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Closing credits, inside a motion picture or television program, come at the end of a movie or show and list all the cast and crew involved in the production. Television ( TV) is a widely used Telecommunication medium for sending ( Broadcasting) and receiving moving Images, either monochromatic They are usually shown on the screen in small characters, which either flip very quickly from page to page, or crawl from bottom to top of the screen. Credits which crawl either left to right or up and down are also known as rolling credits, which comes from pre digital days when the names were literally on a roll of paper and wound past in front of the camera. Increasingly, post-credits scenes are being added to the end of films. A post-credits scene (also called a stinger, tag, or coda) is a short clip that appears after some or all of the Closing credits of a Film

Contents

History

The use of closing credits in film to list complete production crew and cast was not firmly established in American film until the 1970s. Before this decade, closing credits usually consisted only of a list of the major cast members, and in many cases, particularly in silent films, movies were released with no closing credits at all. For instance, David Lean's version of Oliver Twist (1948) lists all who had a speaking part in the film, plus all of the major credits, at the beginning. Sir David Lean KBE ( 25 March, 1908 &ndash 16 April, 1991) was an English Film director and producer Oliver Twist ( 1948) is the second of David Lean 's two film adaptations of Charles Dickens novels The final credits list only the cast of characters. Roman Polanski's Oliver Twist (2005), on the other hand, lists everyone, cast as well as crew, who worked on the picture, and boasts quite a long list of closing credits. Oliver Twist is a 2005 film directed by Roman Polanski. It is based on the novel Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens.

As in motion pictures, most television programs until relatively recently did not list the entire cast and crew. In the Baryshnikov version of The Nutcracker (1977), for example, the list of closing credits shown obviously does not include every single dancer, technician or designer who appeared in or worked on the program, while in more recent film and/or television productions of the work, the closing credits do tend to be quite long, and to list literally every single person who had been in or who had worked on the production. Mikhail Nikolaevich Baryshnikov (Михаил Николаевич Барышников (born January 27, 1948) is a Soviet -born Russian The Nutcracker (Щелкунчик Shchelkunchik) Op 71 is a Fairy tale - Ballet in two acts three scenes by Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky

Humorous credits

Some closing credits include out-takes from the show for humour. An outtake is a portion of a work (usually a Film or Music Recording) that is removed in the Editing process and not included in the work's final Sometimes, a parting scene is edited in after the credits conclude as a final joke. In general the term credit in the artistic or intellectual sense refers to an acknowledgement of those who contributed to a work whether through ideas or in a more direct sense For example, in Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Ferris appears and says "Are you still here? . Ferris Bueller's Day Off is a 1986 Comedy film written and directed by John Hughes. . . Go home!" The Zucker, Abrahams and Zucker films have included cooking recipes and song lyrics in their closing credits, while Monty Python have included credits for ridiculous and non-existent production staff. Zucker Abrahams and Zucker (also known as " The Zucker Brothers " or ZAZ) is an Emmy Award -nominated and BAFTA Award -nominated Monty Python (sometimes known as The Pythons) is the collective name of the six creators of Monty Python's Flying Circus, a British Television On some occasions, the filmmakers will have a character come back and pop in during the credits to see the goings-on (a noted example is Finding Nemo, another noteworthy example is Daffy Duck appearing in the credits of Gremlins 2: The New Batch complaining about how long they run). Finding Nemo is a 2003 computer-animated American Family film. Daffy Duck is an Animated cartoon character in the Warner Brothers Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series of Gremlins 2 The New Batch is a 1990 American Horror / Comedy film and a Sequel to Gremlins (1984 On other occasions additional scenes to advance the storyline (as in Wild Things, and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End) or set up sequels (as in Transformers) may occur after the credits roll. Wild Things is a 1998 Neo-noir erotic - Crime film starring Matt Dillon, Kevin Bacon, Denise Richards Pirates of the Caribbean At World's End is a 2007 Adventure film, the third film in the ''Pirates of the Caribbean'' series. Transformers is a 2007 Live-action Film adaptation of the ''Transformers'' franchise, directed by Michael Bay and The closing credits for the extended edition of The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King have sketches of the characters and who portrayed them. This article is about the live-action movie which shares a title with a book, video game, and animated film.

