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Clomifene
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| 2-(4-(2-chloro-1,2-diphenylethenyl) phenoxy)-N,N-diethyl-ethanamine |
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| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | |
| ATC code | G03 |
| PubChem | |
| DrugBank | |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C26H28ClNO |
| Mol. mass | 406 or 598. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to The Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System is used for the classification of drugs It is controlled by the WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug A section of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System. PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component The DrugBank database available at the University of Alberta is a unique Bioinformatics and Cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Carbon (kɑɹbən is a Chemical element with the symbol C and its Atomic number is 6 Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the The molecular mass (abbreviated m of a substance, more commonly referred to as molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the Mass of one 10 (with citrate) |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | High (>90%) |
| Metabolism | Hepatic (with enterohepatic circulation) |
| Half life | 5-7 days |
| Excretion | Mainly renal, some biliary |
| Therapeutic considerations | |
| Pregnancy cat. | |
| Legal status |
S4 (Au), POM (UK), ℞-only (U. In Pharmacology, bioavailability is used to describe the fraction of an administered Dose of unchanged drug that reaches the Systemic circulation, one of Drug metabolism is the Metabolism of drugs, their Biochemical modification or degradation usually through specialized enzymatic systems The biological half-life of a substance is the time it takes for a substance (drug radioactive nuclide or other to lose half of its pharmacologic physiologic or radiologic activity Excretion is the process of eliminating waste products of Metabolism and other non-useful materials The pregnancy category of a pharmaceutical agent is an assessment of the risk of fetal injury due to the pharmaceutical if it is used as directed by the mother during For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The regulation of therapeutic goods, that is drugs and therapeutic devices, varies by jurisdiction The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located S. ) |
| Routes | 50 mg tablets |
Clomifene (INN) or clomiphene (USAN and former BAN) or Clomid or Clomifert is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), used mainly in female infertility due to anovulation (e. In Pharmacology and Toxicology, a route An International Nonproprietary Name ( INN; also known as rINN, for recommended International Nonproprietary Name or pINN for proposed United States Adopted Names are unique nonproprietary names assigned to Pharmaceuticals marketed in the United States. A British Approved Name ( BAN) is the official non-proprietary or generic name given to a Pharmaceutical Substance, as defined in the British Pharmacopoeia Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators ( SERMs) are a class of Medication that acts on the Estrogen receptor. Female infertility|Male infertility Infertility primarily refers to the biological inability of a Man or a Woman to contribute to conception. An anovulatory cycle is a cycle during which the ovaries fail to release an oocyte g. due to polycystic ovary syndrome). Polycystic ovary syndrome abbreviated PCOS or PCO (also known clinically as Stein-Leventhal syndrome, Sclerocystic ovary syndrome, Hyperthecosis In some countries, it is also registered for use in men. Clomiphene citrate is marketed under various trade names including Clomid, Serophene, Milophene, etc.
Contents |
Mode of action
Clomifene acts by inhibiting the action of estrogen on the gonadotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland. Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, Gonadotropes are basophilic cells in the Anterior pituitary which produce the Gonadotropins Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH and The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is an Endocrine gland about the size of a Pea. Since the estrogen receptors are prevented from recycling, the body perceives estrogen levels to be falsely lower than they actually are. As a result, the body releases more gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus, which drives the pituitary secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), leading to a higher rate of ovulation and hence pregnancy. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone ( GNRH) also known as Luteinizing-hormone releasing hormone ( LHRH) is a tropic Peptide Hormone The hypothalamus links the Nervous system to the Endocrine system via the Pituitary gland (hypophysis Follicle-stimulating hormone ( FSH) is a Hormone synthesized and secreted by Gonadotropes in the Anterior pituitary gland. Note This article deals primarily with Human ovulation nonhuman Animal ovulation is touched on briefly at the conclusion Pregnancy ( Latin graviditas) is the carrying of one or more offspring known as a Fetus or Embryo, inside the Uterus of a Female
Clomifene can lead to multiple ovulation, and hence increasing the chance of twins. Twins are Offspring resulting from the same Pregnancy, either of the same or opposite Sex. In comparison to purified FSH, the rate of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is low. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome ( OHSS) is a complication from some forms of Fertility medication. There may be an increased risk of ovarian cancer and weight gain. Ovarian cancer is a cancerous growth arising from an Ovary. The cancer most commonly forms in the lining of the ovary (resulting in epithelial
Chemistry
Clomifene is a diastereomeric mixture of two geometric isomers, enclomifene (E-clomifene) and zuclomifene (Z-clomifene). Erythro redirects here For the fictional planet see Erythro (Asimov. Trans-2-butenesvg|right|thumb|Trans-2-butene]] In Chemistry, cis-trans isomerism or geometric isomerism or configuration isomerism is a form of
Enclomifene
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Zuclomifene
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Adverse effects
Common adverse drug reactions associated with the use of clomifene (≥1% of patients) include: hot flashes, abdominal discomfort, visual blurring, and/or reversible ovarian enlargement and cyst formation. An adverse drug reaction (abbreviated ADR) or adverse drug event (abbreviated ADE) is an expression that describes the unwanted negative consequences Hot flashes (also known as hot flushes or night sweats if they happen at night are a symptom of the changing Hormone levels that are considered to be Infrequent adverse effects (0. 1–1% of patients) include: abnormal uterine bleeding, nausea, and/or vomiting. Rare adverse effects (<0. 1% of patients) include: reversible alopecia and/or ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Alopecia or hair loss is the medical description of the loss of hair from the head or body sometimes to the extent of Baldness. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome ( OHSS) is a complication from some forms of Fertility medication. [1] In some cases, patients have developed palinopsia. Palinopsia (Greek palin for "again" and opsia for "seeing" is a visual disturbance that causes images to persist to some extent even after their [2]
Use in bodybuilding
Clomifene is commonly used by male anabolic steroid users to bind the estrogen receptors in their bodies, thereby blocking the effects of estrogen, i. Anabolic steroids, or anabolic-androgenic steroids ( AAS) are a class of Steroid hormones related to the hormone Testosterone. e. , gynecomastia. Gynecomastia, or gynaecomastia, ˌgaɪnəkoʊˈmæstiə is the development of abnormally large Mammary glands in Males resulting in breast enlargement which It also restores the body's natural production of testosterone. Testosterone is a Steroid hormone from the Androgen group In mammals testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males and the Ovaries It is commonly used as a "recovery drug" and taken toward the end of a steroid cycle. A steroid cycle is the period in time where an individual is actively taking Anabolic steroids.
References
- ^ Rossi S, editor. Australian Medicines Handbook 2006. The Australian Medicines Handbook or AMH is a medical reference text commonly used in practice by health professionals (particularly General practitioners Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook; 2006. ISBN 0-9757919-2-3
- ^ Purvin VA (1995). "Visual disturbance secondary to clomiphene citrate. ". Arch Ophthalmol. 113 (4): 482-4. PMID 7710399.
External links
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