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 SEM micrograph of Clostridium difficile colonies from a stool sample. The scanning electron microscope ( SEM) is a type of Electron microscope that images the sample surface by scanning it with a high-energy beam of Electrons Clostridium difficile (pronounced /klɒsˈtrɪdiəm dɪˈfɪsɪli/ also known as CDF/cdf' or 'C
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C. acetobutylicum |
Clostridium is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria, belonging to the Firmicutes. Clostridium tetani is a rod-shaped anaerobic Bacterium of the genus Clostridium. Clostridium tyrobutyricum is a rod-shape gram-positive bacteria that grows under anaerobic condition and produces Butyric acid, Acetic acid and Hydrogen gas as their A genus (plural genera from Γένος Latin genus "descent family type gender" is a low-level Taxonomic Gram-positive bacteria are those that are stained dark blue or violet by Gram staining. The Firmicutes ( Latin: firmus, strong and cutis, skin referring to the cell wall are a division of bacteria, most of which have Gram-positive They are obligate anaerobes capable of producing endospores. An anaerobic organism is any Organism that does not require Oxygen for growth and may even die in its presence An endospore is a dormant, tough and non-reproductive structure produced by a small number of Bacteria from the Firmicute phylum [1] Individual cells are rod-shaped, which gives them their name, from the Greek kloster or spindle. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly These characteristics traditionally defined the genus, but they are not phylogenetically significant; many species originally classified as Clostridium have been reclassified in other genera.
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Pathology
Clostridium includes common free-living bacteria as well as important pathogens. A pathogen (from Greek πάθος pathos "suffering passion" and γἰγνομαι (γεν- gignomai (gen- "I give birth to" infectious [2] There are four main species responsible for disease in humans:
- C. botulinum, an organism producing a toxin in food/wound that causes botulism. A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly Clostridium botulinum is a Gram-positive, rod shaped bacterium that produces the Neurotoxin Botulin, which causes the flaccid A toxin ( Greek:, toxikon, lit (poison for use on arrows is a Poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms that is active at very low Botulism ( Latin, botulus, "sausage" is a rare but serious Paralytic illness caused by Botulin Toxin. [3]
- C. difficile, which can overgrow other bacteria in the gut during antibiotic therapy, can cause pseudomembranous colitis. Clostridium difficile (pronounced /klɒsˈtrɪdiəm dɪˈfɪsɪli/ also known as CDF/cdf' or 'C The gut flora are the Microorganisms that normally live in the Digestive tract and can perform a number of useful functions for their hosts In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa Clostridium difficile Pseudomembranous colitis is an infection of the colon often but not always caused by the Bacterium Clostridium difficile [4]
- C. perfringens, causes a wide range of symptoms, from food poisoning to gas gangrene. Clostridium perfringens (formerly known as Clostridium welchii) is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped anaerobic, spore-forming Bacterium Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease) is any Illness resulting from the consumption of food Gas gangrene is a Bacterial Infection that produces Gas within tissues in Gangrene. Also responsible for enterotoxemia (also known as "overeating disease" or "pulpy kidney disease") in sheep and goats. Enterotoxemia is an infection by Clostridium perfringens which affects several types of Domesticated animals but not humans [5]
- C. tetani, the causative organism of tetanus. Clostridium tetani is a rod-shaped anaerobic Bacterium of the genus Clostridium. Tetanus is a medical condition that is characterized by a prolonged contraction of Skeletal muscle fibres [6]
Honey sometimes contains Clostridium botulinum bacteria, which may cause infant botulism in humans one year old and under. Honey is a sweet and Viscous fluid produced by Honey bees (and some other species and derived from the nectar of Flowers According to the The bacteria produce botulinum toxin, which eventually paralyzes the infant's breathing muscles. [7] C. sordellii has been linked to the deaths of more than a dozen women after childbirth. Clostridium sordellii is a rare anaerobic gram-positive spore forming rod with peritrichous flagella that is capable of causing Pneumonia, Endocarditis
Commercial uses
C. thermocellum can utilize lignocellulosic waste and generate ethanol, thus making it a possible candidate for use in ethanol production. Clostridium thermocellum is an Anaerobic, Thermophilic bacterium. It also has no oxygen requirement and is thermophilic, reducing cooling cost. C. acetobutylicum, also known as the Weizmann organism, which was first used by Chaim Weizmann to produce acetone and biobutanol from starch in 1916 for the production of gunpowder and TNT. Clostridium acetobutylicum, included in the genus Clostridium, is a commercially valuable Bacterium. Chaim Azriel Weizmann ( Hebrew: חיים עזריאל ויצמן – November 27, 1874 &ndash November 9, 1952) was a Zionist Acetone (also known as propanone, dimethyl ketone, 2-propanone, propan-2-one and β-ketopropane) is a colorless mobile flammable Butanol may be used as a Fuel in an Internal combustion engine. Starch, CAS # 9005-25-8 Chemical formula (C6H10O5n is a Polysaccharide Year 1916 ( MCMXVI) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Gunpowder is a an explosive mixture of Sulfur, Charcoal and Potassium nitrate (also known as saltpetre/saltpeter that burns rapidly producing volumes Trinitrotoluene ( TNT) is a Chemical compound with the formula C6H2(NO23CH3
The anaerobic bacterium C. An anaerobic organism is any Organism that does not require Oxygen for growth and may even die in its presence ljungdahlii, recently discovered in commercial chicken wastes, can produce ethanol from single-carbon sources including synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen that can be generated from the partial combustion of either fossil fuels or biomass. Syngas (from syn thesis gas) is the name given to a gas mixture that contains varying amounts of Carbon monoxide and Hydrogen. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Combustion or burning is a complex sequence of Exothermic chemical reactions between a Fuel and an Oxidant accompanied by the production of Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source Fuels that is Hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust. Biomass refers to living and recently dead Biological material that can be used as fuel or for industrial production Use of these bacteria to produce ethanol from synthesis gas has progressed to the pilot plant stage at the BRI Energy facility in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Fayetteville is a city in Washington County, Arkansas, United States, and is home to the University of Arkansas. [8]
References
- ^ Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology, 4th ed. , McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
- ^ Wells CL, Wilkins TD (1996). Clostridia: Sporeforming Anaerobic Bacilli in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al, eds.), 4th ed. , Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
- ^ Wells CL, Wilkins TD (1996). Botulism and Clostridium botulinum in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al, eds.), 4th ed. , Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
- ^ Wells CL, Wilkins TD (1996). Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea, Pseudomembranous Colitis, and Clostridium difficile in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al, eds.), 4th ed. , Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
- ^ Wells CL, Wilkins TD (1996). Other Pathogenic Clostridia Food Poisoning and Clostridium perfringens in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al, eds.), 4th ed. , Univ of Texas Medical Branch.
- ^ Wells CL, Wilkins TD (1996). Tetanus and Clostribium tetani in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al, eds.), 4th ed. , Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1.
- ^ Tanzi MG, Gabay MP (2002). "Association between honey consumption and infant botulism". Pharmacotherapy 22 (11): 1479-83. doi:. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. PMID 12432974.
- ^ Providing for a Sustainable Energy Future. Bioengineering Resources, inc. Retrieved on 21 May 2007.
External links
- Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology
- UK Clostridium difficile Support Group
- Pathema-Clostridium Resource
- Water analysis: Clostridium video
Dictionary
clostridium
-noun
- Any of several mostly anaerobic gram-positive bacteria, of the genus Clostridium, that are present in the soil and in the intestines of humans and animals
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