Sometimes the closing credits include bloopers. A blooper usually describes a short sequence of a film or video production which contains a mistake made by a member of the cast or crew Many Jackie Chan films show takes of stunts gone wrong. Jackie Chan, SBS, MBE (born Chan Kong Sang, 陳港生 on 7 April 1954 is an Actor, action choreographer, Film director This was spoofed in the closing credits of A Bug's Life, with shots of the animated characters fumbling their lines or knocking over the scenery. A Bug's Life is a 1998 CGI-animated Film produced by Pixar Animation Studios and released by Buena Vista Distribution in the

Reallocation of opening credits to closing credits

See also: Billing (film)

The elimination of full opening credits from many films has resulted in some films showing the major acting and production credits that would previously have been seen at the start of the film as part of the end-credits (sometimes preceded by the main title, which no longer appears at the start of every movie). Opening credits, in a television program motion picture or videogame are shown at the beginning and list the most important members of the production Notable movies that omit opening credits include the Harry Potter and Star Wars series. In such films the main credits are shown at the end in a page-by-page format followed with the bulk of cast and crew credits as a crawl. These credits would have ordinarily been shown at the start of the movie or within a specially created opening credits sequence, such as those made famous by the James Bond film series. The James Bond film series are Spy films inspired by Ian Fleming 's novels about the fictional MI6 agent Commander James Bond (codename

Marginalization for television promotion

An example of marginalized credits from The Price is Right.
An example of marginalized credits from The Price is Right. The Price Is Right is an five time Emmy Award-winning American Game show centering on contestants guessing the retail prices of featured prizes

On American television, closing credits have started to become more of an afterthought. Most networks now run, instead of a show's usual credits, a split-screened version of the show's credits to allow for running a promo (known in some circles as "generic credits"). [1] On some shows, the credits are reduced to either a rapid-fire crawl, or quick-flashing cards. In some cases, each credit would appear on-screen for less than one second. Many networks have begun a trend of placing credits at the lower third of the screen, in this format. Sometimes a promo would run shorter of the normal time it would take to run the credits at normal speed. Thus, the credits even "sped-up" near the end in order to show all the credits before the promo ended (a prime example of this is NBC's showing of Titanic, in which there were so many credits to be shown in so little time that credits would switch almost every frame, making it impossible for anyone to read even with a slow motion capability) However, full closing credits are still created by the production company and used in syndicated reruns of a program, and are always seen if the program is released as a DVD box set. Titanic is a 1997 Disaster film directed written co-produced and co-edited by James Cameron about the sinking of the RMS ''Titanic'' A film frame, or just frame, is one of the many single photographic images in a motion picture. In Broadcasting, syndication is the sale of the right to broadcast Radio shows and Television shows to multiple individual stations without going through DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is

Most daytime soap operas used scrolling closing credits for many years. A soap opera is an ongoing episodic work of Fiction, usually broadcast on Television or Radio. Most of the shows aired during the week (e. g. , Monday through Thursday) would list just the main people involved with the production and a few of the principal actors and actresses. However, given the large number of people involved with the production of each serial, a full cast and crew credit crawl could last three minutes or longer. Because of this, an expanded credit roll (listing everyone involved) would often air at least once a week, such as on the Friday show. The closing theme often was an expanded version of the show's opening music. Starting in 1999, soap operas began eliminating the full-screen crawl in favor of the one-third screen credits/promo combination. While NBC and CBS soaps use the upper portion of the screen to show advertisements for primetime programming, ABC soaps show previews for the next episode. Soaps that are rerun on SOAPnet continue to use full-screen credits. SOAPnet (stylized from 2000 to 2002 as SoapNet) is an American Cable television channel

Daytime game shows worked in much the same vein as soap operas. A shorter version might list one or two people involved with the production, along with such plugs as for prizes and wardrobe providers. At least once a week, a full-length credit roll would air over the extended main theme (along with camera shots of such things as the contestant talking with the host and/or celebrities). By the late 1990s, The Price Is Right was the lone daytime game show remaining, and it would switch to marginalized credits. Widely Known Facts The Price Is Right is an American Television Game show that is currently owned by the FremantleMedia

