Cleistogamy or automatic self-pollination describes the trait of certain plants to propagate by using non-opening, self-pollinating flowers. Self-pollination is a form of Pollination that can occur when a Flower has both Stamen and a Carpel in which the Cultivar or Especially in peanuts, peas, and beans, this behaviour is most widespread in legumes. The peanut, or Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea) is a species in the Legume family Fabaceae native to South America, Mexico A pea (inaccurately called a '''sweet pea''' by food distubutors is most commonly the small spherical Seed or the seed-pod of the Legume Pisum Bean is a common name for large plant Seeds of several genera of the family Fabaceae (formerly Leguminosae used for human food or animal

For genetically modified (GM) rapeseed, researchers hoping to minimise the admixture of GM and non-GM crops are attempting to use cleistogamy to prevent gene flow. This article is about organisms which have been genetically modified In Population genetics, gene flow (also known as gene migration) is the transfer of Alleles of Genes from one Population to another However, preliminary results from Co-Extra, a current project within the EU research programme, show that although cleistogamy reduces gene flow, it is not at the moment a consistently reliable tool for biocontainment: due to a certain instability of the cleistogamous trait, some flowers may open and release genetically modified pollen. Co-Extra is an EU-funded research programme on ''co-ex''istence and ''tra''ceability of genetically modified crops and their edible derivatives Biological containment (or biocontainment describes measures aimed at preventing Genetically modified organisms (GMOs and their Transgenes from spreading into the

The more common opposite of cleistogamy is called chasmogamy – meaning "opening flowers". Chasmogamy is a botanical term describing a type of Flower. A flower which is chasmogamous opens and exposes the Stamens and styles (the male and female parts of the

See also

• Co-existence of genetically modified, conventional, and organic crops

External links

• Co-Extra research on genetically modified, cleistogamous rapeseed

In the context of agriculture and food and feed production co-existence means using cropping systems with and without Genetically modified organisms (GMOs in parallel

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