Maximus and Decumanus Maximus crossed, frequently receiving the forum of the city, a public square surrounded by porticos. In Ancient Roman City planning, a cardo or cardus was a north-south-oriented street in cities military camps and coloniae Sometimes called In Roman city planning, a decumanus was an east-west-oriented road in a Roman city Castra (military camp or colonia. In it political, commercial, judicial and, habitually, also religious, activities unfolded. In Clunia, the forum is not very far from the theater, in whose environs the ruins of three domus stand out, a basilica and a macellum (market). A domus was the form of house that wealthy and some Middle class families owned in Ancient Rome and could be found in almost all the major cities of the The Latin word basilica (derived from Greek, Basiliké Stoà, Royal Stoa) was originally used to describe a Roman Sao Paulo Stock Exchangejpg|thumb| Virtual market arena where buyer and seller are not present and trade via intemediates and electronical information The mosaics grab the attention, the subterranean habitations and the systems of heating of some of these homes. Art History Mosaics of the 4th century BC are found in the Macedonian palace-city of Aegae, and they enriched the floors of Hellenistic On top of the market in the 17th century, a hermitage of limited artistic value was built, damaging the deposits.
Thermae
With the Roman forum are the ruins of the Roman thermae, of great dimensions and covered in mosaics somewhat simpler than that of the homes of the forum. This page is on buildings used for Roman bathing For the activity in general see Ancient Roman bathing. Here also is very visible the system of heating of the different thermae rooms, the hypocaust. A hypocaust (Latin hypocaustum) is an ancient Roman system of Central heating.
Other buildings
In the subsoil of the city, where no visiting is allowed due to its fragility, are the very interesting systems of water supply and a priapic sanctuary.
References
- Great Larousse Encyclopedia, vol 5. Barcelona: Planeta Editorial, S. A. ; 1987. ISBN 843207375X.
Notes
- ^ The Site of Clunia
- ^ Yacimiento arqueológico ˜COLONIA CLVNIA SVLPICIA˜
- ^ The Site of Clunia
- ^ Clunia
- ^ http://www.findadig.com/clunia
- ^ The Site of Clunia
- ^ Yacimiento arqueológico ˜COLONIA CLVNIA SVLPICIA˜
- ^ Clunia
- ^ Clunia
- ^ The Site of Clunia
- ^ The Site of Clunia
External links
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