Some cable channels have used credits to blur the lines between the end of one show and the beginning of the following program. TBS, Cartoon Network and TNT frequently run the previous show's end credits in small (sometimes illegible) type at the bottom of the screen while the next program begins at about three-quarters height. TBS is an American Cable television network that shows sports and a variety of programming with a focus on comedy Turner Network Television, usually referred to as TNT, is an American cable TV network created by media mogul Ted Turner and currently owned Similarly, on E! the program-to-program transition is seamless, using a full-screen E! logo between shows that opens up to the next program. E! Entertainment Television (or simply E!) is an American Cable television and Direct broadcast satellite network To do this, the network has moved the closing credits for their programs to air within the first minute of a show, usually on the bottom 1/3 of the screen in small, translucent type, and sprinkling high-profile credits that must be legible and apparent (such as clothing mentions) throughout the show coming out of commercial breaks.

Often, the network-to-local transition between the end of the network primetime schedule and late local news on broadcast networks will feature the network show credits on the bottom of the screen, while the local news teaser sequence, station identification, news opening, and then the top story will take place. Prime Time is the major News analysis current affairs and Politics programme broadcast on Radio Telefís Éireann in Ireland A cold open (also referred to as a teaser) in a Television program or movie is the technique of jumping directly into a story at the beginning Station identification (sometimes called a sounder or stinger) is the practice of any type of Radio or Television station or network Once the credits end, the local news broadcast zooms in to fill the screen and the handoff is seamless.

Despite some objections by television production unions, some programs, such as those that air in the Discovery Networks family and the U. Discovery Communications LLC (DCL is an American global media and entertainment company that began as a single channel the Discovery Channel, launched in 1985 S. version of the National Geographic Channel only air the credits during a program's premiere broadcast, referring viewers to a website to view the credits in subsequent broadcasts. National Geographic Channel, also called Nat Geo, is a subscription television network that features Documentaries produced by the National Geographic Society

Some networks, such as GSN, have even begun cutting off the credits before they finish, most likely to allow more time for commercials. A television advertisement or television commercial (often just commercial or advert (US or ad (UK is a span of television programming produced Many animated shows, however, still maintain and air the full version of the credits.

Notable exceptions

American Idol and So You Think You Can Dance? are an exception to this, showing the full credits in a regular scroll as the shows close (along with voting disclaimers). American Idol, with the full title American Idol The Search for a Superstar for the first season only is an American reality-competition So You Think You Can Dance is an American Dance Reality show and competition that is broadcast on the Fox Network in the U Saturday Night Live has always done a full-screen credits scroll, though the credits are regularly cut off by NBC before the end to get in a promo. Saturday Night Live ( SNL) is a weekly late-night 90-minute American Sketch comedy / Variety show based in New York City The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's ABC's Dancing with the Stars also airs their intended credits, as Tom Bergeron and Samantha Harris close out the show. The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC) is an American Television network. Dancing with the Stars is the name of a group of international Television series based on the format of the British series Strictly Tom Bergeron (born May 6, 1955 in Haverhill Massachusetts) is an American Television personality and Game show host, best Samantha Harris Shapiro (born November 27, 1973 in Hopkins Minnesota) is an American TV presenter The credits are in a Helvetica font, and are located at the bottom of the screen, against a shaded transparent background. Helvetica is the name of a widely used Sans-serif Typeface developed in 1957 by Swiss Typeface designer Max Miedinger. Starting with the 2004 season, ABC's sitcoms air their closing credits at the bottom of the screen, during the closing scene in a format that keeps in-line with the networks generic credits look. These credits, however, air without the dark-colored bar that airs during their other primetime programs. In other words, the credits are superimposed over the closing scene's action.

Trivia

See also

References

  1. ^ Brooker, Charlie. In the United States, Screenwriting credit for motion pictures and television programs under its jurisdiction is determined by either the Writers Guild of Opening credits, in a television program motion picture or videogame are shown at the beginning and list the most important members of the production Title sequence generally refers to the method by which cinematic films or television shows present their title key cast and/or production members utilizing conceptual visuals A post-credits scene (also called a stinger, tag, or coda) is a short clip that appears after some or all of the Closing credits of a Film Charlton Brooker, commonly known as Charlie Brooker, (born 3 March 1971 Reading, Berkshire) is a British Comedy writer, Cartoonist "Charlie Brooker's screen burn", The Guide, The Guardian, May 12, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.  

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